:: wikimiki.org ::

Dropout

Dropout

Education

The term "dropout" means a student who quits school before graduation. Compare pushout, a student counseled or forced out of school before graduation. Below are lists of people who succeeded despite having never completed their education:

Famous College Dropouts

- Bill Gates
- Brian Transeau
- Karl Rove
- Paul Allen
- Richard Li
- Rush Limbaugh
- Steve Jobs
- Ted Turner
- Tucker Carlson

Famous High-school Dropouts

- Quentin Tarantino
- Demi Moore
- Dave Thomas
- Michelle Branch
- Peter Jennings
- Kurt Cobain
- Bryan Adams

Telecommunication

The term dropout has the following meanings: # A momentary loss of signal in a communications system. This is usually caused by noise, propagation anomalies, or system malfunctions. # A failure to properly read a binary character from data storage. This is usually caused by a defect in the storage medium or by a malfunction of the read mechanism. # In magnetic tape, disk, card, or drum systems, a recorded signal with an amplitude less than a predetermined percentage of a reference signal. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188

Cycling

See: dropout (bicycle part)

Astronomy

A dropout is a source whose radiation disappears shortward of a given filter. Looking for dropouts is an usual method to look for high redshift galaxies. ja:落ちこぼれ

Student

] Etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb "stŭdērĕ", which means "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. Also known as a disciple in the sense of a religious area of study, and/or in the sense of a "discipline" of learning. In widest use, student is used to mean a school or class attendee. In many countries, the word student is however reserved for higher education or university students; persons attending classes in primary or secondary schools being called pupils. Currently, many children and teenagers are subject to compulsory education: by law they are required to attend some form of school. Laws vary from country to country, but most students are allowed to abandon their education when they reach the legal age of consent. Researchers, educators, and education administrators around the world are increasingly heeding student voice, a common reference to the experiences, opinions, ideas, and actions of children and youth in schools. This practice provides authenticity and efficacy for school improvement efforts. November 17 is the International Students Day, which commemorates those students killed at the beginning of World War II who called for peace; specifically, the date was chosen as a memory to Jan Opletal, and events following his death. In the UK, the word "student" generally refers to someone studying at an advanced level (non-compulsory education), for example, college and University. The word "pupil" is used for someone attending compulsory education such as High School.

Years

In the USA, where undergraduate degree courses commonly last four years, the following terms are generally used, sometimes also adopted in other countries :
- A freshman (or fresher, frosh, newbie etc.) is a first-year student in college or university, or, chiefly in the United States, in high school. (This word came from England, replaced there since by the term "fresher", but is now used far more frequently in U.S. English.) A growing number of people prefer the term "freshmore" as a gender-neutral alternative. At universities in the United Kingdom the term fresher is used to describe new students. Unlike the American term freshman it sometimes only applies in the first few months of a student's first year; the North American equivalent would be frosh (in singular and plural). The week before the start of a new year is called Freshers Week at many universities, with a programme of special events to welcome new students. The ancient Scottish University of St Andrews uses the terms bejant for a first year (from the French bec-jaune 'yellow beak', fledgling). Second years are called semi-bejants, third years known as tertians and finally fourth years, or others in their final year of study, even if sooner, are called magistrands. Although freshman has not been as touched by political correctness as other gender-suggesting words (such as chairman), some have begun calling first-year students freshpersons, and some colleges prefer the British "freshers." It should also be noted that freshman are generally picked on more than other classes, generally done by seniors. In many traditions (particularly in the USA, and less nowadays in some countries) there is a remainder of the ancient (boarding, pre-commuting) tradition of fagging, he or she may be subjected to a period of hazing as a pledge or rookie, especially if joining a fraternity/sorority or certain other clubs, mainly athletic teams. For example many US High Schools have initiation methods for freshmen including, but not limited to, Freshman Duct-taped Throw, Freshman races, Freshman Orientation, Freshman Freshening (refering to poor hygene among freshman), and the Freshman Spread. Even after that, specific rules may apply depending on the school's traditions (e.g. wearing a distinctive beanie), non-observance of which can be punished, even by a paddle line
- A sophomore is a second-year student. Folk-Etymologically, the word is said to mean "wise fool"; consequently sophomoric means "pretentious, bombastic, inflated in style or manner; immature, crude, superficial" (according to the Oxford English Dictionary). While it appears to be formed from Greek sophos, meaning "wise", and moros meaning "foolish", it is in truth from the word sophumer, an obsolete variant of sophism http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sophomore&searchmode=none.
- A junior is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year of high school or college.
- The term middler is used to describe a third-year student of a school (generally college) which offers five years of study. In this situation, the fourth and fifth years would be referred to as "junior" and "senior" years, respectively.
- A senior is a student in the last (usually fourth) year at a high school, college, or university. A student taking more than normal (usually four years) to graduate is sometimes referred to as a super senior. The United States military academies do not use non-numerical terms. In order from first year to fourth year, students in these institutions are officially referred to as fourth-class, third-class, second-class, and first-class cadets or midshipmen. Freshman and sophomore are sometimes used figuratively, mainly in US English usage, to refer for example to a first or second effort ("the singer's freshman album"), or to a politician's first or second term in office ("sophomore senator") or an athlete's first or second year on a professional sports team. Junior and senior aren't used in this figurative way to refer to third and fourth years or efforts, because of those words' broader meanings of 'younger' and 'older'. (A junior senator is therefore not one who is in his or her third term of office, but rather merely one who has not been in the Senate as long as the other senator from his or her state.)

Pushout

A pushout is a student counseled or forced out of a school prior to graduation. Compare dropout. Children are often pushed out of an educational institutions because their presence in the school creates difficulty in meeting some goal of the school. For example, in the case where funding for the school is dependent upon scholastic achievement of the students, if the school can get rid of low-performing students, average test scores on academic performance tests will go up, thus increasing funding. [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/31/nyregion/31PUSH.html]. In Ontario, where the education system has zero tolerance towards violence, a student is pushed out province-wide. In some low-performing schools in Chicago combined dropout/pushout rates have exceeded 25% in one year. [http://www.catalyst-chicago.org/06-99/069midyearchart.htm] Children are also pushed from schools because they present discipline problems or have become "too old", even in cases where a child can legally remain in high school until they are 21, for example, they may be counseled out after they are over 18.

External links and references

- [http://www.catalyst-chicago.org/06-99/069midyearchart.htm Catalyst, Voices of Chicago Educational Reform article, "Enrollment drops point to pushout effect" June, 1999]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/31/nyregion/31PUSH.html New York Times article, "To Cut Failure Rate, Schools Shed Students" by Tamar Lewin and Jennifer Medina, July 31, 2003]

College dropout

For the album by rapper Kanye West, see The College Dropout A college dropout is someone who has matriculated in an institution of higher learning, but has left his or her studies unfinished without the intention of completing. This has become, in some cases, a status symbol given the success of some famous college dropouts.

Famous college dropouts

Authors

- Edward Albee - Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut
- F. Scott Fitzgerald - Princeton University
- William Faulkner - University of Mississippi

Comics

- Dan Aykroyd - Carleton University, Ottawa
- Ellen DeGeneres - University of New Orleans
- Rosie O'Donnell - Dickinson College and Boston University
- Steve Martin - Long Beach State College
- Woody Allen - New York University and City College of New York

Computers

- Bill Gates - Harvard
- Larry Ellison - University of Chicago
- Michael Dell - University of Texas
- Shawn Fanning - Northeastern University
- Steve Jobs - Reed College in Portland, Oregon
- Wayne Inouye - University of California, Berkeley
- Paul Allen - Washington State University

Entrepreneurs

- Barry Diller - University of California, Los Angeles
- David Geffen - University of Texas, Austin, and Brooklyn College, NY
- John H. Johnson - University of Chicago
- Howard Jonas - Harvard
- Dean Kamen - Worcester Polytechnic Institute
- Jann Wenner - University of California, Berkeley
- John Mackey - University of Texas, Austin
- Tom Monaghan - University of Michigan

Conservatives

- Barry Goldwater - University of Arizona
- Rush Limbaugh - Southeastern Missouri State University
- Tucker Carlson - Trinity College in Connecticut
- Karl Rove - University of Utah

Movies/TV

- Warren Beatty - Northwestern University
- Jessica Biel - Tufts University
- Stan Brakhage - Dartmouth College
- John Cusack - New York University
- Claire Danes - Yale University
- Richard Gere - University of Massachusetts at Amherst
- Tom Hanks - CalState, Sacramento
- Ethan Hawke - Carnegie Mellon University
- Dustin Hoffman - Santa Monica College
- Michael Keaton - Kent State University
- Andie MacDowell - Winthrop College (now Winthrop University)
- Steve McQueen - Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) (expelled)
- John Malkovich - Illinois State University (A diploma was awarded to him in 2005.)
- Bill Murray - Regis College
- Brad Pitt - University of Missouri
- Steven Spielberg - California State University, Long Beach (went back to school and graduated 2002)
- Kevin Smith - New School for Social Research (now The New School)
- Marisa Tomei - New York University
- James Woods - Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Music

- Madonna - University of Michigan
- Perry Farrell
- Trent Reznor - Allegheny College
- Yoko Ono - Sarah Lawrence College
- Eric West
- Kanye West- Chicago State University
- Josh Groban - Carnegie Mellon University

Others

- Frank Lloyd Wright - University of Wisconsin

External links

- [http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/7734/cdoaa.html College Dropout Alumni Assn] Category:Academia

Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955), is the co-founder, Chairman and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest software company. According to Forbes magazine, Gates is the world's wealthiest person with a net worth of approximately $51.0 billion USD (as of September 2005). Since amassing his fortune, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating huge amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation charity founded in 2000. Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution and has become an iconic figure of late-20th-century American capitalism, similar to John D. Rockefeller and Howard Hughes, both of whom defined earlier eras of American business. While he is respected for his intelligence, foresight, and ambition, he is also frequently accused of using ruthless and sometimes illegal business practices, such as abusing his monopoly-like power.

