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Common Year Starting On Friday

Common year starting on Friday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday (dominical letter C), for example, 2010. (A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year.)
Millennium Century Year
2nd Millennium: 19th century: 1802 1813 1819 1830 1841 1847 1858 1869 1875 1886 1897
2nd Millennium: 20th century: 1909 1915 1926 1937 1943 1954 1965 1971 1982 1993 1999
3rd Millennium: 21st century: 2010 2021 2027 2038 2049 2055 2066 2077 2083 2094
3rd Millennium: 22nd century: 2100 2106 2117 2123 2134 2145 2151 2162 2173 2179 2190
Category:FridayCategory:Weeksko:금요일로 시작하는 평년th:ปีปกติสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันศุกร์

Dominical letter

The days of the year are sometimes designated letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G in a cycle of 7 as an aid for finding the day of week of a given calendar date and in calculatingEaster. These letters are known as dominical letters. A common year has a dominical letter, which is simply the dominical letter of its first Sunday. For example 2003 has 5 January as its first Sunday so has Dominical letter E. In leap years, the leap day has no dominical letter. This ensures that each date has the same dominical letter every year, but causes the days of the weeks of the dominical letters to change within a leap year. Hence leap years have two dominical letters: the first for January and February and the second for March to December. The second dominical letter is the dominical letter of the first Sunday of October (which is the same as for January in a common year). The year 2004 has Dominical letters DC. Examples include:
- 1996 GF
- 1997 E
- 1998 D
- 1999 C
- 2000 BA
- 2001 G
- 2002 F
- 2003 E
- 2004 DC
- 2005 B
- 2006 A
- 2007 G
- 2008 FE The dominical letter of a year determines the days of week in its calendar:
- A common year starting on Sunday
- B common year starting on Saturday
- C common year starting on Friday
- D common year starting on Thursday
- E common year starting on Wednesday
- F common year starting on Tuesday
- G common year starting on Monday
- AG leap year starting on Sunday
- BA leap year starting on Saturday
- CB leap year starting on Friday
- DC leap year starting on Thursday
- ED leap year starting on Wednesday
- FE leap year starting on Tuesday
- GF leap year starting on Monday

History

A device adopted from the Romans by the old chronologers to aid them in finding the day of the week corresponding to any given date, and indirectly to facilitate the adjustment of the "Proprium de Tempore" to the "Proprium Sanctorum" when constructing the ecclesiastical calendar for any year. The Church, on account of her complicated system of movable and immovable feasts (see Christian calendar), has from an early period taken upon herself as a special charge to regulate the measurement of time. To secure uniformity in the observance of feasts and fasts, she began, even in the patristic age, to supply a computus, or system of reckoning, by which the relation of the solar and lunar years might be accommodated and the celebration of Easter determined. Naturally she adopted the astronomical methods then available, and these methods and the methodology belonging to them, having become traditional, are perpetuated in a measure to this day, even the reform of the calendar, in the prolegomena to the Breviary and Missal. The Romans were accustomed to divide the year into nundinæ, periods of eight days; and in their marble fasti, or calendars, of which numerous specimens remain, they used the first eight letters of the alphabet to mark the days of which each period was composed. When the Oriental seven-day period, or week, was introduced in the time of Cæsar Augustus, the first seven letters of the alphabet were employed in the same way to indicate the days of this new division of time. In fact, fragmentary calendars on marble still survive in which both a cycle of eight letters — A to H — indicating nundinæ, and a cycle of seven letters — A to G — indicating weeks, are used side by side (see "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum", 2nd ed., I, 220; the same peculiarity occurs in the Philocalian Calendar of A.D. 356, ibid., p. 256). This device was imitated by the Christians, and in their calendars the days of the year from 1 January to 31 December were marked with a continuous recurring cycle of seven letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. A was always set against 1 January, B against 2 January, C against 3 January, and so on. Thus F fell to 6 January, G to 7 January; A again recurred on 8 January, and also, consequently, on 15 January, 22 January, and 29 January. Continuing in this way, 30 January was marked with a B, 31 January with a C, and 1 February with a D. Supposing this to be carried on through all the days of an ordinary year (i. e. not a leap year), it will be found that a D corresponds to 1 March, G to 1 April, B to 1 May, E to 1 June, G to 1 July, C to 1 August, F to 1 September, A to 1 October, D to 1 November, and F to 1 December — a result which Durandus recalled by the following distich: :Alta Domat Dominus, Gratis Beat Equa Gerentes :Contemnit Fictos, Augebit Dona Fideli. Now, as a moment's reflection shows, if 1 January is a Sunday, all the days marked by A will also be Sundays; If 1 January is a Saturday, Sunday will fall on 2 January which is a B, and all the other days marked B will be Sundays; if 1 January is a Monday, then Sunday will not come until 7 January, a G, and all the days marked G will be Sundays. This being explained, the Dominical Letter of any year is defined to be that letter of the cycle A, B, C, D, E, F, G, which corresponds to the day upon which the first Sunday (and every subsequent Sunday) falls. It is plain, however, that when a leap year occurs, a complication is introduced. February has then twenty-nine days. Traditionally, the Anglican and civil calendars added this extra day to the end of the month, while the Catholic ecclesiastical calendar counted 24 February twice. But in either case, 1 March is then one day later in the week than 1 February, or, in other words, for the rest of the year the Sundays come a day earlier than they would in a common year. This is expressed by saying that a leap year has two Dominical Letters, the second being the letter which precedes that with which the year started. For example, 1 January1907, was a Tuesday; the first Sunday fell on 6 January, or an F. F was, therefore, the Dominical Letter for 1907. The first of January, 1908, was a Wednesday, the first Sunday fell on 5 January, and E was the Dominical Letter, but as 1908 was a leap year, its Sundays after February came a day sooner than in a normal year and were Ds. The year 1908, therefore, had a double Dominical Letter, ED. In 1909, 1 January was a Friday and the Dominical Letter was C. In 1910 and 1911, 1 January fell respectively on Saturday and Sunday and the Dominical Letters are B and A.

