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Common Year Starting On Sunday

Common year starting on Sunday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). e.g. 2006 (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) For other years, just shift the headers appropriately. Category:Weeks
2nd Millennium: 19th century: 1809 1815 1826 1837 1843 1854 1865 1871 1882 1893 1899
2nd Millennium: 20th century: 1905 1911 1922 1933 1939 1950 1961 1967 1978 1989 1995
3rd Millennium: 21st century: 2006 2017 2023 2034 2045 2051 2062 2073 2079 2090
3rd Millennium: 22nd century: 2102 2113 2119 2130 2141 2147 2158 2169 2175 2186 2197
Category:Sundayko:일요일로 시작하는 평년th:ปีปกติสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันอาทิตย์

Sunday

:This article is about the day of the week. For the Australian news and current affairs television programme see Sunday (TV series). Sunday is considered either the first or the seventh day of the week, between Saturday and Monday, and the second day of the weekend in some cultures. It is considered a holiday in lands of Christian tradition, the day Christians most commonly attend Church (Saturday is the other day that some consider to be the Sabbath). In the Gregorian calendar, no century can start on a Sunday. In the Hebrew calendar, no year can start on a Sunday. Any month beginning on a Sunday will contain a Friday the 13th.

The name Sunday

In English, Sunday gets its name from Sunna, or Sunne the Germanic sun goddess. In ancient Jewish tradition Saturday is the sabbath. Christians in Seventh-day Adventist, 7th day Church of God, and Seventh Day Baptist churches, and many Messianic Jews believe that Saturday remains the Sabbath ([http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=hebrews%204:9;&version=47; Hebrews 4:9]). Many languages lack separate words for "Saturday" and "sabbath". Eastern Orthodox churches distinguish between the sabbath (Saturday) and what they call the Lord's day (Sunday). Roman Catholics put so little emphasis on that distinction that many among them follow — at least in colloquial language — the Protestant practice of calling Sunday the sabbath, though this is not a universal Protestant practice. Quakers traditionally refer to Sunday as "First Day" eschewing the "pagan" origin of the name. The first historical reference to "the day called Sun" by any involved with Christianity was by Justin Martyr around 150 A.D. However, the Christians in Smyrna, still observed the seventh day Sabbath later than that as can be found in the letter known as the Martyrdom of Polycarp. Sunday was declared the day of worship by the Council of Nicea circa 325 A.D. Groups that accepted the authority of that Council have kept Sunday ever since.

Position during a week

In many countries, including most of Europe and South America (except Brazil), Sunday is held to be the last day of the week. In others, including the United States and Canada, it is seen as the first day, a traditional view derived from ancient Jews, Egyptians and the Holy Roman Empire. ISO 8601 defines Monday as the first day of the week, making Sunday the seventh.

Common Sunday occurrences

Among Christians (with the exception of seventh-day sabbatarians, such as the denominations listed above) Sunday is considered holy and often a day of rest and church-attendance. In orthodox Christian families and communities some activities are not done, e.g. working, doing something that requires somebody else to work such as buying goods or services (including the use of public transport), driving a car, gardening, washing a car, etc. Exceptions which are allowed are making use of religious services, and, usually, using electricity, and urgent medical matters. In the United States, professional football is usually played on Sunday, although Saturday and Monday (via Monday Night Football) also see some professional games. College football usually occurs on Saturday, and high-school football tends to take place on Friday night or Saturday afternoon. It is not uncommon for church attendance to shift on days when a late morning or early afternoon game is anticipated by a local community. Also in the United States, many federal government buildings are closed on Sunday. Privately owned businesses also tend to close or are open for shorter periods of the day than on other days of the week. Many American and British television networks and stations also broadcast their political interview shows on Sunday mornings. Many American and British daily newspapers publish a larger edition on Sundays, which often includes colorcomic strips, a magazine, and a coupon section. In Ireland, Gaelic football and hurling matches are predominantly played on Sundays, with the second and fourth Sundays in September always playing host to the All-Ireland hurling and football championship finals, respectively.

Named days


- Easter Sunday, the day in the Bible on which Christ rose from the dead, celebrated across the Christian world and regarded as the most important day in the Christian calendar.
- Low Sunday, first Sunday after Easter, is also known as White Sunday, Quasimodo Sunday, Alb Sunday, Antipascha Sunday, and Divine Mercy Sunday.
- Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter.
- Passion Sunday, formerly denoting the fifth Sunday of Lent, since 1970 the term applies to the following Sunday also known as Palm Sunday.
- Septuagesima Sunday, before 1970, was the third from the last Sunday before Lent.
- Stir-up Sunday, is the last Sunday before Advent.
- Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost.
- Laetare Sunday
- Gaudete Sunday
- Whitsunday

Sunday in popular culture


- In the popular rhyme, "The child born on Sunday is fair and wise and good and gay".