Early life

Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr., a prominent lawyer, and late teacher Mary Maxwell Gates. Gates was born with a million dollar trust fund set up by his grandfather, a national bank vice-president, and with this wealthy background, he was able to access computers from a very early age. Bill Gates is actually William H. Gates III, as both his grandfather and father shared his name. Gates, with an estimated I.Q. of 160, excelled in elementary school, particularly in mathematics and the sciences [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Gates.Mirick.html].His parents enrolled him at Lakeside School, a strict and prestigious preparatory school. Lakeside actually rented time on a 36-bit mini-computer, the DEC PDP-10. Consequently, Bill was able to pursue an interest in computers and had written his first program by the age of thirteen. While in high school, he and Paul Allen founded Traf-o-Data, a company which sold traffic counting systems to state governments, and helped computerize his school's payroll system. Gates was also a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and attained the rank of Life scout. Gates enrolled in Harvard University in 1973, where he met his later business partner, Steve Ballmer. During his second year at Harvard, Gates, Paul Allen, and Monte Davidoff co-wrote the original Altair BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8800, the first commercially successful personal computer. Gates dropped out of Harvard during his third year in order to pursue a career in software development. Bill Gates is said to have scored a 1590 on his SAT exam. SAT On December 13, 1977, Gates was imprisoned in an Albuquerque jail for racing his Porsche 911 in the New Mexico desert. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/152803.stm]

Microsoft

Porsche 911 After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Science that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates called MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others had developed a version of the programming language BASIC for the platform. Allen flew to MITS to unveil the new BASIC system. Since Gates had done all of the actual product development, Allen had never handled an Altair prior to the trip. However, the demonstration was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to buy the rights to Allen and Gates's BASIC for the Altair platform. It was at this point that Gates left Harvard along with Allen to found Micro-Soft, which was later renamed the Microsoft Corporation. In February 1976, Bill Gates published his often-quoted "Open Letter to Hobbyists", that claimed that many users of his software had stolen it and that this would retard the development of good software, and that no one would ever commit years of time to developing free software. This letter was deeply unpopular with many programmers who were doing just that, but was to gain significant support from Gates' business partners and allies and became part of the movement which led to closed-source becoming the dominant model of software production. Some commentators have questioned the consistency of Gates's stance on this issue. They point out that Gates has confessed to obtaining source listings from dumpsters in order to learn how to program and they point to the way in which Microsoft quickly develops its own versions of others' interfaces and paradigms, notably features of the Macintosh GUI which appeared in Windows. Additionally, the subject of the Open Letter to Hobbyists diatribe - Altair BASIC - did not pay any royalties to John George Kemeny or Thomas Kurtz, inventors of the BASIC programming language. However, Microsoft defenders point out that reading software for understanding is probably educational "fair use" (although the company expends considerable effort to prevent its own software being so used) and that being aggressive isn't necessarily being unethical. When IBM decided to build the hardware for a desktop personal computer in 1980, it needed to find an operating system. Microsoft did not have any operating system at this point. The most popular was CP/M developed by Digital Research in Monterey with core logic to marry any software to any hardware. This was the genesis of the entire software industry, as without that inter-operability feature software had to be written differently for different computer hardware. Bill Gates referred IBM to Gary Kildall, the founder of Digital Research, but when they did not reach immediate agreement with him they went back to Gates who offered to fill their need himself. He did it by buying a CP/M clone called QDOS ("Quick and Dirty Operating System") from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for $56,000, which Microsoft renamed PC-DOS. Later, after Compaq licensed Phoenix Technologies' clone of the IBM BIOS, the market saw a flood of IBM PC clones. Microsoft was quick to use its position to dominate the home computer operating system market. Microsoft began licensing its OS for use on non-IBM PC clones, and called that version MS-DOS (for Microsoft Disk Operating System). By marketing MS-DOS aggressively to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones, Microsoft went from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry. Microsoft continued to develop operating systems as well as software applications. In the early 1980's they created Microsoft Windows which was similar to Apple Computer's Macintosh OS graphical user interface (GUI), both based on the human interface work at Xerox PARC. The first versions of the Windows OS did not sell well as stand-alone applications but started to be shipped pre-installed on many systems. Because of this, by the late-1980s Microsoft Windows had begun to make serious headway into the IBM-compatible PC software market. The release of Windows 3.0 in 1990 was a tremendous success, selling around 10 million copies in the first two years and cementing Microsoft's dominance in operating systems. (See History of Microsoft Windows for more details) Microsoft eventually went on to be the largest software company in the world, earning Gates enough money to make him the wealthiest person in the world (according to Forbes Magazine) for several years. Gates served as the CEO of the company until 1998 when Steve Ballmer took the position. Gates continues to serve as a chairman of the board at the company and also as a position he created for himself entitled "Chief Software Architect". As of 6 December 2005, Microsoft has 32 patents and Bill Gates himself is a co-inventor of nine patents. Steve Ballmer Under Gates's leadership, Microsoft has frequently been accused of aggressive business practices. In 1998 this culminated in a lawsuit, United States v. Microsoft, which alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power in its handling of operating system sales and web browser sales. Gates was summoned to testify in the case as the chairman of Microsoft. He was called "evasive and non-responsive" by a source present at a session in which Gates was questioned on his deposition. [http://news.com.com/2100-1023-214993.html] He argued over the definitions of words such as "compete", "jihad", "concerned", "ask", and "we". [http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9811/17/judgelaugh.ms.idg/index.html] BusinessWeek reported, "early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Worse, many of the technology chief's denials and pleas of ignorance have been directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mail Gates both sent and received." [http://www.businessweek.com/1998/48/b3606125.htm] Intel Vice-President Steven McGeady, called as a witness, quoted Paul Maritz, a senior Microsoft vice president as having stated an intention to "extinguish" and "smother" rival Netscape Communications Corporation and to "cut off Netscape's air supply" by giving away a clone of Netscape's flagship product for free. The Microsoft executive denied the allegations. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1998/microsoft111398.htm]

Personal life

Gates married Melinda French of Dallas, Texas on January 1, 1994. They have three children, Jennifer Katharine Gates (1996), Rory John Gates (1999) and Phoebe Adele Gates (2002). Bill Gates lives in a huge earth-sheltered home in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina, Washington together with his family. The Gates home, one of the most expensive houses in the world, is a modern 21st century house in the "Pacific Lodge" style, with classic features such as a large private library with a domed reading room. Electronics are used abundantly; visitors are surveyed upon entrance and given a microchip that sends signals throughout the house to adjust temperature and other conditions according to preset user preferences. According to King County public records, as of 2002, the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $113 million, and the annual property tax is just over $1 million. Also among Gates's private acquisitions is the Codex Leicester, a collection of writings by Leonardo da Vinci which Gates bought for $30.8 million at an auction in 1994. In 1994, Gates founded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with his wife, a charitable organization. The foundation's grants have provided funds for college scholarships for under-represented minorities, AIDS prevention, diseases prevalent in third world countries, and other causes. In 2000, the Gates Foundation endowed the University of Cambridge with $210 million for the Gates Cambridge Scholarships. The Foundation has also pledged over $7 billion to its various causes, including $1 billion to the United Negro College Fund; and as of 2005, had an estimated endowment of $29.0 billion. He has spent about a third of his lifetime income on charity, although some question his intentions. Journalist Greg Palast suggests that the Gates Foundation is used to make tactical donations to hide media sensitive humanitarian side effects of treaties, such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which Gates has supported. TRIPS requires countries to agree to respect drug and other patents, therefore preventing the local manufacture of existing pharmaceuticals still under patent such as AIDS drugs in Africa. [http://www.gregpalast.com/detail.cfm?artid=241&row=1] Gates has received two honorary doctorates, from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in 2002 and Waseda University in 2005. Gates was also given an Honorary KBE (Knighthood) from the Queen of United Kingdom in 2005 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3428673.stm], in addition to having entomologists name the Bill Gates flower fly, Eristalis gatesi, in his honor. [http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/syrphid/gates.htm]

