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| Chamber Of Commerce |
Chamber of commerceChambers of commerce and Boards of Trade are a business network with local, regional, national, international and bi-lateral Chambers. They represent both a business network and an advocacy group which can be but are usually not associated with government. Their primary goal is to improve the business climate in a locality, typically through business networks and lobbying and also common projects and a selection of business services.
They are separate from the Better Business Bureau insofar as there is no national organization that binds them under a formal operations doctrine, though there is an international structure (ICC and Worldchambers) they can belong to, and in the majority of countries, the use of the chamber of commerce legal term and status is regulated by federal law. Chambers of commerce can also include economic development groups, as well as tourism and visitors bureaus. Currently, there are about 13,000 Chambers registered in the official Worldchambers Network registry, and the Chamber of Commerce network is the largest business network globally.
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is the main business partner of the United Nations and its agencies. The ICC World Council is the equivalent of the general assembly of a major intergovernmental organization. The big difference is that the delegates are business executives and not government officials. There is a federal structure, based on the Council as ICC's governing body. National committees appoint delegates to the World Council. In terms of international chamber body responsibilities and relationships, the ICC is the home of the secretariats of the World Chambers (TM) Federation (WCF,) and the ICC-WCF World Chambers (TM) Network.
The WCF is geared primarily to admininistration of functions, progammes and events between different chambers, and the World Chambers (TM) Network is primarily responsible for online systems, official chamber registries and international trade/trust/verification activities.
There are basically two Chamber business membership models worldwide, 'compulsory / public law' or 'continental / private law'. The former relates to those which companies of a certain area are obliged to belong to. This happens in most countries of EU (France, Germany, Italy, Spain). Their main tasks are Foreign Trade Promotion, Training and General Services to companies. They also have a consultive function. This means that Administration must consult chambers whenever a new law related to industry or commerce is proposed. Non-compulsory models exist in English-speaking countries like USA, Canada or the UK. They nevertheless make it a point to consult chamber contacts on major business issues, given their organization and membership numbers.
The first Chambers of Commerce were founded in 1599 in continental Europe (Marseille, France and Brugge, Belgium). The worlds oldest English-speaking Chamber of Commerce is that of Glasgow Scotland set up in 1783.
Membership in an individual Chamber in an area can range from a few dozen to well over 300,000 (as is the case with CCIP, the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry). Some Chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers. Businesses which belong to a chamber of commerce can range from a single-person shop to billion-dollar corporations.
External link
- [http://www.iccwbo.org/ ICC International Chamber of Commerce (international trade bodies' partner)]
- [http://www.iccwbo.org/wcf/id2876/index.html ICC-WCF World Chambers(TM) Federation (admin between chamber bodies)]
- [http://www.worldchambers.com/ ICC-WCF WCN World Chambers(TM) Network (systems, offical global chamber registry)]
- [http://www.glasgowchamberonline.org/index.asp Glasgow Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.uschamber.com U.S. Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.chamberfind.com World Wide Chamber Guide]
- [http://www.eurochambres.be/ European Chambers of Commerce]
- [http://www.camaras.org/ Spanish Chambers of Commerce]
- [http://www.amchamvietnam.com America Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam]
- [http://www.amchamthailand.com America Chamber of Commerce in Thailand]
- [http://www.accj.or.jp America Chamber of Commerce in Japan]
- [http://www.uswomenschamber.com U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.hkgcc.org.hk/ Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce]
Category:Chambers of commerce
Business networkA business network can be defined as a group of people that have some kind of commercial relationship. It could be a boss-employee, buyer-supplier, colleague-colleague, etc.
An interesting approach is the one used by LinkedIn, openBC, IKarma and ReferNet, in which the Internet is used to connect people with more than 1 degree of separation.
According to experts, business networking functions best when individuals offer to help others to find connections, rather than "cold-calling" on prospects themselves. Business networking can take place outside of traditional business environments. For example, public places such as airports, restaurants, and movie line-ups provide opportunities to make new business contacts if an individual has good social skills.
Example of a [http://www.bnileeds.com business networking organisation]
LobbyA lobby can be:
- An entryway or waiting area, such as a foyer, from the Latin word lobium, or vestibule.
- A generic term for groups involved in lobbying, such as the "petroleum lobby" , "jewish lobby" or "environmental lobby", or as a verb such as "trying to lobby Parliament or Congress to change the law".
- A Thick stew made in North Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent, not unlike lancashire hot pot
The former term led to the latter term, as those trying to change the laws often gather in the lobby of a capitol, to catch legislators as they come and go about their business. The location in the UK Houses of Parliament where constituents can meet their MP is Central Lobby.
It has been suggested that the term lobbyist was coined by President Ulysses Grant, who, while seeking seclusion in the lobby of the Willard InterContinental Washington hotel to enjoy some peace, kept being approached by people seeking his ear [http://walkerrowe.com/willard.html] however this cannot be confirmed.
Category:Rooms
Economic development
Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. The study of economic development is known as development economics.