Calculation

This, of course, is all very simple, but the advantage of tile device lies, like that of an algebraical expression, in its being a mere symbol adaptable to any year. By constructing a table of letters and days of the year, A always being set against 1 January, we can at once see the relation between the days of the week and the day of any month, if only we know the Dominical Letter. This may always be found by the following rule of De Morgan's, which gives the Dominical Letter for any year, or the second Dominical Letter if it be leap year: #Add 1 to the given year. #Take the quotient found by dividing the given year by 4 (neglecting the remainder). #Take 16 from the centurial figures of the given year if that can be done. #Take the quotient of III divided by 4 (neglecting the remainder). #From the sum of I, II and IV, subtract III. #Find the remainder of V divided by 7: this is the number of the Dominical Letter, supposing A, B, C, D, E, F, G to be equivalent respectively to 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0. For example, to find the Dominical Letter of the year 1913: :(Steps 1, 2, & 4) 1914 + 478 + 0 = 2392 :(3) 19 - 16 = 3 :(5) 2392 - 3 = 2389 :(6) 2389 / 7 = 341, remainder 2. Therefore, the Dominical Letter is E.

Practical use for the clergy

But the Dominical Letter had another very practical use in the days before the Ordo divini officii recitandi was printed annually, and when, consequently, a priest had often to determine the Ordo for himself. As can be seen in the article Epact, Easter Sunday may be as early as 22 March or as late as 25 April, and there are consequently thirty-five possible days on which it may fall. It is also evident that each Dominical Letter allows five possible dates for Easter Sunday. Thus, in a year whose Dominical Letter is A (i. e. when 1 January is a Sunday), Easter must be either on 26 March, 2 April, 9 April, 16 April, or 23 April, for these are all the Sundays within the defined limits. But according as Easter falls on one or another of these Sundays we shall get a different calendar, and hence there are five, and only five, possible calendars for years whose Dominical Letter is A. Similarly, there are five possible calendars for years whose Dominical Letter is B, five for C, and so on, thirty-five possible combinations in all. Now, advantage was taken of this principle in the arrangement of the old Pye or directorium which preceded the present "Ordo". The thirty-five possible calendars were all included therein and numbered, respectively, primum A, secundum A, tertium A, etc.; primum B, secundum B, etc. Hence for anyone wishing to use the Pye the first thing to determine was the Dominical Letter of the year, and then by means of the Golden Number or the Epact, and by the aid of a simple table, to find which of the five possible calendars assigned to that Dominical Letter belonged to the year in question. Such a table as that just referred to, but adapted to the reformed calendar and in more convenient shape, will be found at the beginning of every Breviary and Missal under the heading, "Tabula Paschalis nova reformata". The Dominical Letter does not seem to have been familiar to Bede in his "De Temporum Ratione," but in its place he adopts a similar device of seven numbers which he calls concurrentes (De Temp. Rat., cap. liii), of Greek origin. The Concurrents are numbers denoting the days of the week on which 24 March falls in the successive years of the solar cycle, 1 standing for Sunday, 2 (feria secunda) for Monday, 3 for Tuesday, and so on. It is sufficient here to state that the relation between the Concurrents and the Dominical Letter is the following: :Concurrents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 :Concurrent 1 = F (Dominical Letter) :Concurrent 2 = E :Concurrent 3 = D :Concurrent 4 = C :Concurrent 5 = B :Concurrent 6 = A :Concurrent 7 = G