Influence and wealth

Gates is widely considered worldwide as being one of the most influential people. He was listed in the Sunday Times power list in 1999, named CEO of the year by Chief Executive Officers magazine in 1994, ranked number one in the "Top 50 Cyber Elite" by Time in 1998, ranked number two in the Upside Elite 100 in 1999 and was included in The Guardian as one of the "Top 100 influential people in media" in 2001. Gates has been number one on the "Forbes 400" list through 1993-2005 and number one on Forbes list of "The World's Richest People" in 1996-2005, except for 1997 when the Sultan of Brunei was included despite Forbes' usual policy of excluding heads of state. Since 2000, Gates's wealth has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's share price and the multi-billion dollar gifts he has made to his charitable foundations. According to a 2004 Forbes magazine article, Gates gave away over $28 billion to charities from 2000 onwards. He is the wealthiest person even when including heads of state whose wealth is tied to their position. However, Gates hasn't engaged in conspicuous consumption beyond his lavish home. For a number of years following its IPO in 1985, Microsoft policy was that executives fly coach or business class and there was no corporate jet. He also claimed, in 2005, that he's gone to work every work day since 1975.

Popular culture

Bill Gates has been the subject of numerous parodies in film, television, and video games, often serving as an archetype for fictional megalomaniacal leaders of powerful corporations. Examples include The Simpsons episode "Das Bus" and the films Tomorrow Never Dies and Antitrust. Alternatively, but less frequently, these references portray a hacker genius. Gates is often characterized as the quintessential example of a super-intelligent "nerd" with immense power. This has in turn led to pop culture stereotypes of Gates as a tyrant or evil genius, often resorting to ruthless business techniques. He was also shown on South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, and was shot in the forehead in the movie. He returned later in the South Park episode "The Entity", complete with a bullet hole in his forehead. Several films and television shows have portrayed either the real Bill Gates or a fictionalized version of him, often according to these clichés.

Works

Gates has published several essays throughout the years based on his theories, predications and visions of the computing industry. In this publications he often expresses his personal views on current topics, and discusses Microsoft's plans. His writings have been published by BusinessWeek, NewsWeek, USA Today and Time. His publications since 1997 include:
- The New World of Work, Executive E-mail, May 19, 2005
- The PC Era Is Just Beginning, Business Week, March 22, 2005
- Building Software That Is Interoperable By Design, Executive E-Mail, February 3, 2005
- The Enduring Magic of Software, InformationWeek, October 18, 2004
- Preserving and Enhancing the Benefits of E-mail: A Progress Report, Executive E-mail, June 28, 2004
- Microsoft Progress Report: Security, Executive E-mail, March 31, 2004
- Losing Ground in the Innovation Race?, CNET News.com, February 25, 2004
- A Spam-Free Future, The Washington Post, November 24, 2003
- Why I Hate Spam, The Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2003
- Building Trust in Technology, Global Agenda 2003 (World Economic Forum), January 23, 2003
- Security in a Connected World, Executive E-Mail, January 23, 2003
- The Disappearing Computer, The World in 2003 (The Economist), December 2002
- Slowing the Spread of AIDS in India, The New York Times, November 9, 2002
- Trustworthy Computing, Executive E-Mail, July 18, 2002
- Computing You Can Count On, April, 2002
- Tech in a Time of Trouble, The World in 2002 (The Economist), December 2001
- Moving Into the Digital Decade, October 29, 2001
- The PC: 20 Years Young, August 12, 2001
- Why We’re Building .NET Technology, June 18, 2001
- Shaping the Internet Age, Internet Policy Institute, December 2000
- Now for an Intelligent Internet, The World in 2001 (The Economist), November 2000
- Will Frankenfood Feed The World?, Time, June 19, 2000
- Yes, More Trade With China, Washington Post, May 23, 2000
- The Case for Microsoft, Time, May 7, 2000
- Enter "Generation i", Instructor, March 2000
- Product Distribution Goes Digital, IEEE Internet Computing, January 2000
- Beyond Gutenberg, The World in 2000 (The Economist), November 1999
- Everyone, Anytime, Anywhere, Forbes ASAP, October 4, 1999
- The Second Wave, IEEE Internet Computing Magazine, August 18, 1999
- Microprocessors Upgraded the Way We Live, USA Today, June 22, 1999
- Why the PC Will Not Die, Newsweek, May 31, 1999
- The Wright Brothers: The 100 Most Important People of the Century, Time, March 29, 1999
- Compete, Don't Delete, The Economist, June 13, 1998
- Who Decides What Innovations Go Into Your PC?, 1997

Notes

- Year 2005 compensation: salary $600,000, bonus $400,000. From Microsoft's [http://www.microsoft.com/msft/SEC/FY05/proxy2005.mspx Proxy Statement].
- Net worth: from [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/BH69.html Forbes: 400 Richest Americans], dated September 22, 2005.
- [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=Microsoft&FIELD1=LREP&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=ptxt Microsoft patents at the United States Patent and Trademark Office]

References and further reading

- Business @ The Speed of Thought (1999) ISBN 0446675962
- The Road Ahead (1996) ISBN 0140260404
- James Wallace (1993) Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire Harper Business. ISBN 0887306292
- James Wallace (1997) Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471180416
- Janet Lowe (1998) Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471293539
- Jennifer Edstrom, Marlin Eller (1999) Barbarians Led by Bill Gates: Microsoft from the Inside Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0805057552
- Jeanne M. Lesinski (2000) Bill Gates Lerner Publications Company. ISBN 082259689X
- David Bank (2001) Breaking Windows: How Bill Gates Fumbled the Future of Microsoft Free Press. ISBN 0743203151
- (Harold Evans with David Lefer and Gail Buckland) "They Made America: Two Centuries of Innovators from the Steam Engine to the Search Engine" ISBN 0-316-27766-5

External links

- [http://www.microsoft.com/billgates/default.asp Biography of Bill Gates at Microsoft.com]
- [http://www.williamhenrygatesiii.com/bio.htm Celebrity Biography]
- [http://www.time.com/time/gates/cover0.html Time Magazine Profile]
- [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Gates.Mirick.html Bill Gates before Microsoft]
- [http://www.voteview.com/gates.htm Entrepreneurs and American Economic Growth: William H. Gates]
- [http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/search-bool.html "Gates-III-William-H" at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]
- [http://www.gatesfoundation.org/ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]
- [http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_gates.html Interview with Bill Moyers]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3428721.stm BBC: Bill Gates profile]
- [http://labnol.blogspot.com/2005/05/inside-bill-gates-home.html Virtual Tour of Bill Gates Residence]
- [http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=506354&page=1 Bill Gates speaks with Peter Jennings of ABC]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4382112.stm BBC Interview with Bill Gates]
- [http://philip.greenspun.com/WealthClock The Bill Gates wealth clock]
- [http://www.forbes.com/static/bill2005/LIRBH69.html?passListId=10&passYear=2005&passListType=Person&uniqueId=BH69&datatype=Person Forbes: World's Richest People] Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Bill Gates Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Category:Humanists Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill Gates, Bill ko:빌 게이츠 ms:Bill Gates ja:ビル・ゲイツ simple:Bill Gates th:บิลล์ เกตส์

Brian Transeau

Brian Transeau (born Brian Wayne Transeau on October 4, 1971 in Rockville, Maryland) is a musician who records under the stage name BT. Classically trained from the age of thirteen, he attended Berklee School of Music in Boston for one year before dropping out and moving to Los Angeles, California, and then back to Washington, D.C.. Transeau's music was not very well received in the United States, and he moved temporarily to Europe where his music was discovered by Sasha, a British DJ who introduced BT's music into the club circuit. Instantly popular, BT's 1996 album Ima helped shape the future of the burgeoning progressive house scene as it merged with, and later came to define, the trance music style. However, unlike so many artists of the trance genre, BT has lost neither his momentum nor his edge. While Ima was comprised solely of the "progressive" sound, 1997's ESCM was more experimental (although it still produced several big records for the electronic dance music scene). BT's 1999 album Movement in Still Life continued his experimentation outside of the trance genre he helped to define through an interesting dichotomy emerged between his more adventurous work and the more structured, commercially viable tracks. This album also featured a strong element of nu skool breaks, a genre he helped define with the classic Hip-Hop Phenomenon, in collaboration with Tsunami One. 2003 saw the release of Emotional Technology featuring more vocal tracks than usual, including six with vocals by Transeau. He also provided vocals on the DJ Tiësto single "Love Comes Again", and recently worked together with David Bowie on the song "(She Can) Do That", recorded for the movie Stealth (2005), which BT also composed the score for. In recent years he has also moved into film scoring including Go (1999), Under Suspicion (2000), Driven (2001), The Fast and the Furious (2001), and Monster (2003). He recently completed the score for Stealth (2005), as well as the score for The Underclassman (2005). Also of note, unlike many artists working in electronica, Transeau frequently performs his music live on-stage. In 2004, he did a very popular "last night of summer" concert at BT Tower (named for British Telecom, not Transeau). On December 14, 2002, Transeau invited twenty plus fans to his home for a private party to preview his (as of then, unreleased) upcoming album, Emotional Technology (2003). Aliases include Kaistar, Libra (as Libra Presents Taylor), with John Selway as Dharma, with Deep Dish and John Selway as Prana, with Shaun Keng Collins as Elastic Reality, with Taylor as Elastic Chakra, with Guy Oldhams and Taylor as GTB, and with Sasha as 2 Phat Cunts. The song Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved) was featured on the North American version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME. Brian Transeau is the father of a young daughter. He lives and composes his works in his Los Angeles home/studio.

