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Conference Call

Conference call

A conference call is a telephone call where the calling party wants to have more than one called party listen in to the audio portion of the call. The conference call may be designed to allow the called party to also talk during the call, or the call may be set up so that the called party merely listens into the call but cannot speak. Some conference calls are set up where the calling party calls the other participants and adds them to the call, and in some cases the other participants call into the conference call, either by dialing into a "conference bridge", a specialized type of telephone that answers multiple calls, or by using a special telephone number set up for that purpose. Conference calls can be used for entertainment or for social purposes, such as the party line. People call in to a specified telephone number which allows them to talk to others, serving as a way to talk to and perhaps subsequently meet new people. Conference calls are most commonly used by businesses.

The use of conference calls by corporations

Conference calls are used by nearly all United States public corporations to report their quarterly results, usually also allowing questions from stock analysts. The format of the call begins with a disclaimer stating that anything said on the call may be a forward looking statement, and results may vary significantly. The CEO or CFO, or the Investor Relations officer then will read a report on how the company did that quarter. Finally the call will be usually opened up for questions from analysts. Calls frequently reference the concept called an accounting charge, where actual and predicted expenses from a certain event will be announced as one sum total, and subtracted from the bottom line, instead of continuously announcing future expenses from that same issue in later reports and calls. CEOs frequently use this as an excuse for alleged poor performance during a quarter, with a phrase like "Excluding the charge for Enron, we would have made $2.00 a share".

External links

- [http://www.bestconferencecallservices.com Online Guide] - A complete guide to conference calls, teleconferencing and web conferencing services.
- [http://conference-call.blogspot.com Conference Call Information]
- [http://www.conferencecallhelp.com Conference Call Help]
- [http://www.conference-call-guide.org Conference Call Guide]
- [http://biz.yahoo.com/cc/ Yahoo! - Conference Calls]
- [http://www.freeaudioconferencing.com Free Conference Calls]
- [http://www.indosoft.ca/audioconferencesystem.htm Indosoft Inc Audio Conferencing System for providers and businesses with VOIP support]
- [http://www.stingway.com Stingway free group calling]
- [http://conference.bigfoot.com Bigfoot web and audio conferencing] category: telephony

Telephone call

A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the calling party and the called party.

Information transmission

A telephone call may consist of an ordinary voice transmission using a telephone, a data transmission when the calling party and called party are using modems, or a facsimile transmission when the two parties are using fax machines. Where a telephone call has more than one called party it is referred to as a conference call. Calls are usually placed through a network (such as the Public Switched Telephone Network) provided by a commercial telephone company. If the caller's wireline phone is directly connected to the calling party, when the caller takes their telephone off-hook, the calling party's phone will ring. This is called a hot line. Otherwise, the calling party is usually given a tone to indicate they should begin dialing the desired number. In some (now very rare) cases, the calling party cannot dial calls directly, and is connected to an operator who places the call for them. Most telephone calls in the world are set up using ISUP messages or one of its variants between telephone exchanges to establish the end to end connection.

Costs

Some types of calls are not charged, such as local calls dialed directly by a telephone subscriber in Canada, the United States or Hong Kong. In most other areas, all telephone calls are charged a fee for the connection. Fees are charged telephone calls depending on the provider of the service, the type of service being used (a call placed from a hardline or wired telephone will have one rate, and a call placed from a mobile telephone will have a different rate), and the distance between the calling and the called parties. In most circumstances, the calling party pays this fee, however, in some circumstances such as a reverse charge or collect call, the called party pays the cost of the call. In some circumstances, the caller pays a flat rate charge for the telephone connection and does not pay any additional charge for all calls made.

Tones

Preceding, during, and after a telephone call is placed, certain tones signify the progress and status of the telephone call:
- a dial tone signifying that the call is ready to be placed
- either:
- a ringing tone signifying that the calling party has yet to answer the telephone
- an engaged tone or busy signal signifying that the calling party's telephone is being used in a telephone call to another person
- status tones such as STD notification tones (to inform the caller that the telephone call is being trunk dialled at a greater cost to the calling party), minute minder beeps (to inform the caller of the relative duration of the telephone call on calls that are charged on a time basis), and others
- a tone (sometimes the engaged tone) to signify that the called party has hung up.