Use for mental calculation

There exist patterns in the dominical letters, which are very useful for mental calculation. Patterns for years: To use these patterns, choose and remember a year to use as a starting point, such as 2000=BA. Note that because of the complicated Gregorian leap-year rules, these patterns break near some century changes. Note the reverse alphabetical order. 1992 3 4 5 96 7 8 9 2000 1 2 3 04 5 6 7 2008 ED C B A GF E D C BA G F E DC B A G FE and (note the reversed order of the years as well as of the letters) 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 AG F ED C BA G FE D CB A | | | | | | | | | | G FE D CB A GF E DC B AG 2046 2036 2026 2016 2006 1996 1986 1976 1966 1956 Patterns for days of the month: The dominical letters for the first day of each month form the nonsense mnemonic phrase "Add G, beg C, fad F". The following dates, given in month/day form, all have dominical letter C: 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, 12/12, 5/9, 9/5, 7/11, 11/7. This was stolen from the Doomsday algorithm.

References


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External links


- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05109a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Dominical letter] Category:Weeks

2010

2010 (MMX) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It corresponds to 5770/5771 in the Hebrew Calendar. See also: 2010: Odyssey Two, Agenda 2010.

Predicted Events


- January 1 The new decade dubbed "the teens" begins.
- January 15 - Annular solar eclipse (The longest lasting annular eclipse of the 21st century.)
- February 12 to February 28 - 2010 Winter Olympics scheduled to be in Vancouver and Whistler, Canada.
- March 12 to March 21 - 2010 Winter Paralympics scheduled in Vancouver, Canada.
- April 1 - U.S. Census
- April 3 to April 5 - NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four to be held at the Indiana Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana.
- April 9 - It is projected that on this day the world population will reach 7 billion.
- May 1 to October 30 - 2010 World's Fair in Shanghai.
- 100th anniversary of the Royal Canadian Navy - in May.
- The final film of the seven in the Harry Potter series is planned to be released around May 2010.
- June 6 - Conjunction between Jupiter and Uranus, Jupiter 28' south. First conjunction of triple conjunction Jupiter/Uranus.
- June 23 will be the 100th Birthday of Gordon B. Hinckley, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, if he is still alive at the time. Otherwise, it will be the Centennial of his birth.
- July 11 - Total solar eclipse (visible only in the South Pacific and southern South America).
- September 22 - Conjunction between Jupiter and Uranus, Jupiter 53' south. Second conjunction of triple conjunction Jupiter/Uranus.
- November 2 - Elections for the United States Congress
- December 21-Total lunar eclipse
- December 28- New U.S. Army Assault Rifle is Introduced.
- December 31- Howard Stern's current contract with Sirius expires.

