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Container

Container

Container may refer to:
- Container (cargo), a shipping container, storage for cargo transport
- Packaging and labelling, commercial packaging used to store consumer goods, such as boxes, bottles, and cans
- Food storage, containers such as Tupperware and Rubbermaid brands Computing:
- Container format, a special class of computer file used for audio/video data
- Container class and Container object, used in Object-oriented programming
- Container (data structure), an abstract data structure in computer programming ja:容器

Container (cargo)

Containerization is a system of intermodal cargo transport using standard ISO containers (also known as isotainers) that can be loaded on container ships, railroad cars, and trucks. There are five common standard lengths, 20 ft (6.1 m), 40 ft (12.2 m), 45 ft (13.7 m), 48 ft (14.6 m) and 53 ft (16.2 m). US domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft and 53 ft. Container capacity (of ships, ports, etc) is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). A twenty-foot equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo equal to one standard 20 ft (length) × 8 ft (width) × 8.5 ft (height) container. In metric units this is 6.10 m (length) × 2.44 m (width) × 2.59 m (height), or approximately 39 m³. Most containers today are of the 40-ft variety and thus are 2 TEU. 45 ft containers are also designated 2 TEU. Two TEU are referred to as one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). These two terms of measurement are used interchangeably. "High cube" containers have a height of 9.5 ft (2.9 m), while half-height containers, used for heavy loads, have a height of 4.25 ft (1.3 m). __TOC__

History

Containerization is an important element of the logistics revolution that changed freight handling in the 20th century. Malcolm McLean claimed to have invented the shipping container in the 1930s in New Jersey. Then a truck owner-operator, McLean explained that while sitting at a dock waiting for cotton bales to be unloaded from his truck then reloaded onto a ship, he realized that the truck itself (with some minor modifications) could be transferred much more efficiently. Years later, McLean founded Sea-Land Corporation, and his first container ship left Port Newark for Texas on April 26, 1956, carrying 58 trailers. Containerization revolutionized cargo shipping. Today, approximately 90% of cargo moves by containers stacked on transport ships. As of 2005 some 18 million containers make over 200 million trips per year, there are ships that can carry over 6,000 TEU, and designers are working on freighters capable of 13,000 TEU. The widespread use of ISO standard containers influenced modifications in other freight moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or swap bodies into the same sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight pallets which fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.

Container types

- Dry Van (standard height)
- Dry Van ("high cube")
- Dry Van (half-height)
- Open-Top
- Open-Side pallet
- Side-Door
- Refrigerated
- Auto Rack
- Flat Rack
- Flatbed (platform)
- Bulktainers (for dry goods)
- Tanks (for liquid goods)
- Gas Bottle
- Generator

Biggest container companies

^{(SOURCE: BRS-Alphaliner)}
- Maersk acquired P & O Nedlloyd (13 August 2005), the new combined entity will be called "Maersk Line" starting February 2006.

Other container systems

- Haus-zu-Haus (Germany)
- RACE containers (Australia)

In fiction

The containerization system, containers, tracking of containers, and moving of containers is extensively made use of in the HBO television series The Wire.

References

- Alexander Jung for Der Spiegel (2005). [http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,386799,00.html The Box That Makes the World Go Round]. Retrieved November 26, 2005.

External links

- [http://www.export911.com/e911/ship/dimen.htm Dimensions for shipping containers]
- [http://www.ponl.com/topic/home_page/language_en/about_us/useful_information/cargo_care/container_talk Container diagram and other information]
- [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.10/ports.html "The 20-Ton Packet"] - Wired Magazine October 1999
- [http://www.aapa-ports.org/pdf/WORLD_PORT_RANKINGS_2002.xls World Port Rankings 2002, by metric tons and by TEUs, American Association of Port Authorities] (xls format, 26.5kb)
- [http://www.shipping-container-housing.com/ Shipping Container Housing Guide] Category:Commercial item transport and distribution Category:Freight equipment Category:Containers Category:Packaging ja:コンテナ

Packaging and labelling

. It shows the cooking time, number of servings, 'display until' date, 'use by' date, weight in kg, price, price to weight ratio in both £/kg and £/lb, freezing and storage instructions. It says 'Less than 3% Fat' and 'No Carbs per serving' and includes a barcode. The Union Flag, British Farm Standard tractor logo, and British Meat Quailty Standard logo imply that it is British pork.]] Packaging is the enclosing of a physical object, typically a product that will be offered for sale. Labelling (CwE) or labeling (AmE) refers to any written or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate label.