Public policy generally aims at continuous and sustained economic growth and expansion of national economies so that 'developing countries' become 'developed countries'. The economic development process supposes that legal and institutional adjustments are made to give incentives for innovation and for investments so as to develop an efficient production and distribution system for goods and service.
Overview
Development economics emerged as a branch of economics because economists - after World War Two - become concerned about the low standard of living in so many countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
The first approaches to development economics assumed that the economies of the less developed countries (LDCs), were so different from the developed countries that basic economics could not explain the behavior of LDC economies. Such approaches produced some interesting and even elegant economic models, but these models failed to explain the patterns of no growth, slow growth, or growth and retrogression found in the LDCs.
Slowly the field swung back towards more acceptancance that the opportunity cost, supply & demand, etc. apply to the LDCs also. However, this only cleared the ground for better approaches. Straight economics still couldn't explain the weak and failed growth patterns.
What was required to explain poor growth were influences beyond firms and individual preferrences and endowments. These influences were found in institutions: political institutions, ideological beliefs, etc. Institutions have been able to explain the poor growth patterns much better than the market failure theories did. However, there is no generally accepted institutional theory of economic development that a large share of development economists agree upon. There is not even agreement on as fundamental an issue as, "How much do political institutions explain?"
Models of economic development
The three building blocks of most growth models are: (1) the production function, (2) the saving function, and (3) the labor supply function (related to population growth). Together with a saving function, growth rate equals s/ß (s is the saving rate, and β is the capital-output ratio). Assuming that the capital-output ratio is fixed by technology and does not change in the short run, growth rate is solely determined by the saving rate on the basis of whatever is saved will be invested.
Harrod-Domar Model
The Harrod-Domar Model delineates a functional economic relationship in which the growth rate of gross domestic product (g) depends directly on the national saving ratio (s) and inversely on the national capital/output ratio (k) so that it is written a g = s / k. The equation takes its name from a synthesis of analyses of growth process by two economists (Sir Roy Harrod of Britain and E.V. Domar of the USA). The Harrod-Domar model in the early postwar times was commonly used by developing countries in economic planning. With a target growth rate, the required saving rate is known. If the country is not capable of generating that level of saving, a justification or an excuse for borrowing from international agencies can be established. An example in the Asian context is to ascertain the relationship between high growth rates and high saving rates in the cases of Japan and China. It is more difficult to introduce the third building block of a growth model, the labor and population element. In the long run, growth rate is constrained by population growth and also by the rate of technological change.
Exogenous growth model
The exogenous growth model (or neoclassical growth model) of Robert Solow and others places emphasis on the role of technological change. Unlike the Harrod-Domar model, the saving rate will only determine the level of income but not the rate of growth. The sources-of-growth measurement obtained from this model highlights the relative importance of capital accumulation (as in the Harrod-Domar model) and technological change (as in the Neoclassical model) in economic growth. The original Solow (1957) study showed that technological change accounted for almost 90 percent of U.S. economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Empirical studies on developing countries have shown different results (see Chen, E.K.Y.[1979] Hyper-growth in Asian Economies).
Also see, Krugman (1994), who maintained that economic growth in East Asia was based on perspiration (use of more inputs) and not on inspiration (innovations) (Krugman, P., [1994] The Myth of Asia’s Miracle, Foreign Affairs, 73).
Surplus labor
The Lewis-Ranis-Fei (LRF) Model of Surplus Labor (LRF) is an economic development model and not a economic growth model. Economic models such as Big Push, Unbalanced Growth, Take-off, and so forth, are only partial theories of economic growth that address specific issues. It is a model taking the peculiar economic situation in developing countries into account: unemployment and underemployment of resources (especially labor) and the dualistic economic structure (modern vs. traditional sectors). This model is a classical model because it uses the classical assumption of subsistence wage.
Here it is understood that the development process is triggered by the transfer of surplus labor in the traditional sector to the modern sector in which some significant economic activities have already begun. The modern sector entrepreneurs can continue to pay the transferred workers a subsistence wage because of the unlimited supply of labor from the traditional sector. The profits and hence investment in the modern sector will continue to rise and fuel further economic growth in the modern sector. This process will continue until the surplus labor in the traditional sector is used up, a situation in which the workers in the traditional sector would also be paid in accordance with their marginal product rather than subsistence wage.
The existence of surplus labor gives rise to continuous capital accumulation in the modern sector because (a) investment would not be eroded by rising wages as workers are continued to be paid subsistence wage, and (b) the average agricultural surplus (AAS) in the traditional sector will be channeled to the modern sector for even more supply of capital (e.g., new taxes imposed by the government or savings placed in banks by people in the traditional sector). In the LRF model, saving and investment are driving forces of economic development. This is in line with the Harrod-Domar model but in the context of less-developed countries. The importance of technological change would be reduced to enhancing productivity in the modern sector for even greater profitability and to promote productivity in the traditional sector so that more labor would be available for transfer.