Unknown dates


- Sometime in April (unknown) - The International Space Station construction is expected to be completed.
- Sometime during Philippine summer ( April-June ), National Elections.
- Summer July BSA National Jamboree, Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia - Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the BSA.
- The Space Shuttle Discovery will retire.
- The United Kingdom plans to continue 5-year process to cease analog television broadcasts. region-by-region, with Central, Yorkshire Television and Anglia.
- A new terminal south of the current terminals at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is scheduled for completion.
- The first phase of the extension to the East London Line of the London Underground is scheduled for completion.
- General Motors is confident that it can produce a commercially viable model of its concept car, the Hy-wire, by this year.
- FIFA World Cup 2010 scheduled to be held in South Africa.
- Earliest year before Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are expected to adopt the Euro currency.
- A new bridge of the Robert Moses Causeway is set to be constructed next to the decomposing Fire Island Inlet span in Long Island, NY.
- Peak Oil said to occur.
- The Bible Code predicts a major earthquake in Los Angeles sometime during this year.
- June is the latest possible month for the next United Kingdom general election
- All-Russia population census is scheduled.

Fictional Dates


- In Stargate SG-1, the episode "2010" takes place in this year. Category:2010sCategory:Years in the future
- ko:2010년ja:2010年simple:2010

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the meantropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th centuryIreland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and SullivanoperettaThe Pirates of Penzance. Category:CalendarsCategory:Units of timeals:Schaltjahrko:윤년ja:閏年simple:Leap yearth:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

19th century

:Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War).

Europe

For Europe, the period is marked with revolution, social upheaval, and the emergence of a united conservatism from the monarchs of Europe in response to the emerging republican firestorm spreading from revolutionary France. There were many revolutions in Europe in 1848. Furthermore, the later end of the century was dominated by what many call the New Imperialism, which was the rapid aquisition of colonies worldwide by European powers, most noteworthy is the Scramble for Africa. Many countries in Europe underwent an Industrial Revolution, especially Britain and Germany, that spread elsewhere by the end of the century, with factories and railway lines built all over the continent. The start of the 19th century there was a struggle between France and Britain and their allies for control of Europe and the world during the Napoleonic Wars, with Napoleon being finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. During the rest of the century, the British empire became the largest and most powerful empire in history, during the period known as the Pax Britannica.

Americas

In the Americas, the United States slowly grew economically, militarily, and politically, but nevertheless faced dramatic changes domestically, best seen in the Civil War, the end of slavery, and the expansion across the American continent known as Manifest Destiny. Industrially, America will explode following the Civil War, and would eventually begin expansion outward across the Pacific Ocean and in Latin America.

Other countries

For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through colonialism, imperialism, or war. European powers gained increasing influence in China, where Qing control had weakened, and wars were fought by the western powers against China, such as the first and the second Opium wars and Sino-French War. Japan, which was forcibly opened to Western trade, began a rapid industrialisation. Africa which was largely free from European control at the start of the century, was almost completely dominated by Europe at the end of it, with the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Large European settlement, especially British, of colonies such as Australia, New Zealand and the Cape Colony continued during the nineteenth century.

Events


- 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase.
- 1804-06: Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead an expedition to the Pacific Coast and back.
- 1805-48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt.
- 1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Lunéville.
- 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.
- 1813-1917: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game.
- 1815: Congress of Vienna redraws the European map.
- 1815: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.
- 1816: Year Without a Summer
- 1816-28: Shaka's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.
- 1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
- 1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
- 1830: Franceinvades and occupies Algeria.
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.
- 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
- 1835-36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.
- 1837-1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.
- 1845-49: Irish Potato Famine
- 1848: The Communist Manifesto published.
- 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
- 1848-58: California Gold Rush
- 1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time.
- 1851-60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia
- 1851-64: The Taiping Rebellion in China
- 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of Sakoku.
- 1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.
- 1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania
- 1857-58: Indian rebellion of 1857
- 1859: The Origin of Species published.
- 1864-67: French intervention in Mexico
- 1865-77: Reconstruction in the United States
- 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
- 1866: Creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
- 1866-69: Meiji Restoration in Japan
- 1867: The United Statespurchased Alaska from Russia.
- 1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
- 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States.
- 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
- 1870-71: Unifications of Germany and Italy.
- 1871-1914: Second Industrial Revolution
- 1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
- 1872: Yellowstone National Park created.
- 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
- 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
- 1877-78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War.
- 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.
- 1880-1902: Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two Boer Wars.
- 1882: First electrical power plant and grid in Manhattan.
- 1884-85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European Scramble for Africa. Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.
- 1885: Unification of Bulgaria
- 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American Indian Wars.
- 1894-95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
- 1895-1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1896: Olympic games revived in Athens.
- 1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada
- 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
- 1898-1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance.