Musical Progression

The variety of BT's music is considered one its most notable qualities. In the early portion of his career (roughly 1995-2000), he was generally refered to as a Trance music artist; or the more ambiguous term of DJ, prompting the motto [http://stores.musictoday.com/store/product.asp?band_id=385&dept_id=934&pf_id=B2CT02&sfid=2 I am still not a DJ]. However, BT has been consistently experimental in his music, making it impossible to classify him, as an artist, in any one genre. BT's first full-length album, Ima (1996), features simple, bright melodies harmonized with a variety of rhythm riffs and electronic accents. Released as a two disc set, only three of the songs have lyrics (Loving you more [BT's final spiritual journey] vocals: Vincent Covello, Blue Skies vocals: Tori Amos, The Delphinian Days mix) and is considered, as an album, to be of the Progressive Trance genre. In 1997, BT released ESCM, which featured more complex melodies and more traditional harmonies along with a heavier use of vocals. The tone of the album is darker and less whimsical than Ima, the individual tracks being much tighter and cohesive. The album, as a whole, is much more diverse than BT's freshman album. While Lullaby for Gaia and Remember (both featuring Jan Johnston) are code trance music, other tracks find their way into the canon's of other electronic sub-genres that were emerging in the mid-ninties. Love, Peace, and Grease is breakbeats, Firewater and Orbitus Terranium are considered house, Flaming June (probably the most famous single of the album) and Nectar are examples of hard trance. The most experimental track on the album is Solar Plexus which is easily divided into two parts. The first part is dark and suspenseful with a raging crescendo chorus, and features gritty vocals that proclaim "I burn!" in the chorus. This half of the song has been featured in numerous film trailers, including Blade 2 and Hellboy. The second half of the song is slow and introspective, with a single piano and slowly building electronic accents. The vocals in the second half are clear and quiet to the point of obscurity. The mystery of what the lyrics to Solar Plexus actually are has been a sort of in-joke among BT fans since the album's release. BT's third album, Movement in Still Life, moved into less experimental music and was somewhat worrying to some fans. The strong hip-hop influence on Madskillz-Mic Chekka and Love on Haight Street was the cause of this worry as hip-hop and trance are essentially complete opposites in style. Smartbomb provided the missing link between BT's previous work and this new rap-inflused work, as it bore a strong resemblance to Solar Plexus Part 1 and included a lyric sample from Love on Haight Street. The album hits a spectrum of genre-work. Shame, Satellite, and Running Down the Way Up lean towards the alt-rock, while Godspeed and Dreaming fall into classic trance ranks. Never Gonna Come Back Down was the most popular single from the album, and appeared on the Gone in 60 Seconds soundtrack in radio edited form. Mercury and Solace, while failing to achieve the commercial success of Never Gonna Come Back Down, is regarded by many BT fans to be his best single song. Emotional Technology succeeded in being BT's most experimental album, to the great relief of fans. While the album opens with the hip-hop infused Knowledge of Self, the rest of the album features hooking riffs with an almost excessive amount of electronic accent. Superfabulous (featuring vocals by Rose McGowan) is the least of the songs in that respect, and yet it breaks in the middle of the song for a brief spoken word conversation about Rose flipping off someone at the Geddy museum. The big single from the album, Somnambulist, draws heavily from the breakbeats and new wave dance of New Order and Depeche Mode, whom BT has sited as major influences. The rest of the album fairly escapes genre labeling, from the dark guitar work of Circles, to The Only Constant is Change which is reminiscent of Satellite, the album blends genres, changes genres in mid-track, and never fears the atonal. It is difficult to talk about BT's film scores in the context of his music's progress because each draws heavy influence from the film itself. What can be said is that after The Fast and the Furious, BT recieved several offers to score for similar movies and turned them down, opting to work on a variety of film styles.

Discography

Singles

- "Moment of Truth" (1993)
- "Relativity" (1993)
- "Embracing the Sunshine"
- "Loving You More" featuring Vincent Covello (1995)
- "Blue Skies" featuring Tori Amos (1996)
- "Divinity" (1996)
- "Quark" (1997)
- "Flaming June" (1997)
- "Love, Peace & Grease" (1997)
- "Remember" (1997)
- "Shineaway" (1997)
- "Believer" (1999)
- "Godspeed" (1998)
- "Mercury and Solace" (1999)
- "Fibonacci Sequence" (2000)
- "Never Gonna Come Back Down" featuring M. Doughty (2000)
- "Dreaming" (2000)
- "Shame" (2001)
- "Somnambulist (Simply Being Loved)" (2003) #98 US

Albums

- Ima (1996)
- ESCM (1997)
- Movement in Still Life (1999)
- Emotional Technology (2003)
- Monster - Music From and Inspired by the Film (2004)
- Stealth - Original Motion Picture Score (2005)

EPs

- The Technology EP (2004)

Compilations

- R&R (Rare & Remixed) (2001) - A collection of BT's remix work.
- Still Life In Motion (2001)
- 10 Years In the Life (2002) - "Best of" album.

Remixes

- B-Tribe, "Nanita (A Spanish Lullaby)" (1995)
- Shiva, "Freedom" (1995)
- Diana Ross, "Take Me Higher" (1995)
- Cabana, "Bailando Con Lobos" (1995)
- Grace, "Not Over Yet" (1995)
- Wild Colour, "Dreams" (1995)
- Mike Oldfield, "Let There Be Light" (1995)
- Billie Ray Martin, "Running Around Town" (1995)
- Seal, "I'm Alive" (1995)
- Gipsy Kings, "La Rumba De Nicolas" (1996)
- Billie Ray Martin, "Space Oasis" (1996)
- Tori Amos, "Talula" (1996)
- Tori Amos, "Putting the Damage On" (1997 - Unreleased)
- Dina Carrol, "Run To You" (1997)
- The Crystal Method, "Keep Hope Alive" (1997)
- Paul Van Dyk, "Forbidden Fruit" (1997)
- Deep Dish, "Stranded" (1997)
- Madonna, "Drowned World/Substitute For Love" (1998)
- Lenny Kravitz, "If You Can't Say No" (1998)
- DJ Rap, "Bad Girl" (1998)
- Depeche Mode, "It's No Good" (1998 - Unreleased)
- Sarah McLachlan, "I Love You" (1999)
- Tom Jones, "She's A Lady" (2000)
- Sarah McLachlan, "Hold On" (2001)
- KoЯn, "Here to Stay" (2002)
- The Doors, "Break on Through (To the Other Side)" (2004) w/ additional production by Burufunk and Carmen Rizzo

Film appearances & scores

- The Jackal (1997) - "Shineaway" (with Richard Butler)
- Go (1999) - Complete score, "Believer"
- Under Suspicion (2000) - Complete score
- Gone in Sixty Seconds (2000) - "Down"
- Driven (2001) - Score, "Satellite"
- "Double Take" (2001) - "Movement In Still Life"
- Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) - "The Revolution"
- The Fast and the Furious (2001) - Complete score, "Nocturnal Transmission"
- American Pie 2 (2001) - "Anomaly-Calling Your Name" (Libra Presents Taylor)
- Zoolander (2001) - (removed his name, uncredited), "Madskillz-Mic Chekka (Remix)"
- Sweet November (2001) - "Shame (Ben Grosse Remix)"
- Blade 2 (2002) - "Tao Of The Machine" (with The Roots)
- The Core (2003) - "Sunblind"
- Monster (2003) - Complete score
- Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004) - "Superfabulous (Scott Humphrey Radio Mix)"
- The Underclassman (2005) - Complete score
- Stealth (2005) - Complete score, "She Can (Do That)" (with David Bowie)

Video game appearances & scores

- Die Hard Trilogy 2: Viva Las Vegas (1999) - Complete score
- Frequency (2001) - "Smartbomb"
- SSX Tricky (2001) - "Smartbomb (Plump's Vocal Mix)"
- Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec (2001) - "Madskillz-Mic Chekka"
- Wipeout Fusion (2002) - "Smartbomb (Plump DJs Remix)"
- ATV Offroad Fury 2 (2002) - "The Revolution"
- Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions (2002) - Complete score
- Need for Speed: Underground (2003) - "Kimosabe" (with Wildchild)
- Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005) - "Tao of the Machine (Scott Humprhey's Remix) " (with The Roots)
- Amplitude (2003) - "Kimosabe" (with Wildchild)
- Dance Dance Revolution Extreme (2004) - "Simply Being Loved (Somnambulist)"
- Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 (2004) - Complete score
- Extreme Gravity Racing Accociation (XGRA) - "Dreaming", "Godspeed", and many more.

