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Discordant Coastline

Discordant coastline

A discordant coastline is a type of coastline formed when rock types of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the shore. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are eroded by ocean waves. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating inlets or bays; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as headlands or outcroppings.

External link

- [http://www.kesgrave.suffolk.sch.uk/Curric/geog/discord.html Online Physical Geography Tutorial] (BROKEN) See also: Concordant coastline

Coastline

coast.

Rock (geology)

, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America. ]] Rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids. Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition; the texture of the constituent particles; and also by the processes that formed them. These indicators separate rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed from molten magma, and are divided into two main categories: Plutonic rock and Volcanic rock. Plutonic rocks result when the magma cools and crystallises slowly within the Earth's crust, while Volcanic rocks result from the magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta. Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either detrital or organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation. The latter can occur at or near the earth's surface, especially in the case of carbonate-rich sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the earth's surface, and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation). The transformation of one rock type to another is described by the geological model called the rock cycle. The Earth's crust (including the lithosphere) and mantle are formed of rock.

External links

- [http://www.geol.lsu.edu/henry/Geology3041/2IgneousClassify/IgneousClassFlow.htm Classification of Igneous Rocks] Category:Geology Category:Rocks ja:岩石 ms:Batu th:หิน

Resistance (geology)

Resistance can mean one of:
- electrical resistance
- inner resistance
- antibiotic resistance
- resistance to a disease (see related subject immunology)
- a political or military resistance movement against foreign occupation, or more rarely, against one's own government
- Resistance (socialist youth organisation) (Australia)
- Psychodynamic resistance
- geological resistance
- fluid resistance
- thermal resistance
- Resistance Records
- Air resistance, or drag
- In physics, resistance can be any force that opposes motion ja:レジスタンス

Erosion

Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and so forth) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms (in the case of bioerosion). Although the processes may be simultaneous, erosion is to be distinguished from weathering, which is the decomposition of rock. Erosion is an important natural process, but in many places it is increased by human activities. Some of those activities include deforestation, overgrazing and road or trail building. Likewise, humans have sought to limit erosion by terrace-building and tree planting. A certain amount of erosion is natural and in fact healthy for the ecosystem. For example, gravels continually move downstream in watercourses. Too much erosion, however, can cause problems, clogging streams with gravel, filling reservoirs with sediment, reducing soil fertility and water quality.

Causes

water quality] What causes erosion to be severe in some areas and minor elsewhere? It is a combination of many factors, including the amount and intensity of precipitation, the texture of the soil, the steepness of the slope, and ground cover (from vegetation, rocks, etc.). The first three factors do not change much. In general, given the same kind of vegetative cover, you expect areas with high-intensity precipitation, sandy or silty soils, and steep slopes to be the most erosive. Soils with a lot of clay that receive less intense precipitation and are on gentle slopes tend to erode less. The factor that is most subject to change is the amount and type of ground cover. When fires burn an area or when vegetation is removed as part of timber operations, building a house or a road, the susceptibility of the soil to erosion is greatly increased. clay Roads are especially likely to cause increased rates of erosion because, in addition to removing ground cover, they can significantly change drainage patterns. A road that has a lot of rock and one that is "hydrologically invisible" (that gets the water off the road as quickly as possible, mimicking natural drainage patterns) has the best chance of not causing increased erosion. One of the most serious and long-running water erosion problems on the planet is in China, on the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China. In materials science, erosion is the recession of surfaces by repeated localized mechanical trauma as, for example, by suspended abrasive particles within a moving fluid. Erosion can also occur from non-abrasive fluid mixtures. Cavitation is one example.

Erosion processes

Cavitation

Gravity Erosion

Mass-Wasting is the down-slope movement of rock and sediments, mainly due to the force of gravity. Mass-wasting is an important part of the erosional process, as it moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where transporting agents like streams and glaciers can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations. Mass-wasting processes are occurring continuously on all slopes; some mass-wasting processes act very slowly, others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results. Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a landslide. However, landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs. Slumping happens on steep hillsides, occurring along distinct fracture zones, often within materials like clay, that, once released, may move quite rapidly downhill. They often will show a spoon-shaped depression within which the material has begun to slide downhill. In some cases the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it. In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways where it is a regular occurrence. Surface creep is the slow movement of soil and rock debris by gravity which is usually not perceptible except through extended observation. However, the term can also describe the rolling of dislodged soil particles 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter by wind along the soil surface.