Wars

List of wars 1800–1899
- 1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars.
- 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa.
- 1806-12: Russo-Turkish War
- 1810-21: Mexican War of Independence.
- 1810s-20s: South American Wars of Independence.
- 1812-15: War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
- 1821-32: Greek War of Independence.
- 1828-29: Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829
- 1833-76: Carlist Wars in Spain.
- 1839-60: After two Opium Wars, Great Britain, France, the United States and Russia gain many concessions from China.
- 1854-56: Crimean War between Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
- 1861-65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy.
- 1866: Austro-Prussian War.
- 1877-78: Russo-Turkish War.
- 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
- 1879-84: War of the Pacific between Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
- 1880-81: First Boer War.
- 1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1895-96: First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1899-13: The Philippine-American War.

Significant people


- Gilbert and Sullivan, playwright, composer
- William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
- Baron Haussmann, civic planner
- Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture
- Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
- Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
- Ignaz Semmelweis, founder of hygiene
- Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
- F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer

Anthropology


- Franz Boas
- Edward Burnett Tylor
- Karl Verner
- Brothers Grimm

Painters


- Paul Cezanne
- Eugène Delacroix
- Caspar David Friedrich
- Antonio de La Gandara
- Théodore Géricault
- Vincent van Gogh
- Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
- Édouard Manet

Music


- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Hector Berlioz
- Johannes Brahms
- Anton Bruckner
- Frédéric Chopin
- Antonin Dvorak
- Franz Liszt
- Felix Mendelssohn
- Modest Mussorgsky
- Franz Schubert
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Richard Wagner

Literature


- Charles Baudelaire
- Charlotte Brontë
- Emily Brontë
- François-René de Chateaubriand
- Anton Chekhov
- Kate Chopin
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Charles Dickens
- Emily Dickinson
- Fyodor Dostoevsky
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Gustave Flaubert
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- Nikolai Gogol
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- Friedrich Hölderlin
- Heinrich Heine
- Victor Hugo
- Henry James
- Stéphane Mallarmé
- Aleksandr Pushkin
- Arthur Rimbaud
- Stendhal
- Leo Tolstoy
- Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)
- Jules Verne
- Walt Whitman
- Oscar Wilde
- Edgar Allan Poe
- Herman Melville

Science


- Henri Becquerel, physicist
- Charles Darwin, biologist
- Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
- Michael Faraday, scientist
- Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
- James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist
- Gregor Mendel, biologist
- Louis Pasteur, biologist
- Nikola Tesla, inventor
- Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
- Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
- Pierre Curie, physicist
- Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician

Philosophy and Religion


- Bahá'u'lláh, Persian religious leader and founder of Bahá'í Faith
- Báb, Persian prophet and founder of Bábísm
- Nikolai of Japan, religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.
- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
- Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
- Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
- John Stuart Mill, philosopher
- Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
- Joseph Smith, Jr., religious leader, founder of Mormonism
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
- Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism
- Brigham Young, Mormon religious leader
- William Morris, social reformer

Politics


- Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor
- Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor
- Guiseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
- Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president
- Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president
- Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
- Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
- Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
- Libertadores, Latin American liberators
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
- Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the Civil War
- Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor
- István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
- Queen Victoria, British monarch
- Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 19th century inventions
- Department stores
- Electromagnetism
- Epidemiology
- Mail order businesses
- Philology
- Postage stamps
- Public busses
- Subway
- The invention of the telegraph connected the world like never before, leading to quicker communication and interaction.
- One of the more devestating technologies emerging from this period is the machine gun, first used during the Civil War (considered the first modern war)

Decades and years

Category:19th centuryCategory:CenturiesCategory:Romanticismals:19. Jahrhundertzh-min-nan:19 sè-kíko:19세기ja:19世紀simple:19th centuryth:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19

1802

1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events


- March 16 - West Point is established.
- March 25/27 - Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
- March 28 - H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroidPallas.
- May 19 - Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
- June 8 - Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort-de-Jeux for prison.
- July 4 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
- August 2 - In a plebisciteNapoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
- September 11 - The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
- October 2 - War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
- July - Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
- October - French army enters Switzerland.
- Marie Tussaud opens her famous waxmuseum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
- Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
- Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
- William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the Charlotte Dundas.
- Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
- William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
- The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.