Patents

- Rabinow, J., -- "Telephone call indicator" -- November 12, 1957 category: telephony

Called party

The person who (or device that) answers a telephone is the called party. The person who (or device that) initiates a telephone call is the calling party. In some situations, the called party may number more than one: such an instance is known as a conference call. Strictly, in some systems, only one called party is contacted at each event, as to initiate a conference call the calling party contacts the first called party, then this person contacts the second called party, but audio is transferred to both called parties. In a reverse charge (or collect) telephone call, the called party pays the fee for the call, when it is usually the calling party that does so. category:Telephony

Called party

Telephone

The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a complex telephone network which allows almost any phone user to communicate with almost any other. telephone network

Introduction

telephone network]] There are four principal means by which an end user using a telephone handset may connect to a telephone network: a traditional fixed phone "landline", which uses dedicated physical wire connections connected to a single location; wireless and radio telephones, which use either analog or digital radio signals; satellite telephones, which utilize telecommunications satellites; and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) telephones, which use broadband internet connections. Between end users, transmissions across a network may be carried by fiber optic cable, point to point microwave or satellite relay. Until relatively recently, a "telephone" generally referred only to landlines. Cordless and mobile phones are now common in many places around the world, with mobile phones expected to gradually displace the conventional landline telephone. Unlike a mobile phone, a cordless telephone is considered to be landline because it is only useable within a short distance of a small personal or domestic base station connected to a fixed phone line. The identity of the inventor of the electric telephone remains in dispute. Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, and Alexander Graham Bell, amongst others, have all been credited with the invention.

History

invention] The very early history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claim and counterclaim, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. There was a lot of money involved, particularly in the Bell Telephone companies, and the aggressive defense of the Bell patents resulted in much confusion. Additionally, the earliest investigators preferred publication in the popular press and demonstration to investors instead of scientific publication and demonstration to fellow scientists. It is important to note that there is probably no single "inventor of the telephone". The modern telephone is the result of work done by many hands, all worthy of recognition of their addition to the field.

Early development

The following is a brief summary of the history of the invention of the telephone:
- 1849 Antonio Meucci, an Italian living in Havana, demonstrates a device later called a telephone. (The demonstration involves direct electrical connections to people. See Physiophony)
- 1854 Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-break telephone transmitter and receiver but does not construct a working instrument.
- 1854 Meucci demonstrates an electric telephone in New York. [http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.html]
- 1860 Johann Philipp Reis demonstrates a make-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul.
- 1860 Meucci supposedly demonstrates his telephone on Staten Island.
- 1861 Reis manages to transfer voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet, see Reis' telephone.
- 1871 Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to patent).
- 1872 Elisha Gray founds Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
- July 1873 Thomas Alva Edison notes variable resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, but shelves the discovery.
- 1874 Gray demonstrates his liquid transmitter telephone at the Highland Park Presbyterian Church.
- 2 June 1875 Alexander Graham Bell first transmits voice.
- 1 July 1875 Bell first uses a bi-directional capable telephone (Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane instruments.)
- 14 February 1876 Bell files his first patent on the telephone.
- Two hours later Gray files his patent caveat.
- 30 January 1877 Bell patents the electro-dynamic transmitter, receiver telephone telephone

Later history

1877 The history of additional inventions and improvements of the electrical telephone includes the carbon microphone (later replaced by the electret microphone now used in almost all telephone transmitters), the manual switchboard, the rotary dial, the automatic telephone exchange, the computerized telephone switch, Touch Tone® dialing (DTMF), and the digitization of sound using different coding techniques including pulse code modulation or PCM (which is also used for .WAV files and compact discs). Newer systems include IP telephony, ISDN, DSL, mobile cellular phone systems, cordless telephones, and the third generation cell phone systems that promise to include high-speed packet data transfer. The industry has divided into telephone equipment manufacturers and telephone network operators (telcos). Operating companies often hold a national monopoly. In the United States, the Bell System was vertically integrated. It fully or partially owned the telephone companies that provided service to about 80% of the telephones in the country and also owned Western Electric, which manufactured or purchased virtually all the equipment and supplies used by the local telephone companies. The Bell System divested itself of the local telephone companies in 1984 in order to settle an antitrust suit brought against it by the United States Department of Justice. In 1926 Bell Labs and the British Post Office engineered the first two-way conversation across the Atlantic. The first commercial transatlantic telephone call was between New York City and London and occurred on January 7, 1927.