The purpose of packaging and labels

Packaging and labeling have five objectives:
- Physical protection of the object - The objects enclosed in the package can be protected from damage caused by physical force, rain, heat, sunlight, cold, pressure, airborne contamination, and automated handling devices.
- Agglomeration - Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils. Alternatively, bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households.
- Information transmission - Information on how to use, transport, or dispose of the product is often contained on the package or label. An example is pharmaceutical products, where some types of information are required by governments.
- Marketing - The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product.
- Reducing theft - Some packages are made larger than they need to be so as to make theft more difficult. An example is software packages that typically contain only a single disc even though they are large enough to contain dozens of discs.

Packaging materials

Commonly used packaging materials include:
- corrugated cardboard
- excelsior (wood wool)
- jute
- paper
- plastics, including expanded polystyrene
- wood
- bubble wrap The type of material chosen depends on: the sensitivity of the product; the types of damage that are likely; the value of the product; the size of the product; the weight of the product; the length of time the product will be packaged; and the method of shipping being used.

Packaging types

The above materials are fashioned into different types of packages and containers such as:
- Boxes
- Pallets
- Bags
- Bottles
- Cans
- Cartons
- Aseptic packages
- Wrappers
- Blister packs There are also special containers that combine different technologies for maximum durability:
- Wine box (used for wine)
- Bags-In-Boxes (used for soft drink syrup and other liquid products)

Packaging Machines

Packaging machines are of the following main types:
- Horizontal Form Fill and Seal Machines
- Vertical Form Fill and Seal Machines
- Cartoning Machines
- Case Packing Machines
- Palletizing Machines
- Bottling Machines

Food storage

Food storage is both a traditional domestic skill and is important industrially. Food is stored by almost every human society and by many animals. Storing of food has several main purposes:
- preparation for periods of scarcity or famine
- taking advantage of short term surplus of food as at harvest time
- enabling a better balanced diet throughout the year
- preparing for special events and celebrations
- planning for catastrophe or emergency.

Domestic food storage

Storage facilities

Almost all food storage requires cool and dry conditions. In many countries this is provided by a refrigerator or larder. Root cellars and spring houses are also effective in temperate climates where the average ground temperature several feet below the surface is less than 15°C (60°F). A traditional root cellar is a masonry (usually concrete) storage area (often in a basement) with roof and house-side wall, if any, insulated, and outside walls insulated to the depth at which ground temperature has no seasonal changes. Farmers improvise large root cellars by bulldozing a 1-1.5 metre cut, wrapping produce in plastic sheets and placing them in the cut, and bulldozing 1 to 1.5 m of cold subsurface dirt over them. Spring houses are very similar to root cellars except that the cold water from a natural spring is used to cool a bucket (usually metal) or storage area. Ice houses are used in some parts of the world to store ice for use in food preservation.

Grain

Grain is stored in rigid sealed containers to prevent ingress of moisture or attack by vermin. For domestic quantities metal cans are used (in the USA the smallest practical grain storage uses closed-top #10 metal cans). Storage in grain sacks is not effective. Mold and pests destroy a 25kg cloth sack of grain in a year — even if stored off the ground in a dry area. On the ground or damp concrete, the time is as little as three days, and the grain might have to be dried before it can be milled. Food stored under unsuitable conditions should not be purchased or used because of risk of spoilage. To test whether grain is still good, sprout some. If it sprouts, it is still good, but if not, it should not be eaten. It may take up to a week for grains to sprout. When in doubt, throw it out.

Fruit

Many hard fruits such as apples and pears can be wrapped in paper and stored in boxes in a cool dark cellar for many months. Cooking varieties keep better than eating varieties and harder more acid varieties keep better than softer sweeter varieties. Soft fruit can only be stored for long periods if preserved (see food preservation).

Meat

Unpreserved meat has only a relatively short life in storage. Pork should be eaten within one day but beef and venison improve with up to 5 days storage in a cold room.

Fish and shellfish

It is unsafe to store fish or shellfish without preservation. Fresh shellfish and whitefish should be eaten within a few hours of harvesting.

Use of stored food

Guidance for surviving emergency conditions in many parts of the world recommends acquiring a limited range of grains (usually corn, wheat and beans supplemented with oil, dried milk, and vitamins) and then preparing them in simple ways for long-term survival. This may not practical because of appetite exhaustion. An unvarying diet of staples prepared in the same way causes most people to eat less, and roughly 90 days after beginning such a diet, people may begin to starve to death from a lack of desire to eat. Garden-grown fruits and vegetables, freeze-dried, canned, and fresh-baked foods are essential supplements to such a program. A special virtue of home stored foods is their low cost. Costs of dry bulk foods (before preparation) are often less than 1/4 of convenience and fresh foods purchased at supermarkets.