Ongoing events


- French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

Births


- February 11 - Lydia Child, American abolitionist author (d. 1880)
- February 19 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1881)
- February 26 - Victor Hugo, French author (d. 1885)
- April 4 - Dorothea Dix, American social activist (d. 1887)
- July 24 - Alexandre Dumas, père, French author (d. 1870)
- July 26 - Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855)
- August 5 - Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (d. 1829)
- August 22 - Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, American land speculator (d. 1886)
- November 9 - Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (d. 1837)
- December 15 - Janos Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1860)
- December 23 - Sara Coleridge, British scholar (d. 1852)

Deaths


- February 2 - Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713)
- February 3 - Pedro Rodríguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman and writer (b. 1723)
- February 26 - Esek Hopkins, American Revolutionary War admiral (b. 1718)
- April 18 - Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (b. 1731)
- June 4 - Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia (b. 1751)
- August 10 - Franz Aepinus, German philosopher (b. 1724)
- September 26 - Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and soldier (b. 1754)
- November 9 - Thomas Girtin, English artist (b. 1775)
- November 15 - George Romney, English artist (b. 1734)
- November 16 - André Michaux, French botanist (b. 1746)
- July 22 - Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist and physiologist (b. 1771) Category:1802ko:1802년ms:1802

1813

1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events


- March 17 - Through a newspaper, the PrussiankingFrederick William III of Prussia calls for resistance against the Napoleonicoccupation
- April 27 - War of 1812: Battle of York - United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold the capital of Ontario, York (present day Toronto, Ontario).
- May 2 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Lützen
- May 20-May 21 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Bautzen
- May 27 - War of 1812: In Canada, United States forces capture Fort George.
- June 6 - War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek - A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.
- June 21 - Peninsular War: Battle of Vittoria - A British, Spanish, and Portuguese force of 78000 with 96 guns under Wellington defeats a French force of 58000 with 153 guns under Joseph Bonaparte to end the Peninsular War.
- July 5 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
- August 19 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's second triumvirate.
- August 26-August 27 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Dresden
- August 29-August 30 - Napoleon's troops defeated at Kulm
- September - Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of Britain
- September 10 - War of 1812: Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie
- October 5 - War of 1812: William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames, killing native leader Tecumseh
- October 14 - After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador.
- October 16-October 19 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig
- October 24-November 5 - Persia and Russia sign the Gulistan Treaty of 1813 at the end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813) by which Persia (Iran) loses all its territories to the north of Aras River to the Russians.
- October 25 - War of 1812: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion at the Battle of Chateauguay
- November 11 - War of 1812: the Americans are defeated at the Battle of Crysler's Farm
- November 21 - An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.
- December 29 - War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York
- Russian troops reach and take Berlin without a fight after the French garrison evacuated the city.
- Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Trait des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology.
- George Hamilton-Gordon serves as ambassador extraordinaire in Vienna.
- Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa.

Ongoing events


- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War/Sixth Coalition
- War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Births


- January 19 - Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor (d. 1898)
- January 21 - John C. Frémont, American soldier and explorer (d. 1890)
- January 26 - Juan Pablo Duarte, Founder of the Dominican Republic (d. 1876)
- February 11 - Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865)
- March 18 - Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (d. 1863)
- March 19 - David Livingstone, English missionary and explorer (d. 1873)
- March 21 - James Strang, Mormon splinter group leader (d. 1856)
- March 27 - Nathaniel Currier, American illustrator (d. 1888)
- April 23 - Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (d. 1861)
- May 5 - Soren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (d. 1855)
- May 21 - Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (d. 1843)
- May 22 - Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883)
- June 24 - Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and reformer (d. 1887)
- July 19 - Samuel M. Kier, American industrialist (d. 1874)
- October 10 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (d. 1901)
- October 17 - Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
- December 13 - David Spangler Kaufman, U.S. Congressman from Texas (d. 1851)
- Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (d. 1854)
- John Miley, American Methodist theologian (d. 1895)