Water erosion

Splash erosion is the detachment and airborne movement of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on soils. Sheet erosion is the result of heavy rain on bare soil where water flows as a sheet down any gradient carrying soil particles. Gully erosion results where water flows along a linear depression eroding a trench or gully. Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both downward, deepening the valley, and headward, extending the valley into the hillside. In the earliest stage of stream erosion the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section, and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some base level is reached the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream meanders across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood when more and faster moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load.

Shoreline erosion

meander, England.]] Shoreline erosion, on both exposed and sheltered coasts, primarily occurs through the action of currents and waves, but sea level change can also play a role. Sediment is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (longshore drift). When the upcurrent amount of sediment is less than the amount being carried away, erosion occurs. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form. These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline.

Ice erosion

Ice erosion is caused by movement of ice, typically as glaciers. Glaciers can scrape down a slope and break up rock and then transport it, leaving moraines, drumlins, and glacial erratics in its wake typically at the terminus or during glacial retreat. Ice wedging is the weathering process where water trapped in tiny rock cracks freezes and expands, causing the breakup of the rock. This can lead to gravity erosion on steep slopes. The scree which form at the bottom of a steep mountainside is mostly formed from pieces of rock broken away by this means. It is a common engineering problem wherever rock cliffs are alongside roads and morning thaws can drop hazardous rock pieces onto the road.

Wind erosion

Wind erosion, also known as eolian erosion is the movement of rock and/or sediment by the wind. Windbreaks are often planted by farmers to reduce wind erosion. This includes the planting of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation, usually perpendicular or nearly so to the principal wind direction. The wind causes dust particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region.

Tectonic effects of erosion

The removal by erosion of large amounts of rock from a particular region, and its deposition elsewhere, can result in a lightening of the load on the lower crust and mantle. This can cause tectonic or isostatic uplift in the region.

Figurative use

The concept of erosion is commonly employed in analogy to various forms of perceived—or real—homogenization, "leveling out", collusion, or even the decline of anything from morals to indigenous cultures. It is quite a usual trope of the English language to describe as erosion the gradual, organic mutation of something thought of as distinct, more complex, harder to pronounce, or more refined into something indistinct, less complex, easier to pronounce, or (disparagingly) less refined.

Reference

- World Bank 2001: China: Air, Land, and Water. Category:Geomorphology Category:Geological processes Category:Soil science Category:Agronomy

Waves

Waves may refer to different topics including:
- Waves, the natural phenomenon
- WAVES, the women's unit of the US Navy during World War II.
- [http://www.waves.com Waves], Waves Ltd. Digital Audio Processing

Headlands and bays

]] A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. A bay is the reverse, an area of water bordering land on three sides. Large headlands may also be called peninsulas, long, narrow and high headlands promontories. When headlands dramatically affect the ocean currents they are often called capes. A gulf generally occupies an area larger than a bay and may itself contain one or more bays.

Geology and geography

Headlands and bays are usually found together on the same stretch of coastline. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form where weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. Wave refraction occurs on headlands concentrating wave energy on them, so many other landforms, such as caves, natural archs and stacks, form on headlands. Wave refraction disperses wave energy through the bay, and along with the sheltering effect of the headlands this protects bays from storms. This effect means that the waves reaching the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this most bays feature a beach. A bay may be only metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. Sometimes bays form where movements of the earth's crust (tectonics) bring areas of land together, or move them apart. Usually these bays are referred to as seas or gulfs and not bays. "Capes and bays geography" is a derogatory term for the approach to teaching geography that requires students to learn by rote the names of large number of geographical features rather than taking a more theoretically driven approach.