Sample CDs

- Breakz from the Nu Skool (2002)
- Twisted Textures (2002)

External links

- [http://www.btmusic.com/ BT's official website]
- [http://www.btnetwork.org/ Official Unofficial Website]
- [http://folk.uio.no/ulfb/odd/bt.htm Electric Sky Church Music: Full BT Discography]
- [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0117741/ BT] at the Internet Movie Database __NOTOC__ Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian Transeau, Brian

Karl Rove

Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) is an American political consultant, and (as of 2005) U.S. President George W. Bush's senior advisor, chief political strategist, and Deputy White House Chief of Staff in charge of policy. Rove's election campaign clients have included George W. Bush (2000 and 2004 U.S. President; 1994 and 1998 Texas Governor), John Ashcroft (1994 U.S. Senate), Bill Clements (1986 Texas Governor), and Phil Gramm (1982 U.S. House, 1984 U.S. Senate). Rove has been a frequent target of critics of the Bush administration, and is now embroiled in a scandal as political foes, including Joe Wilson, accuse him of the unauthorized and possibly felonious disclosure of Valerie Plame (Wilson's wife) as an undercover CIA agent to Time Magazine reporter Matthew Cooper in retaliation for Wilson's criticisms of the administration. Rove has acknowledged speaking to Cooper, but denies any wrongdoing. Rove had earlier kept silent while the White House, citing his personal assurances, emphatically denied he had any role in the leak. On October 28 2005, special counsel Patrick Fitzgerald announced the indictment of Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney, in relation to an investigation requested by the CIA. Rove has not been indicted, but remains a subject of the investigation.

Personal life and early political experiences

Early life and high school

Rove was raised in Colorado and Nevada, the second of five children. His father, Louis Rove, was a mineral geologist, and his mother, Reba Wood, was a gift shop manager. In 1960, at the age of 9 years old, Rove decided to support Richard Nixon. According to Rove, "There was a little girl across the street who was Catholic and found out I was for Nixon, and she was avidly for Kennedy. She put me down on the pavement and whaled on me and gave me a bloody nose. I lost my first political battle." His family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1965, when Rove was entering high school. At Olympus High School, he used unorthodox (but legal) tactics to be elected student council president in 1968, even though he says "I was the complete nerd. I had the briefcase. I had the pocket protector. I wore Hush Puppies when they were not cool. I was the thin, scrawny little guy. I was definitely uncool." Rove also began his involvement in American politics in 1968. In a 2002 Deseret News interview, Rove explained, "I was the Olympus High chairman for (former United States Senator) Wallace F. Bennett's re-election campaign, where he was opposed by the dynamic, young, aggressive political science professor at the University of Utah, J.D. Williams." [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,450019080,00.html] Bennett was reelected to a third six-year term. Through Rove's campaign involvement, Bennett's son, Bob Bennett — a future United States Senator from Utah - would become a friend. Williams would later become a mentor of Rove's.

College years at the University of Utah, and the Dixon campaign incident

In the fall of 1969, Rove entered the University of Utah, majoring in political science. He joined the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. Through the University's Hinkley Institute of Politics, Rove got an internship with the Utah Republican Party. That, and contacts from the 1968 Bennett campaign, helped Rove land a job in 1970 in Illinois, helping on the unsuccessful re-election campaign of Ralph Tyler Smith for the U.S. Senate. (Tyler lost to Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson III.) In the fall of 1970, Rove used a false identity to enter the campaign office of Democrat Alan J. Dixon, who was running for Illinois State Treasurer, and stole 1000 sheets of paper with campaign letterhead. Rove then printed fake campaign rally fliers promising "free beer, free food, girls and a good time for nothing," and distributed them at rock concerts and homeless shelters. Rove's role would not become publicly known until August 1973. Rove told the Dallas Morning News in 1999, "It was a youthful prank at the age of 19 and I regret it." ([http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/rove072399.htm The Washington Post, 7/23/99]). Dixon was elected despite the fake campaign rally.

Adoption, parents' divorce, and mother's suicide

At Christmas of 1969, Rove's father walked out of the marriage; his parents then divorced. After the divorce, Rove learned from his aunt and uncle that the man who had raised him was not his biological father; both he and an older brother were the children of another man. [http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm] Rove has expressed great love and admiration for his adoptive father and for "how selfless" his love had been (New Yorker profile [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/030512fa_fact3]). In 1981, Rove's mother committed suicide in Reno, Nevada, when Rove was 30 years old. When Rove was in his 40s, he finally met his biological father.

Leaves College for position in the College Republicans

In June 1971, Rove dropped out of the University of Utah to take a paid position as the Executive Director of the College Republican National Committee. Joe Abate, who was National Chairman of the College Republicans at the time, became a mentor to Rove. Rove traveled extensively, participating as instructor at weekend seminars for campus conservatives across the country. He was an active participant in the 1972 Presidential campaign of Richard Nixon. As a protégé of Donald Segretti (later convicted as a Watergate conspirator), he tried to paint Nixon's opponent, World War II B-24 pilot and hero George McGovern, as a left-wing peacenik [http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0529,ridgeway,66005,6.html].

Vietnam War and the draft

In December 1969, the Selective Service System held its first lottery drawing. Those born on December 25th, like Rove, received number 84. That number placed him in the middle of those (with numbers 1 [first priority] through 195) who would eventually be drafted. On February 17, 1970, Rove was reclassified as 2-S, a deferment from the draft because of his enrollment at the University of Utah in the fall of 1969. He maintained this deferment until Dec. 14, 1971, despite being only a part-time student in the autumn and spring quarters of 1971 (registered for between six and 12 credit hours) and dropping out of the university in June of 1971. (Rove was a student at the University of Maryland in College Park in the fall of 1971; as such, he would have been eligible for 2-S status, but registrar's records show that he withdrew from classes during the first half of the semester.) In December 1971 he was reclassified as 1-A. On April 27, 1972, he was reclassified as 1-H, or "not currently subject to processing for induction," a classification given to four million young men between January and August 1972, as the Vietnam War wound down. The draft ended on June 30, 1973.

College Republicans, Watergate, and the Bushes

Rove held the position of Executive Director of the College Republicans until early 1973. He left the job to spend five months, without pay, campaigning full time for the position of National Chairman of the organization, for the 1973-1975 term. [http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm]. Lee Atwater, the group's Southern regional coordinator, two months younger than Rove, managed Rove's campaign. The two spent the spring of 1973 crisscrossing the country in a Ford Pinto, lining up the support of Republican state chairs. The College Republicans convention at the Lake of the Ozarks resort in Missouri in the summer of 1973 was contentious. Rove's opponent was Robert Edgeworth (the other major candidate, Terry Dolan, dropped out, supporting Edgeworth). A number of states had sent two competing delegates, because Rove and his supporters had made credentials challenges at state and regional conventions. For example, after the Midwest regional convention, Rove forces had produced a version of the Midwestern College Republicans' constitution which differed significantly from the constitution that the Edgeworth forces were using, in order to justify the unseating of the Edgeworth delegates on procedural grounds. [http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm] In the end, there were two votes, conducted by two convention chairs, and two winners--Rove and Edgeworth, each of whom delivered an acceptance speech. After the convention, both Edgeworth and Rove appealed to Republican National Committee Chairman George H.W. Bush, each contending that he was the new College Republican chairman. While resolution was pending, Dolan went (anonymously) to the Washington Post with recordings of several training seminars for young Republicans where Rove discussed campaign techniques that included rooting through opponents' garbage cans and other forms of espionage, and stories of derring-do such as the incident at the Dixon headquarters. On August 10, 1973, in the midst of the Watergate scandal, the Post broke the story in an article titled "Republican Party Probes Official as Teacher of Tricks." At Bush's request, Rove was questioned by an FBI agent. As part of the investigation, Lee Atwater signed an affidavit, dated August 13, 1973, stating that he had heard a "20 minute anecdote similar to the one described in the Washington Post" in July 1972, but that "it was a funny story during a coffee break." [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/rove/cron.html] Watergate veteran John Dean has been quoted as saying that "Based on my review of the files, it appears the Watergate prosecutors were interested in Rove's activities in 1972, but because they had bigger fish to fry they did not aggressively investigate him." [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/03/31/dean/index1.html] On September 6, 1972, three weeks after announcing his intent to investigate the allegations against Rove, Bush chose Rove to be chairman of the College Republicans. Bush then wrote Edgeworth a letter saying that he had concluded that Rove had fairly won the vote at the convention. Edgeworth wrote back, asking about the basis of that conclusion. Not long after that, Edgeworth has said, "Bush sent me back the angriest letter I have ever received in my life. I had leaked to the Washington Post, and now I was out of the Party forever." As National Chairman, Rove introduced Bush to Lee Atwater, who had taken Rove's job as the College Republican's executive director, and who would become Bush's main campaign strategist in future years. Bush hired Rove as a special assistant in the Republican National Committee, a job Rove left in 1974 to become executive assistant to the co-chair of the RNC, Richard Obenshain. As special assistant, the 22-year old Rove also performed small personal tasks for Bush, who was becoming one of his mentors. In November 1973, Bush asked Rove to take a set of car keys to his son George W. Bush, who was visiting home during a break from Harvard Business School. It was the first time the two met. "Huge amounts of charisma, swagger, cowboy boots, flight jacket, wonderful smile, just charisma - you know, wow," Rove recalled years later.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1165126,00.html]