Commercial food storage

Grain and beans are stored in tall grain elevators, almost always at a rail head near the point of production. The grain is shipped to a final user in hopper cars. In the former Soviet Union, where harvest was poorly controlled, grain was often irradiated at the point of production to suppress mold and insects. In the U.S., threshing and drying is performed in the field, and transport is nearly sterile and in large containers that effectively suppress pest access, so irradiation is not required. At any given time, the U.S. usually has about two weeks of stored grains. Fresh fruits and vegetables are either packed in plastic cups in cardboard boxes for fresh premium markets, or placed in large plastic tubs for sauce and soup processors. Fruits and vegetables are usually refrigerated at the earliest possible moment, and even so have a shelf life of two weeks or less. There is a thriving but small market in bulk vegetables and convenience foods for campers. In the USA meat animals are usually transported live, slaughtered at a major distribution point, hung and transported for two days to a week in refrigerated rail cars, and then butchered and sold locally. Before refrigerated rail cars, meat had to be transported live, and this placed its cost so high that only farmers and the wealthy could afford it every day. In Europe much meat is transported live and slaughtered close to the point of sale. In much of Africa and Asia most meat is for local populations is reared , slaughtered and eaten locally which is believed to be much less stressful for the animals involved and requires very little meat storage capacity. In Australia and New Zealand where a large proportion of meat production is for export meat is stored in very large freezer plants before being shipped overseas in freezer ships.

External links

- [http://www.foodsafety.gov/~fsg/f01chart.html US Government Food Safety Guidelines] Category:Food and drink

Container class

In object-oriented programming, a container class is a class of objects that is intended to contain other objects. These objects are usually allowed to be of any class, and may be of container classes themselves. Examples of container classes include sets, lists, stacks, queues and maps. The Java Collections Framework provides APIs and implementations for many kinds of container classes. Category:Object-oriented programming

Helorum

The Book of Mormon contains information about a variety of people, but some individuals are only briefly mentioned. The individuals that relatively little is known about are listed alphabetically below:

Abinadom

Abinadom was the son of Chemish. He received the Plates of Nephi from his father and wrote only two verses (Omni 1:10-11) before conferring the record to his son, Amaleki.

Amaleki

Amaleki was the son of Abinadom. He received the Plates of Nephi from his father and wrote Omni 1:12-30. He was the last person to write in the small plates of Nephi.

Amaron

Amaron was one of the sons of Omni. He received the Plates of Nephi from his father in 279 BC. He wrote part of the Book of Omni (specifically, Omni 1:4-8). Amaron gave the plates to his brother Chemish.

Amoron

Amoron is mentioned only as making a report to Mormon in Moroni 9:7. He should not be confused with Amaron, Ammaron, or Ammoron, three other Nephites with similar names.

Amos

Amos is the name of two people in the Book of Mormon:
- Amos¹, son of Nephi, a Nephite record keeper who had custody of the Nephite records for 84 years, approximately from A.D. 110 to 194. Two verses, [http://scriptures.lds.org/4_ne/1/19-20#19 4 Nephi 1:19-20], are an abridgment of his writings.
- Amos², son of Amos¹, a Nephite record keeper. Amos must have been exceptionally long-lived, for he had custody of the Nephite records for 112 years, approximately from A.D. 194 to 306. Verses [http://scriptures.lds.org/4_ne/1/21-46#21 21–46] of the Fourth Book of Nephi are an abridgment of his writings. When Amos died, his brother Ammaron took over as record keeper

Chemish

Chemish was one of the sons of Omni. He received the Plates of Nephi from his brother Amaron and wrote only one verse (Omni 1:9) before conferring the record to his son, Abinadom.

Helaman, son of King Benjamin

Helaman was one of the sons of King Benjamin. His brothers were Mosiah II and Helorum. Helaman is only mentioned in one verse: Mosiah 1:2.

Helorum

Helorum, one of the sons of King Benjamin, brother of Mosiah² and Helaman¹. Helorum is mentioned in only one verse: Mosiah 1:2, but is addressed with his brothers by King Benjamin in Mosiah 1:2-8.

Shiblom

Shiblom is the name of two people in the Book of Mormon:
- Shiblom¹, a Jaredite king, mentioned in Ether 1:11-12, where he is identified as Shiblon, but it is clear from the context that it is the same individual whose troubled reign is described in Ether 11:4-9.
- Shiblom², a Nephite commander (Mormon 6:14). The root of the name may be related to the Arabic word "Shibl," "lion cub." This has led to speculation of a connection with the "Jaguar Baby" images of Olmec culture. Category:Book of Mormon people

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Container

Container (cargo)

History

Container types

Biggest container companies

Other container systems

See also

In fiction

References

External links

Packaging and labelling

The purpose of packaging and labels

Packaging materials

Packaging types

Packaging Machines

See also

Food storage

Domestic food storage

Storage facilities

Grain

Fruit

Meat

Fish and shellfish

Use of stored food

Commercial food storage

See also

External links

Container class

Helorum

Abinadom

Amaleki

Amaron

Amoron

Amos

Chemish

Helaman, son of King Benjamin

Helorum

Shiblom