List of some well-known headlands

- Africa
- Cape Agulhas in South Africa
- Cape of Good Hope in South Africa
- Cape Juby in Morocco
- Europe
- Cabo da Roca in Portugal
- Cape Arkona in Germany
- Cape Finisterre in Spain
- North Cape in Norway
- Cape Wrath in Scotland
- Asia
- Kanyakumari or Cape Comorin in Tamil Nadu, India
- Cape Engaño on the Philippines
- Indira Point in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
- Cape Dezhnev in Russia
- North American, Central America and the Caribbean
- Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA
- Cape Chidley in Newfoundland and Labrador/Nunavut, Canada
- Cape Cod in Massachusetts, USA
- Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, USA
- Cape Henry in Virginia, USA
- Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska, USA
- Cape Girardeau in Missouri, USA "The only inland cape in the world."
- South America
- Cape Froward in Chile
- Cape Horn in Chile
- Cape Virgenes in Argentina
- Oceania
- Cape Egmont in New Zealand
- Cape Foulwind in New Zealand
- Cape Leeuwin in Australia
- Cape Reinga in New Zealand
- Cape York in Australia
- East Cape in New Zealand
- North Cape in New Zealand
- South East Cape in Australia
- Young Nick's Head in New Zealand

List of some well-known bays

- Africa
- Gulf of Guinea
- Gulf of Sidra - coast of Tunisia and Libya
- Europe - Atlantic
- Bay of Biscay in France and Spain
- Lyme Bay off the southern coast of England
- Europe - Baltic Sea
- Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland
- Gulf of Finland between Finland and Estonia
- Bay of Gdansk between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast
- Bay of Puck
- Vistula Bay
- Bay of Pomerania, between Poland and Germany
- Bay of Szczecin, between Poland and Germany
- Bay of Greifswald in Germany
- Bay of Mecklenburg, between Germany and Denmark
- Bay of Lubeck, in Germany
- Bay of Kiel, between Germany and Denmark
- Riddarfjärden in Stockholm, Sweden
- Europe - Mediterranean Sea
- Adriatic Sea's Boka Kotorska in Montenegro
- Asia
- Bay of Bengal, near Bengal (India/Bangladesh)
- Bohai Gulf (China)
- Bohai Bay
- Laizhou Bay
- Liaodong Bay
- Gulf of Cambay(Khambhat), Gujarat (India)
- Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat (India)
- Manila Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines
- Persian Gulf between Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran
- Red Sea
- Subic Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines, the site of a former US Navy base
- North American, Central America and the Caribbean
- Baffin Bay, between Canada and Greenland
- Bahía de Banderas, Mexico
- Bay of Green Bay in Wisconsin
- Bay of Pigs on Cuba
- Buzzards Bay in Massachusetts
- Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts
- Chesapeake Bay mostly in Maryland
- Delaware Bay between Delaware and the New Jersey
- Galveston Bay in Texas
- Georgian Bay on Lake Huron
- Grand Traverse Bay in Michigan
- Gulf of California between the Baja California peninsula and the Mexican mainland.
- Gulf of Santa Catalina in California
- Gulf of Maine in Maine
- Gulf of Mexico between Mexico and the United States
- Hudson Bay, between the Canadian provinces and territories of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut
- James Bay, between Ontario and Quebec, opens to Hudson Bay to the north
- Massachusetts Bay in Massachusetts
- Mobile Bay in Alabama
- Monterey Bay in California
- Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island
- Penobscot Bay in Maine
- Saginaw Bay in Michigan
- San Francisco Bay in California
- Tampa Bay in Florida
- South America
- Oceania
- Great Australian Bight off the south coast of Australia
- Botany Bay, near Sydney, Australia
- Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
- Bay of Islands, New Zealand
- Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
- Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand
- Hawke Bay, New Zealand
- North Taranaki Bight, New Zealand
- Port Phillip Bay, Australia
- South Taranaki Bight, New Zealand
- Tasman Bay, New Zealand A couple of non-gulfs (actually straits) are:
- Gulf of Oman
- Gulf of Aden

External links

- [http://www.georesources.co.uk/leld.htm GeoResources - diagrams of headland and bay formation] Category:Bodies of water ko:만 ja:湾