Virginia Republican Party

In 1976, Rove became the Finance Director for the Virginia Republican Party, which did not have a single fundraising event on its schedule at the time. Rove moved to Richmond, Virginia. Within a year, Rove had pulled in more than $400,000 through direct mail fundraising.

Marriages

In July 1976, Rove married Houston socialite Valerie Wainright. In January 1977, he moved to Texas. The couple divorced in January 1980. In January 1986, Rove married Darby Hickson, a graphic designer and former employee of Rove + Co. They have a son, Andrew Madison Rove, born in 1989. [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/030512fa_fact3] Darby is a survivor of breast cancer.

Education and Teaching

In addition to the University of Utah and the University of Maryland, Rove attended George Mason University (1973-1975) and the University of Texas at Austin (1977+). He has no degree. In July 1999, the Washington Post quoted Rove as saying "I lack at this point one math class, which I can take by exam, and my foreign language requirement." From 1981-1999, Rove taught graduate students part-time at the University of Texas at Austin, as an instructor at the LBJ School of Public Affairs and in the Department of Journalism.

Residences and voting registration - Texas, DC, and Florida

Rove left Texas after Bush was elected President in late 2000. He now owns a home in the District of Columbia that is valued at $1.1 million. Rove sold his longtime home in Austin in 2003. In September 2005, the Washington Post reported that Rove had agreed to reimburse the District for an estimated $3,400 in back taxes. The taxes were owed because since 2002, when the law changed, Rove was not entitled to a homestead exemption for his DC house because he was voting elsewhere (in Texas). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/02/AR2005090202397.html] Rove registered to vote in Kerr County, about 80 miles west of Austin in the Texas Hill Country, on May 26, 2004. The residence that Rove claims on Texas voter registration rolls is two tiny rental cottages, the largest being only 814 square feet. The cottages were part of the [http://www.riveroakslodge.com/ River Oaks Lodge] that Mr. Rove and his wife, Darby, once owned on the Guadalupe River near Ingram. They sold the lodge in 2003, after renovating it [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/rove072399.htm], but kept the two cottages, which the lodge rents to guests. (Darby T. Rove is listed as a director of the new owner of the lodge, Estadio Partners, LLC.) In early October 2005, a resident of Kerr County filed a complaint with the District Attorney of the county, requesting an investigation into whether Rove and his wife violated Texas state law by illegally registering as voters in Kerr County, since neither had ever lived there. [http://www.citizensforethics.org/press/newsrelease.php?view=85]. Texas law defines a residence, for voting purposes, as "one's home and fixed place of habitation to which one intends to return after any temporary absence." [http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA091005.1B.rove_residence.cdb6c0f.html] On November 3, 2005, Rex Emerson, the District Attorney, announced that he had determined there was insufficient evidence to prosecute either Rove or his wife, and that his office would close the case without further action. [http://web.dailytimes.com/story.lasso?wcd=17821] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110302591.html] In addition to the $1.1 million home he owns in the District, Rove and his wife have built a home in Florida, worth more than $1 million, according to Rove's 2005 financial disclosure form. [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2005/6/15/204859.shtml ]

The Texas years and notable political campaigns

1977 move to Texas and the early years

Rove's initial job in Texas was as a legislative aide for Fred Agnich, a Texas state representative, in Agnich's Dallas office. Latter in 1977, Rove got a job as executive director of the Fund for Limited Government, a political action committee (PAC) in Houston headed by James A. Baker, a Houston lawyer (later President George H.W. Bush's Secretary of State). The PAC eventually became the genesis of the Bush-for-President campaign of 1979-1980. His work for Bill Clements during the Texas gubernatorial race of 1978 helped Clements become the first Republican Governor of Texas in over 100 years. Clements was elected to a four-year term, succeeding scandal-plagued Democrat Dolph Briscoe. Rove was deputy director of the Governor William P. Clements Junior Committee, 1979—1980; and deputy executive assistant Governor of Texas (roughly, deputy chief of staff) in 1980—1981. [http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/] In 1981, Rove founded direct mail consulting firm, Karl Rove + Company, in Austin, Texas. The firm's first clients included Republican Governor Bill Clements and Democratic Congressman Phil Gramm, who later became a Republican Congressman and United States Senator. Rove operated his consulting business until 1999, when he sold the firm to take a full-time position in George W. Bush's campaign for the Presidency. Between 1981 and 1999, Rove worked on hundreds of races. Most were in a supporting role (doing direct mail fundraising). A November 2004 Atlantic Monthly article [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200411/green] estimated that he was the primary strategist for 41 races that were statewide or Congressional (in Texas and Alabama), or for a national office, and that his candidates won in 34 of those. Rove also did work during those years for clients other than politicians. From 1991 to 1996, he advised tobacco giant Phillip Morris, ultimately earning $3,000 a month via a consulting contract. In a deposition, Rove testified that he severed the tie in 1996 because he felt awkward "about balancing that responsibility with his role as Bush's top political advisor" at a time when Bush was governor of Texas and Texas was suing the tobacco industry. [http://www.dallasobserver.com/issues/1999-05-13/news/feature_8.html]

1978 George W. Bush Congressional campaign

Rove advised the younger Bush during his unsuccessful Texas congressional campaign in 1978. Atlantic Monthly

1980 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign

In 1979, Rove was the first person hired by George H. W. Bush for his official (and unsuccessful) 1980 presidential campaign, which ended with Bush being selected as the Vice Presidential nominee by Ronald Reagan in the summer of 1980. In November 1980, Bush was elected Vice President.

1982 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign

In 1982, Clements ran for reelection, but was defeated by Democrat Mark White. (In 1982, every Republican running for a statewide office lost.)

1982 Phil Gramm Congressional campaign

In 1982, Phil Gramm was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as an old-style conservative Texas Democrat.

1984 Phil Gramm Senatorial campaign

In 1984, Rove helped Gramm, who had become a Republican in 1983, defeat Democrat Lloyd Doggett in the race for U.S. Senate.

1984 Ronald Reagan Presidential campaign

Rove handled direct-mail for the Reagan-Bush campaign.

1986 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign

In 1986, Rove helped Bill Clements become governor a second time. In a strategy memo Rove wrote for his client prior to the race, now among Clements's papers in the Texas A&M University library, Rove quoted Napoleon: "The whole art of war consists in a well-reasoned and extremely circumspect defensive, followed by rapid and audacious attack." In 1986, just before a crucial debate in campaign, Rove claimed that his office had been bugged by the Democrats. [http://www.counterpunch.org/madsen1101.html]. The police and FBI investigated and discovered that bug's battery was so small that it needed to be changed every few hours, and the investigation was dropped. [http://blogcritics.org/archives/2004/09/04/135514.php] Critics suspected Rove had bugged his own office to garner sympathy votes in the close governor's race.[http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/transcripts_060404_roving.html]

1988 Texas Supreme Court races

In 1988, Rove helped Tom Phillips become the first Republican elected as Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Phillips had been appointed to the position in November 1987 by Governor Clements; he would be re-elected in November 1990, November 1996 and November 2002. Phillips' election in 1988 was part of an aggressive grassroots campaign called "Clean Slate '88", a bi-partisan (and conservative) effort that was successful in getting five of its six candidates elected. (Ordinarily there were three justices on the ballot each year, on a nine-justice court, but, because of resignations, there were six races for the Supreme Court on the ballot in November 1988.) By 1998, Republicans held all nine seats on the Court.