Harris-Todaro Model
The Harris-Todaro (H-T) model of rural-urban migration is usually studied in the context of employment and unemployment in developing countries. In the H-T model, the purpose is to explain the serious urban unemployment problem in developing countries. The applicability of this model depends on the development stage and economic success in the developing country. The distinctive concept in the H-T model is that the rate of migration flow is determined by the difference between expected urban wages (not actual) and rural wages. The H-T model is applicable to less successful developing countries or to countries at the earlier stages of development. The policy implications are different from those of the LRF model. One implication in the H-T model is that job creation in the urban sector worsens the situation because more rural migration would thus be induced. In this context, China's policy of rural development and rural industrialization to deal with urban unemployment provides an example.
See also
- Development economics
- Development geography
- Development aid
- Important publications in economic development
- Growth and Development Theories
- Dual Sector Model
- Economic Development Corporation
Institutions
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- International Development Association
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- United Nations Development Programme
External links
- [http://www.iedconline.org/ International Economic Development Council] International association of community/economic development professionals
- [http://econ.worldbank.org/programs/macroeconomics/ Macroeconomics and Growth]
- [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Economics/Growth/ Economic Growth Resources]
- [http://gsociology.icaap.org/research.html Social Change Project: page of Research Resources on Economic Growth]
- [http://rru.worldbank.org/ World Bank Group Private Sector Development]
- [http://psdblog.worldbank.org/ World Bank Group PSD Blog]
Category:Development
Category:Economics
Category:Sociology
Category:Chambers of commerceCategory:Business organizations Nvu
Nvu [enwju:] to wizualny edytor stron www oparty na Kompozytorze stron z pakietu Mozilla. W chwili obecnej program obsługuje język HTML w wersji 4.01, XHTML w wersji 1.0 oraz CSS w wersji 1 oraz 2. Podobnie jak przeglądarka Firefox i program pocztowy Thunderbird jest samodzielną aplikacją (w przeciwieństwie do zintegrowanego pakietu Mozilla).
Program został tak zaprojektowany, by nie wymagać od użytkownika jakiejkolwiek znajomości CSS i (X)HTML, ma być jak najprostszy w obsłudze. Każdy dokument mozna edytować w jednym z trzech trybów - graficznym WYSIWYG, graficznym z zaznaczonymi znacznikami lub tekstowym. Kod (X)HTML utworzony w Nvu stanowi zazwyczaj kod zgodny ze standardami internetowymi.
Nvu posiada także możliwości niedostępne w Kompozytorze stron:
- edytowanie wielu dokumentów w jednym oknie
- tzw. smart widgets - gotowe do użycia fragmenty kodu HTML i JavaScript do osadzania na stronach (np. kalendarz)
- menedżer publikacji (wbudowany program kliencki FTP)
- szablony
- wygodna manipulacja tabelami i obrazkami
- kolorowanie składni
Nvu oficjalnie działa w systemach GNU/Linux i Microsoft Windows, nieoficjalnie udało się kod źródłowy programu skompilować także pod Mac OS X.
Program ten stanowi bezpłatne i wolne oprogramowanie, dostępny jest na potrójnej licencji MPL/LGPL/GPL.
Prace nad edytorem Nvu prowadzi na zlecenie Linspire francuska firma Disruptive Innovations SARL, założona przez byłego pracownika Netscape, Daniela Glazmana, jednego z autorów Kompozytora stron Mozilli/Netscape.
Historia wersji
- [http://www.nvu.com/download.html 1.0] - 28 czerwca 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download10PR.html 1.0PR] (1.0 Preview Release) - 5 kwietnia 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download090.html 0.90] (1.0 Beta pre-Release 4) - 10 marca 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download081.html 0.81] (1.0 Beta pre-Release 3) - 10 lutego 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download080.html 0.80] (1.0 Beta pre-Release 3) - 1 lutego 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download070.html 0.70] (1.0 Beta pre-Release 2) - 6 stycznia 2005
- [http://www.nvu.com/download060.html 0.60] (1.0 Beta pre-Release 1) - 26 listopada 2004
- [http://www.nvu.com/download050.html 0.50] - 6 października 2004
- [http://www.nvu.com/download041.html 0.41] - 11 sierpnia 2004
- [http://www.nvu.com/download030.html 0.30] - 11 czerwca 2004
- [http://www.nvu.com/download020.html 0.20] - 25 marca 2004
- [http://www.nvu.com/download017.html 0.17] - 20 lutego 2004
- 0.1 - 4 lutego 2004
Zobacz także
- Mozilla Composer
- Gecko
- Netscape Navigator
- Lista programów open-source
Odnośniki zewnętrzne
- [http://www.nvu.com/ Strona www programu]
- [http://www.glazman.org/weblog Weblog Daniela Glazmana]
- [http://www.disruptive-innovations.com/ Disruptive Innovations SARL]
- [http://www.mozilla.org/editor/ Mozilla Editor]
- [http://www.nvu.pl NVU po polsku]
Kategoria:Open Source
Kategoria:Edytory HTML
ja:Nvu
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