See also


- Blue laws
- Bloody Sunday
- Black Sunday
- Cold Sunday
- Sunday newspaper
- Sunday shopping

External links


- [http://www.fisheaters.com/lordsday.html Keeping the Lord's Day Holy] traditional Catholic practices for Sundays
- [http://www.cogwriter.com/justin.htm Justin Martyr: Saint, Heretic, or Apostate?] Includes comments by Justin Martyr, including the Greek he used for "the day called Sun" Category:Days of the weekko:일요일ms:Ahadja:日曜日simple:Sundayth:วันอาทิตย์

Dominical letter

The days of the year are sometimes designated letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G in a cycle of 7 as an aid for finding the day of week of a given calendar date and in calculatingEaster. These letters are known as dominical letters. A common year has a dominical letter, which is simply the dominical letter of its first Sunday. For example 2003 has 5 January as its first Sunday so has Dominical letter E. In leap years, the leap day has no dominical letter. This ensures that each date has the same dominical letter every year, but causes the days of the weeks of the dominical letters to change within a leap year. Hence leap years have two dominical letters: the first for January and February and the second for March to December. The second dominical letter is the dominical letter of the first Sunday of October (which is the same as for January in a common year). The year 2004 has Dominical letters DC. Examples include:
- 1996 GF
- 1997 E
- 1998 D
- 1999 C
- 2000 BA
- 2001 G
- 2002 F
- 2003 E
- 2004 DC
- 2005 B
- 2006 A
- 2007 G
- 2008 FE The dominical letter of a year determines the days of week in its calendar:
- A common year starting on Sunday
- B common year starting on Saturday
- C common year starting on Friday
- D common year starting on Thursday
- E common year starting on Wednesday
- F common year starting on Tuesday
- G common year starting on Monday
- AG leap year starting on Sunday
- BA leap year starting on Saturday
- CB leap year starting on Friday
- DC leap year starting on Thursday
- ED leap year starting on Wednesday
- FE leap year starting on Tuesday
- GF leap year starting on Monday

History

A device adopted from the Romans by the old chronologers to aid them in finding the day of the week corresponding to any given date, and indirectly to facilitate the adjustment of the "Proprium de Tempore" to the "Proprium Sanctorum" when constructing the ecclesiastical calendar for any year. The Church, on account of her complicated system of movable and immovable feasts (see Christian calendar), has from an early period taken upon herself as a special charge to regulate the measurement of time. To secure uniformity in the observance of feasts and fasts, she began, even in the patristic age, to supply a computus, or system of reckoning, by which the relation of the solar and lunar years might be accommodated and the celebration of Easter determined. Naturally she adopted the astronomical methods then available, and these methods and the methodology belonging to them, having become traditional, are perpetuated in a measure to this day, even the reform of the calendar, in the prolegomena to the Breviary and Missal. The Romans were accustomed to divide the year into nundinæ, periods of eight days; and in their marble fasti, or calendars, of which numerous specimens remain, they used the first eight letters of the alphabet to mark the days of which each period was composed. When the Oriental seven-day period, or week, was introduced in the time of Cæsar Augustus, the first seven letters of the alphabet were employed in the same way to indicate the days of this new division of time. In fact, fragmentary calendars on marble still survive in which both a cycle of eight letters — A to H — indicating nundinæ, and a cycle of seven letters — A to G — indicating weeks, are used side by side (see "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum", 2nd ed., I, 220; the same peculiarity occurs in the Philocalian Calendar of A.D. 356, ibid., p. 256). This device was imitated by the Christians, and in their calendars the days of the year from 1 January to 31 December were marked with a continuous recurring cycle of seven letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. A was always set against 1 January, B against 2 January, C against 3 January, and so on. Thus F fell to 6 January, G to 7 January; A again recurred on 8 January, and also, consequently, on 15 January, 22 January, and 29 January. Continuing in this way, 30 January was marked with a B, 31 January with a C, and 1 February with a D. Supposing this to be carried on through all the days of an ordinary year (i. e. not a leap year), it will be found that a D corresponds to 1 March, G to 1 April, B to 1 May, E to 1 June, G to 1 July, C to 1 August, F to 1 September, A to 1 October, D to 1 November, and F to 1 December — a result which Durandus recalled by the following distich: :Alta Domat Dominus, Gratis Beat Equa Gerentes :Contemnit Fictos, Augebit Dona Fideli. Now, as a moment's reflection shows, if 1 January is a Sunday, all the days marked by A will also be Sundays; If 1 January is a Saturday, Sunday will fall on 2 January which is a B, and all the other days marked B will be Sundays; if 1 January is a Monday, then Sunday will not come until 7 January, a G, and all the days marked G will be Sundays. This being explained, the Dominical Letter of any year is defined to be that letter of the cycle A, B, C, D, E, F, G, which corresponds to the day upon which the first Sunday (and every subsequent Sunday) falls. It is plain, however, that when a leap year occurs, a complication is introduced. February has then twenty-nine days. Traditionally, the Anglican and civil calendars added this extra day to the end of the month, while the Catholic ecclesiastical calendar counted 24 February twice. But in either case, 1 March is then one day later in the week than 1 February, or, in other words, for the rest of the year the Sundays come a day earlier than they would in a common year. This is expressed by saying that a leap year has two Dominical Letters, the second being the letter which precedes that with which the year started. For example, 1 January1907, was a Tuesday; the first Sunday fell on 6 January, or an F. F was, therefore, the Dominical Letter for 1907. The first of January, 1908, was a Wednesday, the first Sunday fell on 5 January, and E was the Dominical Letter, but as 1908 was a leap year, its Sundays after February came a day sooner than in a normal year and were Ds. The year 1908, therefore, had a double Dominical Letter, ED. In 1909, 1 January was a Friday and the Dominical Letter was C. In 1910 and 1911, 1 January fell respectively on Saturday and Sunday and the Dominical Letters are B and A.