1990 Texas gubernatorial campaign

In 1989, Rove encouraged George W. Bush to run for Texas governor, bringing in experts to tutor him on policy and introducing him to local reporters. Eventually, Bush decided not to run. Rove backed another Republican for governor; his candidate lost in the primaries.

Other 1990 Texas statewide races

In 1990, two other Rove candidates won: Rick Perry, the future governor of the state, became agricultural commissioner, and Kay Bailey Hutchison became treasurer. The November 1990 election was notable because the FBI, earlier that year, had investigated every Democratic officeholder in the state. The FBI investigation nailed then-agricultural commissioner Mike Moeller and senior administrator Pete McRae for soliciting contributions for Jim Hightower, the Democratic candidate to replace Moeller.

1991 Richard Thornburgh Senatorial campaign and lawsuit

In 1991, Richard Thornburgh resigned as Attorney General to run in a special election for a U.S. Senate seat in Pennsylvania (vacated by Senator John Heinz, who was killed in a helicopter crash). After Thornburgh's loss to Democrat Harris Wofford, Rove sued Thornburgh for not paying his Karl Rove + Company bill. The Republican National Committee, worried that the suit would make it hard to recruit good candidates, urged Rove to back off. When he wouldn't, the RNC hired Kenneth Starr to write an amicus brief on Thornburgh's behalf. The case went to trial in Austin; Rove won.[http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm]

1992 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign

"Sources close to the former president George H.W. Bush say Rove was fired from the 1992 Bush presidential campaign after he planted a negative story with columnist Robert Novak about dissatisfaction with campaign fundraising chief and Bush loyalist Robert Mosbacher Jr. It was smoked out, and he was summarily ousted" (Esquire Magazine, January 2003). Robert Novak provided some evidence of motive in his column describing the firing of Mosbacher by former Senator Phil Gramm: "Also attending the session was political consultant Karl Rove, who had been shoved aside by Mosbacher." Novak and Rove deny that Rove was the leaker, but Mosbacher maintains that "Rove is the only one with a motive to leak this. We let him go. I still believe he did it." [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/06/politics/06novak.html] (Sources: "Karl and Bob: a leaky history," Houston Chronicle, Nov. 7, 2003; "Genius," Texas Monthly, March 2003, p. 82; "Why Are These Men Laughing," Esquire, January 2003.)

1993 Kay Bailey Hutchinson Senatorial campaign

Rove helped Kay Bailey Hutchison win a special Senate election in June 1993, defeating Democrat Bob Krueger for the right to complete the last two years of the term of Lloyd Bentsen. Bentsen had resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton administration.

1994 Alabama Supreme Court races

In 1994, a group called the Business Council of Alabama hired Rove to help run a slate of Republican candidates for the state supreme court. No Republican had been elected to that court in more than a century. The campaign by the Republicans was unprecedented in the state, which had previously only seen low-key contests. After the election, a court battle over absentee and other ballots followed that lasted more than 11 months. It ended when a federal appeals-court judge ruled that disputed absentee ballots could not be counted, and ordered the secretary of state to certify the Republican candidate for Chief Justice, Perry Hooper, as the winner. An appeal to the Supreme Court by the Democratic candidate was turned down within a few days, making the ruling final; Hooper had won by 262 votes. Another of the slate, Harold See, ran against Mark Kennedy, an incumbent Democratic justice and the son-in-law of George Wallace. The race included charges that Kennedy was mingling campaign funds with those of a nonprofit children's foundation he was involved with. A former Rove staffer has also reported that some within the See camp initiated a whisper campaign that Kennedy was a pedophile. Kennedy won by less than one percentage point.

1994 John Ashcroft Senatorial campaign

In 1993, according to the New York Times, Karl Rove & Company was paid $300,000 in consulting fees by John Ashcroft's successful campaign to be elected to the U.S. Senate in 1994. Ashcroft was a satisfied customer; he paid Rove's company more than $700,000 over the course of three campaigns.

1994 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign

In 1993, Rove began advising George W. Bush in his (successful) campaign to become governor of Texas. Bush announced his candidacy in November 1993. By January 1994, Bush had spent more than $600,000 on the race against incumbent Democrat Ann Richards, with $340,000 of that paid to Rove's firm. Rove has been accused of using supposed pollsters to call voters to ask such things as whether people would be "more or less likely to vote for Governor Richards if [they] knew her staff is dominated by lesbians." During the race, a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself to be quoted criticizing Richards for "appointing avowed homosexual activists" to state jobs. But only circumstantial evidence links Rove to the push-polling.

1996 Harold See campaign for Associate Chief Justice, Alabama Supreme Court

According to someone who worked for him, Rove, dissatisfied with the campaign's progress, had flyers printed up — absent any trace of who was behind them — viciously attacking Harold See and his family. See won the race. [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200411/green/3]

1998 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign

Rove was an adviser for the successful re-election campaign of Governor George W. Bush in 1998. From July through December 1998, Bush’s re-election committee paid Karl Rove + Co. nearly $2.5 million, and also paid the Rove-owned Praxis List Company $267,000 (for use of mail lists). Rove says his work for the Bush campaign included direct mail, voter contact, phone banks, computer services, and travel expenses. Of the $2.5 million, Rove said, "About 30 percent of that is postage." In all, Bush (primarily through Rove's efforts) raised $17.7 million, with $3.4 million unspent as of March 1999. [http://www.texasobserver.org/showArticle.asp?ArticleID=942]

2000 Harold See campaign for Chief Justice

For the race to succeed Perry Hooper, who was retiring as Alabama's chief justice, Rove lined up support from a majority of the state's important Republicans behind his candidate, an associate justice named Harold See. The See campaign significantly outspent the opposition, but See was badly beaten by Roy Moore, the "Ten Commandments" judge, who succeeded in making the race about religion.

2000 George W. Bush presidential campaign and the sale of Rove + Company

In early 1999, Rove sold his 20-year-old direct-mail business, Rove + Co., which provided campaign services to candidates, along with Praxis List Company (in whole or part) to Ted Delisi and Todd Olsen, two young political operatives who had worked on campaigns of some other Rove candidates. Rove helped finance the sale of the company, which had 11 employees. Selling Rove + Company was a condition that George W. Bush had insisted on before Rove took the job of chief strategist for Bush's presidential bid. [http://www.dallasobserver.com/Issues/1999-05-13/news/feature_print.html] During the bitterly-contested 2000 Republican primary, allegations were made that Rove was responsible for a "push poll" conducted in South Carolina, that used racist innuendo intended to undermine the support of Bush rival John McCain: "Would you be more likely or less likely to vote for John McCain for president if you knew he had fathered an illegitimate black child?"[http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/articles/2004/03/21/the_anatomy_of_a_smear_campaign/]. Although McCain campaign manager Richard Davis said he "had no idea who had made those calls, who paid for them, or how many were made," the authors of the 2003 book and subsequent [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0403910/ film] Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential allege that Rove was involved. In the movie, John Weaver, political director for McCain's 2000 campaign bid, says "I believe I know where that decision was made; it was at the top of the [Bush] campaign." Rove has denied any such involvement. After the presidential elections in November 2000, Karl Rove organized an emergency response of Republican politicians and supporters to go to Florida to assist the Bush campaign's position during the Florida recount.

George W. Bush Administration

George W. Bush was first inaugurated in January 2001, and Rove accepted a position in the Bush administration as Senior Advisor to the President. The President's confidence in Rove has been so strong that during a meeting with South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun on 14 May 2003, President George W. Bush brought only Rove and then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice.

White House Iraq Group

In 2002 and 2003 Rove chaired meetings of the White House Iraq Group (WHIG), a secretive internal White House working group established by August 2002, eight months prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. According to CNN and Newsweek, WHIG was “charged with developing a strategy for publicizing the White House's assertion that Saddam Hussein posed a threat to the United States.”[http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/03/05/cia.leak.probe/] WHIG's existence and membership was first identified in a Washington Post article by Barton Gellman and Walter Pincus on August 10 2003; members of WHIG included George W. Bush’s chief of staff Andrew Card, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Rice's deputy Stephen Hadley, Vice President Cheney’s chief of staff Lewis “Scooter” Libby, legislative liaison Nicholas E. Calio, and communication strategists Mary Matalin, Karen Hughes, and James R. Wilkinson. Quoting one of WHIG's members without identifying him or her by name, the Washington Post explained that the task force's mission was to “educate the public” about the threat posed by Hussein and (in the reporters' words) “to set strategy for each stage of the confrontation with Baghdad.” Rove's "strategic communications" task force within WHIG helped write and coordinate speeches by senior Bush administration officials, emphasizing in September 2002 the theme of Iraq's purported nuclear threat.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A39500-2003Aug9¬Found=true] The White House Iraq Group was “little known” until a subpoena for its notes, email, and attendance records was issued by CIA leak investigator Patrick Fitzgerald in January 2004, a legal move first reported in the press and acknowledged by the White House on March 5, 2004.[http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/03/05/cia.leak.probe/][http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002452876_leak26.html]

Allegations of conflict of interest

In March 2001, Rove met with executives from Intel, successfully advocating a merger between a Dutch company and an Intel company supplier. Rove owned $100,000 in Intel stock at the time but had been advised by Fred Fielding, the White House's transition counsel, to defer selling the stock in January to obtain ethics panel approval. Rove offered no advice on the merger which needed to be approved by a joint Pentagon-Treasury Department panel since it would give a foreign company access to military sensitive technology. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A63145-2001Jun13¬Found=true] In June 2001, Rove met with two pharmaceutical industry lobbyists. At the time, Rove held almost $250,000 in drug industry stocks. On 30 June 2001, Rove divested his stocks in 23 companies, which included more than $100,000 in each of Enron, Boeing, General Electric, and Pfizer. On 30 June 2001, the White House admitted that Rove was involved in administration energy policy meetings, while at the same time holding stock in energy companies including Enron.