Deaths


- January 20 - Christoph Martin Wieland, German writer (b. 1733)
- February 13 - Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (b. 1725)
- February 26 - Robert Linvingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1746)
- April 10 - Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician (b. 1746)
- April 27 - Zebulon Pike, American general (b. 1779)
- April 28 - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (b. 1745)
- May 1 - Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (b. 1768)
- June 6 - Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (b. 1739)
- June 17 - Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, English sailor and politician (b. 1726)
- June 28 - Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
- July 29 - Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (suicide) (b. 1771)
- August 11 - Henry James Pye, English poet (b. 1745)
- August 23 - Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (b. 1766)
- September 2 - Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1763)
- October 5 - Tecumseh, Shawnee leader
- October 19 - Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France (friendly fire) (b. 1763)
- November 12 - Jean de Crévecoeur, French-American writer (b. 1735)
- December 24 - Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (b. 1740)
- Wossen Seged, Meridazmach of Shewa (murdered) Category:1813ko:1813년ms:1813simple:1813

1819

1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 17 - Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia
- January 29 - Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore
- February 6 - Formal treaty between Sultan Hussein of Johor and the British Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles originates Singapore
- February 15 - The United States House of Representatives agrees to Tallmadge Amendment to bar slaves from new state of Missouri--opening vote in controversy that leads to Missouri Compromise
- February 22 - Spain cedes Florida to the United States. (See Adams-Onís Treaty)
- March 1 - USS Columbus launched
- March 20 – Burlington Arcade opened in London
- May 22 - The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship will arrive at Liverpool, England on June 20
- August 6Norwich University founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States
- August 7 – Battle of Boyacá in Colombia – Simón Bolívar wins
- August 16 - Peterloo massacre in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, UK. Cavalry charge into a crowd of protesters causes deaths of 400.
- December 14 - Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.

Month/day unknown


- Panic of 1819 - first major financial crisis in the United States
- 'Ai Noa in Hawaii.
- French paradox first identified.
- Physician Dr. Thomas Sewall convicted on multiple counts of grave robbing in Massachusetts.

Births


- February 8 - John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900)
- February 11 - Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890)
- February 14 - Joshua A. Norton, self-proclaimed "Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico"
- February 20 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
- February 22 - James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (d. 1891)
- March 3 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912)
- April 4 - Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853)
- April 9 - Annibale de Gasparis, Italian astronomer (d. 1892)
- April 11 - Charles Hallé, German pianist and conductor (d. 1895)
- April 18 - Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (d. 1895)
- April 28 - Ezra Abbot, American Biblical scholar (d. 1884)
- May 5 - Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (d. 1872)
- May 24 - Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1901)
- May 31 - Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892)
- June 5 - John Couch Adams, English astronomer (d. 1892)
- June 10 - Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)
- June 20 - Jacques Offenbach, German-born composer (d. 1880)
- July 19 - Gottfried Keller, Swiss writer (d. 1890)
- August 1 - Richard Dadd, British painter (d. 1886)
- August 1 - Herman Melville, American novelist (d. 1891)
- August 13 - Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician and physicist (d. 1903)
- August 25 - Allan Pinkerton, American detective (d. 1884)
- August 26 - Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
- September 13 - Clara Schumann, German composer and pianist (d. 1896)
- September 17 - Thomas Hendricks, Vice President of the United States (d. 1885)
- September 22 - Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (d. 1897)
- October 20 - The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábi Faith (d. 1850)
- November 22 - George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- December 30 - Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
- Felice Orsini, Italian revolutionary (d. 1858)

Deaths


- July 1 - Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (b. 1754)
- August 19 - James Watt, Scottish inventor (b. 1736)
- August 23 - Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)
- September 12 - Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general (b. 1742)
- December 5 - Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg, German poet (b. 1750)
- December 19 - Sir Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer and politician (b. 1765)
- Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii Category:1819ko:1819년ms:1819

1841

1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events


- January 26 - The United Kingdom occupies Hong Kong. Later during the year, the first census of the island recorded a population of about 7,500.
- February 18 - The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11.
- March 4 - Martin Van Buren, President of the United States is succeeded by William Henry Harrison.
- March 9 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Amistad case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.
- April 4 - President William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia becoming the first President of the United States to die in office and at one month, the elected president with the shortest term served. He is succeeded by Vice PresidentJohn Tyler.
- August 16 - U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.
- September 24 - United Kingdom annexes Sarawak from Brunei; James Brooke is appointed