Calculation

This, of course, is all very simple, but the advantage of tile device lies, like that of an algebraical expression, in its being a mere symbol adaptable to any year. By constructing a table of letters and days of the year, A always being set against 1 January, we can at once see the relation between the days of the week and the day of any month, if only we know the Dominical Letter. This may always be found by the following rule of De Morgan's, which gives the Dominical Letter for any year, or the second Dominical Letter if it be leap year: #Add 1 to the given year. #Take the quotient found by dividing the given year by 4 (neglecting the remainder). #Take 16 from the centurial figures of the given year if that can be done. #Take the quotient of III divided by 4 (neglecting the remainder). #From the sum of I, II and IV, subtract III. #Find the remainder of V divided by 7: this is the number of the Dominical Letter, supposing A, B, C, D, E, F, G to be equivalent respectively to 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0. For example, to find the Dominical Letter of the year 1913: :(Steps 1, 2, & 4) 1914 + 478 + 0 = 2392 :(3) 19 - 16 = 3 :(5) 2392 - 3 = 2389 :(6) 2389 / 7 = 341, remainder 2. Therefore, the Dominical Letter is E.

Practical use for the clergy

But the Dominical Letter had another very practical use in the days before the Ordo divini officii recitandi was printed annually, and when, consequently, a priest had often to determine the Ordo for himself. As can be seen in the article Epact, Easter Sunday may be as early as 22 March or as late as 25 April, and there are consequently thirty-five possible days on which it may fall. It is also evident that each Dominical Letter allows five possible dates for Easter Sunday. Thus, in a year whose Dominical Letter is A (i. e. when 1 January is a Sunday), Easter must be either on 26 March, 2 April, 9 April, 16 April, or 23 April, for these are all the Sundays within the defined limits. But according as Easter falls on one or another of these Sundays we shall get a different calendar, and hence there are five, and only five, possible calendars for years whose Dominical Letter is A. Similarly, there are five possible calendars for years whose Dominical Letter is B, five for C, and so on, thirty-five possible combinations in all. Now, advantage was taken of this principle in the arrangement of the old Pye or directorium which preceded the present "Ordo". The thirty-five possible calendars were all included therein and numbered, respectively, primum A, secundum A, tertium A, etc.; primum B, secundum B, etc. Hence for anyone wishing to use the Pye the first thing to determine was the Dominical Letter of the year, and then by means of the Golden Number or the Epact, and by the aid of a simple table, to find which of the five possible calendars assigned to that Dominical Letter belonged to the year in question. Such a table as that just referred to, but adapted to the reformed calendar and in more convenient shape, will be found at the beginning of every Breviary and Missal under the heading, "Tabula Paschalis nova reformata". The Dominical Letter does not seem to have been familiar to Bede in his "De Temporum Ratione," but in its place he adopts a similar device of seven numbers which he calls concurrentes (De Temp. Rat., cap. liii), of Greek origin. The Concurrents are numbers denoting the days of the week on which 24 March falls in the successive years of the solar cycle, 1 standing for Sunday, 2 (feria secunda) for Monday, 3 for Tuesday, and so on. It is sufficient here to state that the relation between the Concurrents and the Dominical Letter is the following: :Concurrents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :Concurrent 1 = F (Dominical Letter) :Concurrent 2 = E :Concurrent 3 = D :Concurrent 4 = C :Concurrent 5 = B :Concurrent 6 = A :Concurrent 7 = G