Headlands and bays

Geology and geography

List of some well-known headlands

List of some well-known bays

External links

- [http://www.georesources.co.uk/leld.htm GeoResources - diagrams of headland and bay formation] Category:Bodies of water ko:만 ja:湾

Concordant coastline

A concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of alternating resistance, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. See also: Discordant coastline

John Nance Garner

John Nance "Cactus Jack" Garner (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967) was a Representative from Texas and the thirty-second Vice President of the United States (1933-41). Garner was born near Detroit, Red River County, Texas, and was a Cherokee Indian on his father's side. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began practice in Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas. He was a judge of Uvalde County from 1893 to 1896 and a member of the state House of Representatives from 1898 to 1902. Garner was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 from a newly created congressional district covering tens of thousands of square miles of rural South Texas. He was elected from the district fourteen subsequent times, serving until 1933. Garner's hard work and integrity made him a respected leader in the House, and he was chosen to serve as minority floor leader for the Democrats in 1929, and then as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1931. In 1932, Garner ran for the Democratic Presidential nomination, becoming one of New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt's most serious opponents for the nomination. When it became evident that Roosevelt would win the nomination, Garner cut a deal with the front-runner, becoming Roosevelt's Vice Presidential candidate. He was re-elected to the Seventy-third Congress on November 8, 1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States. He was reelected Vice President in 1936 and served in that office from March 4, 1933 to January 20, 1941. Garner, always the character, once described the office of the vice presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm piss" (at the time reported with the bowdlerization "spit"). During Roosevelt's second term, the previously warm relationship between Garner and Roosevelt quickly soured, as Garner disagreed sharply with Roosevelt on a wide range of important issues. Garner supported federal intervention to break up the first sit-down strike, supported a balanced federal budget, opposed packing the Supreme Court with additional judges, and opposed executive interference with the internal business of the Congress. After Roosevelt sought to defeat in the 1938 primaries Democrats who opposed him, Garner began to see himself as the champion of the regular Democratic Party, as opposed to the New Deal party which supported Roosevelt. During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged Garner to run for President in 1940. Gallup polls showed that Garner was the favorite among Democratic voters, presuming that Roosevelt would not run for a third term. Though he never declared his candidacy, Roosevelt quietly made it known that he would seek a third term. Even though this decision made it highly unlikely that Garner would win the nomination, he stayed in the race anyway, because he opposed much of what the President stood for, and opposed the idea of anyone having a third term as President. Roosevelt beat Garner soundly in the Democratic primaries, and won re-nomination at the Democratic National Convention on the first ballot. Garner stepped down as Vice President in January 1941, ending a 46-year career in public life. He retired to Uvalde for the last 26 years of his life, where he managed his extensive real estate holdings, spent time with his great-grandchildren, and fished. Throughout his retirement, he was consulted by active Democratic politicians, and was especially close to Harry S. Truman. At the time of his death he was the longest lived Vice President of the United States, a record that still stands as of 2005.

Views

- Garner felt that the way to get ahead was to get elected, stay there, and gain influence through seniority.
- Garner felt that keeping one's mouth shut, whiskey drinking, poker playing, and understanding the legislative process were useful skills.

Trivia

On Garner's 95th birthday (November 22, 1963), he spoke to President John F. Kennedy over the telephone in regard to the upcoming 1964 Presidential campaign. He vowed to support Kennedy's bid as long as he himself was alive; ironically, Kennedy was assassinated later that day. Garner State Park, located 30 miles north of Uvalde, was named in his honor. Garner nearly became President, before he became Vice President. Had FDR been assassinated in Miami, Florida (Jan. 1933), Garner, by virtue of the recently adopted (20th) amendment to the US Constitution, would have become the 32nd President of the USA (Mar. 4, 1933).

References

- [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000074 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: GARNER, John Nance.]
- Timmons, Bascom N. Garner of Texas : A Personal History. New York : Harper & Brothers, 1948. Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance Garner, John Nance ja:ジョン・N・ガーナー

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