Criticised "liberal response" to 9/11

At a fund-raiser in New York City for the Conservative Party of New York State on June 23, 2005, Rove said, "Conservatives saw the savagery of 9/11 in the attacks and prepared for war; liberals saw the savagery of the 9/11 attacks and wanted to prepare indictments and offer therapy and understanding for our attackers." Democrats angered by this comment demanded Rove's resignation or an apology, and pointed out that every Democratic Senator voted for military force against Al-Qaeda in retaliation for the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States.[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ040.107][http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00281#top] Families Of September 11, an organization founded in October, 2001 by families of some of those who died in the terrorist attack, requested Rove "stop trying to reap political gain in the tragic misfortune of others."[http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/news.aspx?s=5#1352] In contrast, the Bush administration characterized Rove's comments as "very accurate" and stated that the calls for an apology were "somewhat puzzling", since he was "simply pointing out the different philosophies when it comes to winning the war on terrorism."[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8324598/][http://mediamatters.org/items/200506240003]

2004 George W. Bush presidential campaign

President George W. Bush publicly thanked Rove, calling him "the architect" in Bush's 3 November 2004 victory speech, after defeating John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election.[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/11/20041103-3.html] During the campaign, critics alleged that Rove had professional ties to the producers of the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth television ads that criticized John F. Kerry's Vietnam-era military service and public testimony against American soldiers, although no evidence of Rove's direct involvement was ever produced.[http://graphics7.nytimes.com/images/2004/08/19/politics/campaign/20040820swift_graph.gif] A few months after the election, Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) publicly alleged that Rove engineered the Killian documents controversy during the 2004 campaign, by planting fake anti-Bush documents with CBS News to deflect attention from Bush's service record during the Vietnam War, but other than Rove's supposed motive, no evidence supporting this speculation has ever been publicized. Rove himself has denied any involvement, and Hinchey himself admitted he had no evidence to support this claim.[http://www.recordonline.com/archive/2005/02/22/hinchey2.htm],[http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040922-101433-4296r.htm],[http://www.littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=14781_Congressman_Says_Rove_Planted_CBS_Memos&only=yes]

Administration response to Hurricane Katrina

In August 2005, Rove was assigned by the President to oversee the administration's political 'damage control' effort following Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana. After Rove's appointment, the administration was criticized for attempting to shift blame away from the federal government for the failures by claiming that state and local officials had not declared a state of emergency at the time [http://www.snopes.com/politics/katrina/nagin.asp].

Plame affair

On 29 August 2003, retired ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV alleged that Rove leaked the identity of Wilson's wife, Valerie Plame, as a CIA operative ([http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2005/07/21/politics/20050722leak_graphic.html timeline]), in retaliation for Wilson's op-ed in The New York Times in which he criticized the Bush Administration's citation of the yellowcake documents among the justifications for the War in Iraq enumerated in President Bush's 2003 State of the Union Address. Such a leak would potentially be a violation of federal law.

Initial public statements by Rove and the White House

During the 2004 Republican National Convention (August 30-September 2, 2003), Rove told CNN, "I didn't know her name and didn't leak her name...I'm confident that the U.S. Attorney, the prosecutor who's involved in looking at this is going to do a very thorough job of doing a very substantial and conclusive investigation."[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0507/05/ip.01.html] One month later, on September 29, 2003, White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan said, "[t]he President knows" that Rove was not involved: "and I said it is simply not true [that Rove was involved]. So, I mean, it's public knowledge. I've said that it's not true. And I have spoken with Karl Rove ... He [President Bush]'s aware of what I've said, that there is simply no truth to that suggestion. And I have spoken with Karl about it."[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030929-7.html] On September 30, 2003, President Bush said "I don't know of anybody in my administration who leaked classified information. If somebody did leak classified information, I'd like to know it, and we'll take the appropriate action."[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030930-9.html] White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan added that Karl Rove had specifically assured McClellan that he was not involved, and that "the President expects his administration to adhere to the highest standards of conduct and the highest ethics." On 10 October 2003, after the Justice Department began its formal investigation into the leak, McClellan specifically said that neither Rove nor two other officials whom he had personally questioned – Elliot Abrams, a national security aide, and Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff – were involved.[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/10/20031010-6.html]

2005 testimony about meeting with Matt Cooper

On 2 July 2005, Karl Rove's lawyer, Robert Luskin, said that his client spoke to Time reporter Matt Cooper "three or four days" before Plame's identity was first revealed in print by commentator Robert Novak — Cooper's article in Time, citing unnamed and anonymous "government officials," confirmed Plame to be a "CIA official who monitors the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction," and appeared three days after Novak's column was published. Rove's lawyer, however, asserted that Rove "never knowingly disclosed classified information" and that "he did not tell any reporter that Valerie Plame worked for the CIA." However, in an email sent by Rove to top White House security official Stephen Hadley immediately after his discussion with Matt Cooper (obtained by the Associated Press and published on 15 July 2005), Rove claimed that he tried to steer the journalist away from allegations Wilson was making about faulty Iraq intelligence. "Matt Cooper called to give me a heads-up that he's got a welfare reform story coming...When he finished his brief heads-up he immediately launched into Niger. Isn't this damaging? Hasn't the president been hurt? I didn't take the bait, but I said if I were him I wouldn't get Time far out in front on this." Rove made no mention to Hadley in the e-mail of having leaked Plame's CIA identity, nor of having revealed classified information to a reporter, nor of having told the reporter that certain sensitive information would soon be declassified.[http://apnews.myway.com/article/20050716/D8BC7F500.html] Cooper disputed some of this statement: "I can't find any record of talking about [welfare reform] with him on July 11 [2003], and I don't recall doing so," Cooper said. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1083899,00.html][http://www.mediainfo.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000980363] Newsweek (10 July 2005), quoted one of the e-mails written by Time reporter Matt Cooper in the days following the publication of Wilson's Op-Ed piece: Writing to Time bureau chief Michael Duffy on 11 July 2003, three days befo

Dropout

Famous College Dropouts

Famous High-school Dropouts

Student

Years

See also

Pushout

External links and references

College dropout

Famous college dropouts

Authors

Comics

Computers

Entrepreneurs

Conservatives

Movies/TV

Music

Others

See also

External links

Bill Gates

Early life

Microsoft

Personal life

Influence and wealth

Popular culture

Works

See also

Notes

References and further reading

External links

Brian Transeau

Musical Progression

Compilations

Remixes

Film appearances & scores

Video game appearances & scores

Sample CDs

See also

External links

Karl Rove

Personal life and early political experiences

Early life and high school

College years at the University of Utah, and the Dixon campaign incident

Adoption, parents' divorce, and mother's suicide

Leaves College for position in the College Republicans

Vietnam War and the draft

College Republicans, Watergate, and the Bushes

Virginia Republican Party

Marriages

Education and Teaching

Residences and voting registration - Texas, DC, and Florida

The Texas years and notable political campaigns

1977 move to Texas and the early years

1978 George W. Bush Congressional campaign

1980 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign

1982 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign

1982 Phil Gramm Congressional campaign

1984 Phil Gramm Senatorial campaign

1984 Ronald Reagan Presidential campaign

1986 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign

1988 Texas Supreme Court races

1990 Texas gubernatorial campaign

Other 1990 Texas statewide races

1991 Richard Thornburgh Senatorial campaign and lawsuit

1992 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign

1993 Kay Bailey Hutchinson Senatorial campaign

1994 Alabama Supreme Court races

1994 John Ashcroft Senatorial campaign

1994 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign

1996 Harold See campaign for Associate Chief Justice, Alabama Supreme Court

1998 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign

2000 Harold See campaign for Chief Justice

2000 George W. Bush presidential campaign and the sale of Rove + Company

George W. Bush Administration

White House Iraq Group

Allegations of conflict of interest

Criticised "liberal response" to 9/11

2004 George W. Bush presidential campaign

Administration response to Hurricane Katrina