Use for mental calculation

There exist patterns in the dominical letters, which are very useful for mental calculation. Patterns for years: To use these patterns, choose and remember a year to use as a starting point, such as 2000=BA. Note that because of the complicated Gregorian leap-year rules, these patterns break near some century changes. Note the reverse alphabetical order. 1992 3 4 5 96 7 8 9 2000 1 2 3 04 5 6 7 2008 ED C B A GF E D C BA G F E DC B A G FE and (note the reversed order of the years as well as of the letters) 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 AG F ED C BA G FE D CB A | | | | | | | | | | G FE D CB A GF E DC B AG 2046 2036 2026 2016 2006 1996 1986 1976 1966 1956 Patterns for days of the month: The dominical letters for the first day of each month form the nonsense mnemonic phrase "Add G, beg C, fad F". The following dates, given in month/day form, all have dominical letter C: 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, 12/12, 5/9, 9/5, 7/11, 11/7. This was stolen from the Doomsday algorithm.

References


-
-

External links


- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05109a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Dominical letter] Category:Weeks

2006

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It corresponds to the years 5766-5767 of the Hebrew Calendar. It has been designated:
- The International Year of Deserts and Desertification
- The Rembrandt Year, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the birth of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, Holland's greatest 17th-centurypainter.
- The Mozart Year, celebrating the 250th birthday of the Austrian composer Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
- The Tesla Year, celebrating the 150th birthday of the world known electrotechnician Nikola Tesla.

Predicted and scheduled events

January


- January 1 -
  - Deadline by which the small remainder of non-metric road distance signs in the Republic of Ireland must be changed to metric units.
  - Revaluation of the Azerbaijani manat.
  - 30 cities across the Canadianprovince of Quebec will be reconstituted, as the result of a referendum held June 20, 2004.
- January 10 - Muslim Feast of Eid ul-Adha.
- January 15 -
  - First round of the Finnishpresidential election.
  - Mordechai Vanunu to appear in Isreali court, charged with meeting foreigners.
- January 23 - 39th Canadian federal election
- January 25 - Palestinians vote in the Parliamentary Elections.
- January 27 - Worldwide celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Mozart.
- January 29 -
  - Chinese New Year - The year of the Dog begins.
  - Second round (if needed) of the Finnishpresidential election.
- January 31 - Anticipated retirement date of Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States.

February


- February 8 - The 48th annual Grammy Awards will be handed out at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California.
- February 10 to February 26 - XX Olympic Winter Games in Turin, Italy.
- February 20 to 21 - solidarity conference in Bil'in in Palestine.

March


- March -
  - Elections in Israel. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon is expected to be re-elected, but no longer as head of the Likud. Instead, he will govern as the leader of the new Kadima ("Forward") Party. The Likud will probably lose much of its numbers and power.
  - Al Jazeera will launch its new satellite service, Al Jazeera International, in Europe, Asia, and North America.
- March 5 - The 78th annual Academy Awards handed out at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California.
- March 7 - Census night in Zealand, Denmark
- March 18 - South Australia to vote in a Parliamentary State Election.
- March 20 - Spring begins officially in the northern hemisphere, autumn in the southern hemisphere.
- March 28 - Probable date for Israeli Parliamentary elections (see above).
- March 29 -
  - Total solar eclipse (Brazil, Mid Atlantic ocean, Sahara, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia)
  - Attack Submarines USS-Lapon to start to be deactivated. Los Angeles class submarines USS Indianapolis, USS-Birmingham, USS-New York City and USS-Atlanta also begin to be deactivated.
- March 31 - The BBC World Service is to end broadcasts in Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Kazakh, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian and Thai by this date.

April-June


- April 2 Former Connecticut governor John Rowland is scheduled to be released from the federal prison in Loretto, Pennsylvania.
- April 7 - EU citizens are now able to register .eu domain names, which replaced the old eu.int TLD on December 72005.
- April 12 - Passover or Pesach begins at sunset.
- April 14 - Good Friday 2006.
- April 14 to April 17 - Breakpoint 2006 will take place in Bingen.
- April 16 - Easter(Western).
- April 22 - Earth Day.
- April 23 :
- Easter(Eastern). :
- Ireland's Central Statistics Office will carry out a census.
- May 3 - Unofficial launch date for Space ShuttleSTS-121Discovery (ISS-18) Pad B, (ISS-18-ULF1.1: Return-To-Flight Test, MPLM, Logistics)
- May 4 - Local elections to be held across England.
- May 14 - Mother's Day.
- May 16 - Statistics Canada to hold Census. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/index.cfm]
- May 20 - The final of the 51st Eurovision Song Contest will take place in Athens, Greece.
- June 9 to July 9 - FIFA World Cup in Germany
- June 21 - Summer begins in northern hemisphere. Winter begins in southern hemisphere.