Digital Telephony

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) has gradually evolved towards digital telephony which has improved the capacity and quality of the network. End-to-end analog telephone networks were first modified in the 1970s by upgrading long-haul transmission networks with SONET technology and fiber optic transmission methods. Digital transmission made it possible to carry multiple digitized switched circuits on a single transmission medium (known as multiplexing). While today the end instrument remains analog, the analog signals reaching the aggregation point (Serving Area Interface (SAI) or the central office (CO) ) are typically converted to digital signals. Digital loop carriers (DLC) are often used, placing the digital network ever closer to the customer premises, relegating the analog local loop to legacy status.

Wireless phone systems

While the term "wireless" means radio and can refer to any telephone that uses radio waves it is primarily used for cell phones. In the United States wireless companies tend to use the term wireless to refer to a wide range of services while the cell phone itself is called a mobile phone, mobile, cell phone or simply cell with the trend now moving towards mobile. The changes in terminology is partially due to providers using different terms in marketing to differentiate newer digital services from older analog systems and services of one company from another.

Cordless telephone

marketing Cordless telephones, first invented by Teri Pall in 1965, consist of a base unit that connects to the land-line system and also communicates with remote handsets by low power radio. This permits use of the handset from any location within range of the base. Because of the power required to transmit to the handset, the base station is powered with an electronic power supply. Thus, cordless phones typically do not function during power outages. Initially, cordless phones used the 1.7 MHz frequency range to communicate between base and handset. Because of quality and range problems, these units were soon superseded by systems that used frequency modulation (FM) at higher frequency ranges (49 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz). The 2.4 GHz cordless phones can interfere with certain wireless LAN protocols (802.11b/g) due to the usage of the same frequencies. On the 2.4 GHz band, several "channels" are utilized in an attempt to guard against degradation in the quality of the voice signal due to crowding. The range of modern cordless phones is normally on the order of a few hundred meters.

Cellular phone

Modern mobile phone systems are cell-structured. Radio is used to communicate between a handset and nearby cell sites. When a handset gets too far from a cell site, a computer system commands the handset and a closer cell site to take up the communications on a different channel without interrupting the call. Radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. The higher frequencies used by cell phones have advantages over short distances. Connection distance is somewhat predictable and can be controlled by adjusting the power level. By only using enough power to connect to the "nearest" cell site phones using one cell site will cause almost no interference with phones using the same frequencies on another cell site. The higher frequencies also work well with various forms of multiplexing which allows more than one phone to connect to the same tower with the same set of frequencies.

Cordless/mobile phone

There are phones that work as a cordless phone when near their corresponding base station (and sometimes other base stations) and work as a wireless phone when in other locations but for a variety of reasons did not become popular. Some kinds of cordless phones work like cellular phones but only within a small private network covering a building or group of buildings. These kinds of systems using VoIP are popular in hospitals and factories where the same wireless network can be used for both data and voice.

VoIP Telephony

VoIP phone]] Also known as Internet telephony or Voice over IP (VoIP), digital telephony is a disruptive technology that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone networks. In Japan and Korea up to 10% of subscribers, as of January 2005, have switched from analog to digital telephone service. A recent Newsweek article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing." [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/] Digital telephones use a broadband Internet connection to transmit conversations as data packets. In addition to replacing the PSTN, digital telephony is also competing with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost connections via WiFi hotspots. As mentioned above VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network.

Telephone equipment research labs

Bell Labs is a noted telephone equipment research laboratory, amongst its other research fields.