July-September


- July 1 -
  - Electronic equipment imported to or sold in Europe will have to be lead free soldered, to comply with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.
  - Smaller 10-, 20-, and 50-cent coins will start circulating in New Zealand.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico.
- July 29 to August 5 - World Congress of Esperanto in Florence, Italy.
- August 1 - MTV will celebrate its 25th anniversary.
- August 8 - Australian Bureau of Statistics to hold a census.
- August 9 - United Statespopulation is expected to top 300,000,000.
- August 13 to August 18 - The XVI International AIDS Conference will be held in Toronto, Canada.
- August 14 to August 25 - The 26th General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in Prague, Czech Republic.
- September 4 - Labor Day in the USA.
- september 16 - October 2 - Oktoberfest, the world's largest festival is held in Munich, Germany
- September 17 - Sweden holds elections for the Riksdag.
- September 22 - Annular solar eclipse (South America, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean). Autumn begins in the northern hemisphere. Spring begins in the southern hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew New Year) begins at sunset - celebration continues until nightfall on the 24th.

October-December


- October 1 - 5-cent pieces will cease to be legal tender in New Zealand, and the larger 10-, 20-, and 50-cent piece will be recast into smaller coins. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) begins at sunset; continues until nightfal of the 2nd.
- October 2 - general elections in Brazil. Federal sphere:Presidential elections, full renewal of the House of Representatives and renewal of one third of the Brazilian Senate (one of each state's three seats); State sphere: Gubernatorial elections, renewal of the State Legislative body (State Assembly) in all states.
- October 9 - Columbus Day in the USA.
- October 12 - Columbus Day outside the USA.
- October 24 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft to Mercury makes the first of two Venus flybys.
- November 7 - US Mid-term Election which includes:
  - all 435 seats of the US House of Representatives (outlook)
  - 33 of the 100 seats in the US Senate (outlook)
  - Gubernatorial elections in 36 of the 50 states (outlook)
  - Many other state-wide offices in those states such as attorneys general and state auditors
- November 8 - Transit of Mercury.
- November 23 - Thanksgiving 2006 in the USA.
- December 31 -
  - Italy will officially cease analog television transmissions and will switch to DTTV.
  - Muslim feast of Eid ul-Adha

Unknown/undecided dates


- NATO Summit 2006 will take place in Latvia.
- The third Chinese manned space mission Shenzhou 7 is scheduled with the first Chinese space walk ever to be performed.
- BSkyB launches the first High-definition television service in the United Kingdom.
- Finland plans to cease analog television broadcasts.
- Airbus plans to release into service Airbus A380, the biggest airliner in the world.
- Microsoft plans to release Windows Vista, previously called Longhorn, a computer operating system (as indicated by Bill Gates)
- The European Space Agency plans to launch the KEO space time capsule
- The Republic of Ireland is expected to hold a referendum on the European Constitution.
- Manuel Noriega becomes eligible for parole.
- The Osaka Outer Loop Line and the eighth line of the Osaka City Subway are scheduled to open in Osaka, Japan.
- Wembley Stadium expected to open after renovations.
- Kobe Airport, a controversial offshore airport in Kobe, Japan, is scheduled to open for airline service in the Northern spring.
- World oil production peaks this year according to "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge" by Richard C. Duncan.
- The new Nintendo Revolution will be released worldwide.
- The new SonyPlaystation 3 will be released worldwide.
- General election in Italy, probably for the first half of the year.
- Apple Computer to release the first Macintosh with an Intel processor. The PowerPC switch will not be completed in the year. Apple CEO Steve Jobs has said it should take around 2-3 years for a complete switch.
- The new transit centre for Trolley Bus operations in Vancouver, Canada opens.
- Estonia will adopt Euro as its currency rather than Estonian Kroon
- A bridge linking Savannakhet, Laos, over the Mekong, to Mukdahan, Thailand is expected to be completed late in the year.

Fiction


- March 28 to March 29 - The events of the Doctor Who episodes Aliens of London and World War Three take place. In these episodes, an alien spacecraft crash-lands in the Thames River in London, sparking a national security crisis as a group of alien mercenaries take over the British government, killing the country's prime minister and attempting to spark a nuclear war. During these events the clock tower containing Big Ben and 10 Downing Street are destroyed.
- September - The events of Doctor Who episode Boom Town take place in which work on a new nuclear power plant in Cardiff, Wales is launched; unbeknownst to the citizens, however, the plant has been designed to cause catastrophic environmental damage by a member of the same group of aliens that tried to start World War III earlier in the year.
- Christmas Eve - The events of The Christmas Invasion, a Doctor Who episode, take place.
- DC Comics will begin its 'One Year Later' event, rewriting most of their back stock of unused characters in the aftermath of the Infinite Crisis.
- The events of the third season of the Transformers cartoon take place.
- The events of Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow take place.
- zh-min-nan:2006 nîals:2006ko:2006년ms:2006ja:2006年simple:2006th:พ.ศ. 2549

Common year

A common year is a calendar year of exactly 365 days and so is not a leap year. More generally it is a calendar year without intercalation. A common year of 365 days has exactly 52 weeks and one day, so consequently the next new year is one day of the week later.
- 2001began on Monday.
- 2002began on Tuesday.
- 2003began on Wednesday.
- 2004, a leap year, began on Thursday.
- 2005began on Saturday. Category:CalendarsCategory:Units of timesimple:Common yearth:ปีปกติสุรทิน

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the meantropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th centuryIreland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and SullivanoperettaThe Pirates of Penzance. Category:CalendarsCategory:Units of timeals:Schaltjahrko:윤년ja:閏年simple:Leap yearth:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

February

February is the secondmonth of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. It is the shortest Gregorian month and the only month with the length of 28 or 29 days. The month has 29 days in leap years, when the year number is divisible by four (except for years that are divisible by 100 and not by 400). In other years the month has 28 days. February begins, astronomically speaking, with the sun in the constellation of Capricornus and ends with the sun in the constellation of Aquarius. Astrologically speaking, February begins with the sun in the sign of Aquarius and ends in the sign of Pisces. February was named for the Roman godFebruus, the god of purification. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period. This change was made by Numa Pompilius about 700 BC in order to bring the calendar in line with a standard lunar year. Numa's Februarius contained 29 days (30 in a leap year). Augustus is alleged to have removed one day from February and added it to August, (renamed from Sextilis to honor himself), so that Julius Caesar's July would not contain more days. However there is little historical evidence to support this claim. July February was nominally the last month of the Roman calendar, as the year originally began in March. At certain intervals Roman priests inserted an intercalary month, Mercedonius, after February to realign the year with the seasons. Historical names for February include the Anglo-Saxon terms Solmoneth (mud month) and Kale-monath (named for cabbage) as well as Charlemagne's designation Hornung. In old Japanese calendar, the month is called Kisaragi (如月, 絹更月 or 衣更月). It is sometimes also called Mumetsuki (梅見月) or Konometsuki (木目月). In Finnish, the month is called helmikuu, meaning "month of the pearl". "February" is pronounced without the first r, as "Febuary", by many speakers. This is probably dissimilation, or an analogical change influenced by "January".

See also


- Historical anniversaries

External links


- [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_160.html The Straight Dope: How come February has only 28 days?] Category:Monthsko:2월ms:Februarija:2月simple:Februaryth:กุมภาพันธ์

March

---- March is the thirdmonth of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. March begins (astrologically, non-sidereal) with the sun in the sign of Pisces and ends in the sign of Aries. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation of Aquarius and ends in the constellation of Pisces. In ancient Rome, March was called Martius, so named after the Roman god of war and was considered a lucky time to begin a war. March was originally the first month of the Roman calendar because the winter months of January and February were unsuited for warfare, the essence of any Italic state. Julius Caesar's calendar reform in 45 BCE began the year on January 1. The tradition of starting the year in March continued in some countries for a long time. January 1 was only instituted as New Year's Day in France in 1564. Great Britain and her colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, the same year they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar. In ancient Hellenic civilization, March was called Anthesterion. In old Japanese calendar, the month is called Yayoi (弥生). In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, of obscure origin. Historical names for March include the Saxon term Lenctmonat, named for the equinox and eventual lengthening of days and the eventual namesake of Lent. The Saxons also called March Rhed-monat (for their goddess Rhedam); ancient Britons called it hyld-monath (meaning loud or stormy). Britons

Events in March


- The equinox named the vernal or spring equinox in the northern hemisphere and the autumnal equinox in the southern hemisphere occurs on dates varying from 19 March to 21 March (in UTC).