Telephone operating companies

In some countries, many telephone operating companies (commonly abbreviated to telco) are in competition to provide telephone services. Some of them include those in the following list. However, the list only includes providers of copper wires from the exchange to the user, not those who only supply "Voice over IP" or only transport voice signals between exchanges. See also: List of telephone operating companies

Trivia

- The modern handset came into existence when a Swedish lineman tied a microphone and earphone to a stick so he could keep a hand free.
- The folding portable phone was an intentional copy of the fictional futuristic communicators (which in use actually more closely resembled walkie-talkies, Nextel-style) used in the television show Star Trek.

Patents

- [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=174465.WKU.&OS=PN/174465&RS=PN/174465 US174465] -- Telegraph -- A. G. Bell

References

- Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, IEEE Press and J. Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN 0471205052 Category:Telephony Category:Office equipment ja:電話 ms:Telefon simple:Telephone th:โทรศัพท์

Party line

:These are Party Line definitions in amusement and political context. See also The Party Line series of books.

Telephony

In telephone systems, a party line (sometimes multiparty line) is an arrangement in which two or more customers are connected directly to the same loop. Party lines remain primarily in rural areas where local loops are long. Privacy is limited and congestion often occurs. If selective ringing is not used, individual users may be alerted by different ringing signals, such as a different number of rings or a different combination of long and short rings. While this was mostly abandoned with the party line, it has returned as a feature for different people or devices within each home. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C

Politics

In politics, the party line is an English language idiom for a political party's canon agenda, and for elements specific to the party's partisanship. The common phrase "toeing the party line" describes a person who speaks in a manner that conforms to a political party's agenda. Used loosely, the phrase "the party line" may refer to the non-party organizations such as religious groups, business offices, or social network a that may have a semi-official organizational policy or position that is unrelated to any political party.

Swingset etiquette

When two people are swinging on a swingset in at the same frequency and height, this may destabilize the swingset. Proper etiquiette in this case is for one of the swingers to say to the other, "Get off my party line!" The other swinger then adjusts his/her swinging frequency. Category:English phrases Category:Telephony Category:Political terms

Public corporations

A public company is a company owned by the public. There are two uses of this term.
- A company that is owned by stockholders who are members of the general public and traded publicly. Ownership is open to anyone that has the money and inclination to buy shares in the company. It is differentiated from privately held companies where the shares are held by a small group of individuals often members of one or a small group of families or otherwise related individuals (or other companies). For a discussion of the British and Irish variant of this type of company, see public limited company.
- A government-owned corporation. This meaning of a "public company" comes from the fact that government debt is sometimes referred to as "public debt" (however there are no "public bonds"), government finance is sometimes called "public finance", and so on.

Category:Telephony

Articles about telephony. Category:Telecommunications Category:Electronic engineering ja:Category:電話

Binage

catégorie:Technique culturale En agriculture et jardinage, le binage consiste à ameublir la couche superficielle du sol autour des plantes cultivées. Le binage permet d'éliminer les mauvaises herbes, et, en brisant la croûte superficielle et les mottes de terre, de supprimer les phénomènes de capillarité qui facilitent l'évaporation de l'eau et l'assèchement du sol. Selon l'adage, « un binage vaut deux arrosages ». Le binage peut se faire à l'aide d'outils manuels (houe, binette) ou bien mécaniquement à l'aide d'instruments spécialisés (bineuses)

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:: RELATED NEWS ::

Conference call

The use of conference calls by corporations

External links

Telephone call

Information transmission

Costs

Tones

Patents

Called party

Called party

Telephone

Introduction

History

Early development

Later history

Digital Telephony

Wireless phone systems

Cordless telephone

Cellular phone

Cordless/mobile phone

VoIP Telephony

Telephone equipment research labs

Telephone operating companies

Trivia

See also

Telephone equipment

Telephone equipment manufacturers

Telephone technology

Telephone system, organization, and structure

Telephone hacking and exploitation

US-specific terminology

Telephone terminology

Telephone Standards

Wired Standards

Wireless Standards

Patents

References

Party line

Telephony

Politics

Swingset etiquette

Public corporations

See also

Compare

Category:Telephony

Binage