See also


- Historical anniversaries

External links


- [http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/seizoenen.html Astronomy Answers article on the seasons] Category:Monthsko:3월ms:Macja:3月simple:Marchth:มีนาคม

January 2

January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 363 days (364 in leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events


- 366 - Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading Roman Empire.
- 533 - Mercurius became PopeJohn II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.
- 1492 - Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
- 1757 - The United Kingdom captures Calcutta, India.
- 1788 - Georgia becomes the 4th state to ratify the United StatesConstitution.
- 1793 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland.
- 1815 - Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, Seaham, County Durham.
- 1818 - British Institution of Civil Engineers formed.
- 1859 - Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette.
- 1860 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.
- 1870 - Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
- 1871 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- 1872 - Brigham Young is arrested for bigamy (25 wives).
- 1879 - Fred Spofforth claims the first Hat-trick in test cricket on the Sydney Cricket Ground against England.
- 1882 - John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oiltrust.
- 1890 - Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer for the White House.
- 1893 - Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers.
- 1900 - John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
- 1900 - Chicago Canal opens.
- 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Russian fleet surrenders at Port Arthur, China.
- 1917 - The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
- 1921 - The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) .
- 1921 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park San Francisco opens.
- 1923 - U.S.Interior SecretaryAlbert Fall resigns due to the Teapot Dome scandal.
- 1929 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
- 1935 - Bruno Hauptmann goes on trial for the murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh.
- 1941 - WWII: German bombing severely damaged the Llandaff Cathedral, built in 1290 on the bank of the River Taff in Cardiff, Wales.
- 1941 - The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program with a stated goal of building 200 freighters. Over 2,700 ships will eventually be constructed by the end of the war.
- 1942 - World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
- 1942 - The United States Navy opens a blimp base at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
- 1946 - Unable to resume his rule over Albania after World War II, King Zogabdicated but retained his claim to the throne.
- 1949 - Luis Muñoz Marín became the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
- 1955 - Panamanian president Jose Antonio Remon is assassinated.
- 1957 - San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange and Los Angeles Oil Exchange merge.
- 1959 - The first artificial satellite to orbit the sun, Luna 1, was launched by the U.S.S.R.
- 1959 - CBS Radio cuts four soap operas: Backstage Wife, Our Gal Sunday, Road of Life, and This is Nora Drake.
- 1967 - Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful heart transplant.
- 1971 - The second Ibrox disaster occurred.
- 1974 - Richard Nixon signs a bill lowering the maximum USspeed limit to 55 MPH in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.
- 1979 - Sid Vicious goes on trial for the murder of Nancy Spungen.
- 1981 - Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, is arrested.
- 1983 - The musical Annie is performed for the last time after 2,377 shows at the Uris Theatre on Broadway.
- 1991 - Sharon Pratt Dixon is sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC becoming the first African American woman to lead a city of that size and importance.
- 1992 - Paraguay becomes a member of the Berne Conventioncopyrighttreaty.
- 1993 - Leaders of the three warring factions in Bosnia meet to discuss peace plans.
- 1998 - Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.
- 1999 - A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern USA, causing 14 inches (359mm) of snow at Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 19 inches (487mm) at Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, temperatures plunge to -13°F (-25°C), and 68 deaths are reported.
- 2002 - Levy Mwanawasa takes office as the third President of Zambia.
- 2004 - Stardust successfully flies past CometWild 2, collecting samples that it will return to Earth two years later.

Births


- 1642 - Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1693)
- 1713 - Marie Dumesnil, French actress (d. 1803)
- 1719 - Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder and merchant (d. 1797)
- 1727 - James Wolfe, British general (d. 1759)
- 1777 - Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857)
- 1822 - Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888)
- 1836 - Mendele Moykher Sforim, Russian writer (d. 1917)
- 1837 - Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910)
- 1870 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist, and poet (d. 1938)
- 1877 - Slava Raskaj, Croatian painter (d.1906)
- 1886 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (d. 1938)
- 1896 - Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (d. 1954)
- 1904 - Sally Rand, American fan dancer (d. 1979)
- 1905 - Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
- 1913 - Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Vera Zorina, German dancer and actress (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Isaac Asimov, Russian-born author (d. 1992)
- 1930 - Julius LaRosa, American singer
- 1936 - Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
- 1938 - Ian Brady, British serial killer
- 1938 - Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
- 1939 - Jim Bakker, American televangelist
- 1942 - Hugh Shelton, American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- 1944 - Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician
- 1947 - Jack Hanna, American zoologist
- 1949 - Christopher Durang, American playwright
- 1954 - Henry Bonilla, American politician
- 1954 - Dawn Silva, American singer (The Brides of Funkenstein and P-Funk)
- 1955 - Tex Brashear, American voice actor
- 1961 - Gabrielle Carteris, American actress
- 1961 - Todd Haynes, American film director
- 1963 - David Cone, baseball player
- 1964 - Pernell Whitaker, American boxer
- 1967 - Tia Carrere, American actress
- 1968 - Cuba Gooding Jr., American actor
- 1968 - Anky van Grunsven, Dutch dressage champion
- 1969 - Tommy Morrison, American boxer
- 1969 - Christy Turlington, American model
- 1971 - Lisa Harrison, American basketball player
- 1972 - Taye Diggs, American actor
- 1974 - Tricia Helfer, Canadian actress and model
- 1975 - Doug Robb, American singer (Hoobastank)
- 1976 - Paz Vega, Spanish actress
- 1983 - Kate Bosworth, American actress

Deaths


- 1512 - Svante, Regent of Sweden (b. 1460)
- 1514 - William Smyth, English bishop and statesman
- 1557 - Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494)
- 1685 - Harbottle Grimston, English politician (b. 1603)
- 1694 - Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English polician (b. 1651)
- 1726 - Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (b. 1688)
- 1893 - John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist (b. 1805)
- 1904 - James Longstreet, American Confederate general (b. 1821)
- 1913 - Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
- 1917 - Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
- 1924 - Sabine Baring-Gould, English composer and novelist (b. 1834)
- 1939 - Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (b. 1864)
- 1960 - Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist(b. 1919)
- 1963 - Dick Powell, American actor (b. 1904)
- 1974 - Tex Ritter, American actor and singer (b. 1905)
- 1977 - Errol Garner, American musician (b. 1921)
- 1986 - Una Merkel, American actress (b. 1903)
- 1986 - Bill Veeck, baseball executive (b. 1914)
- 1990 - Alan Hale Jr., American actor (b. 1918)
- 1992 - Jason Oledan, Awesome kid from F.C.
- 1995 - Siad Barre, President of Somalia
- 1996 - Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (b. 1915)
- 2000 - Nat Adderley, American musician and composer (b. 1931)
- 2000 - Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (b. 1914)
- 2000 - Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr., American admiral (b. 1920)
- 2001 - Teri Diver, American actress (b. 1971)
- 2004 - Lynn Cartwright, American actress (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Frank Kelly Freas, American artist (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Ronald 'Bo' Ginn, U.S. Congressman from Georgia (b. 1934)
- 2005 - Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Edo Murtić, Croatian painter (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances


- The eighth day and ninth night of Christmas in Western Christianity.
- Catholicism and Anglicanism — Feast day of St. Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzen.
- Scotland — Second day of the HogmanayBank Holiday.
- New Zealand — Statutory holiday, Second day of New Year.
- Slovenia — Second day of New Year.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/1/2 Today in History: January 2] ---- January 1 - January 3 - December 2 - February 2 — listing of all daysko:1월 2일ja:1月2日simple:January 2th:2 มกราคม

January 3

January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 362 days (363 during leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events


- 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the BishopPierre Cauchon.
- 1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine
- 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bullDecet Romanum Pontificem.
- 1749 - Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
- 1777 - Battle of Princeton. American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis.
- 1815 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.
- 1823 - Stephen F. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas from the government of Mexico
- 1833 - Britain seizes control of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
- 1834 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City
- 1840 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Port Phillip Herald is founded by George Cavanaugh.
- 1852 - First Chinese arrive in Hawaii.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States
- 1868 - The Japanese Meiji dynasty is restored and the Shogunate is abolished.
- 1870 - The Brooklyn Bridge begins construction.
- 1888 - The 91 cm refracting telescope at Lick Observatory is used for the first time. It was the largest telescope in the world at the time.
- 1899 - The first known use of the word automobile, in an editorial in the New York Times.
- 1920 - Curse of the Bambino: The Boston Red Sox sell Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees for a sum of $125,000 and a loan of more than $300,000.
- 1921 - Turkey makes peace with Armenia.
- 1925 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
- 1926 - General Theodorus Pángulos names himself dictator of Greece.
- 1938 - The March of Dimes is established by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- 1947 - Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.
- 1951 - Dragnet airs on television for the first time (NBC).
- 1957 - Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.
- 1958 - The West Indies Federation is formed.
- 1959 - Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.
- 1961 - The United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba.
- 1961 - The SL-1, a government-run reactor near Idaho Falls, Idaho leaks radiation, killing three workers at the installation. The radiation is contained.
- 1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.
- 1966 - The first Acid Test at the Fillmore, San F