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Boat

Boat

A boat is a watercraft, usually smaller than most ships. Some boats are commonly carried by a ship or on land using trailers. A boat consists of one or more buoyancy structures called hulls and some system of propulsion, such as a screw, oars, paddles, a setting pole, a sail, paddlewheels or a water jet.

Parts of a Boat

The roughly horizontal but cambered structures spanning the hull of the boat are referred to as the "deck". In a ship, there would be several but a boat is unlikely to have more than one. The similar but usually lighter structure which spans a raised cabin is a coarch-roof. The "floor" of a cabin is properly known as the sole but is more likely to be called the floor. (A floor is properly, a structural member which ties a frame to the keelson and keel.) The underside of a deck is the deck head. The vertical surfaces dividing the internal space are "bulkheads". Some are important parts of the vessel's structure. The front of a boat is called the bow or prow. The rear of the boat is called the stern. The right side is starboard and the left side is port. It is somewhat risible in modern practice to call the command area of a large boat the "bridge". It is the cockpit or wheelhouse, depending on its design. The compartments housing a toilet, and the toilet itself, are known as the "heads", and a trip to this area is a "head call". In the old days, cordage intended for the delicate hands of a yacht's owner was of linen, later cotton. Therefore cordage used to control a sailing boat, tends to be referred to as "line" rather than rope. Most have specific names, but in general, lines used for raising things like sails and flags are "halyards" while the principal ones for adjusting the positions of the sails are called "sheets". All the lines and wire collectively are referred to as "rigging". That which is set up in the yard and left is standing rigging. That which is adjustable in use is running rigging. For example, a forestay is standing rigging and a sheet or a halyard is part of the running rigging.

Types of Boats

water jet
- Bangca
- Bateau
- Barge
- Cabin Cruiser
- Canoe
- Catamaran
- Cape Islander
- Catboat
- Coracle
- Cruiser
- Cutter
- Dhow
- Dinghy
- Dory
- Durham Boat
- Dutch Barge
- Felucca
- Ferry
- Folding boat
- Go-fast boat
- Gondola
- Houseboat
- Inflatable boat Inflatable boat]
- Jetboat, Jetski
- Jonsboat
- Junk
- Kayak
- Ketch
- Lifeboat
- Log boat
- Luxemotor
- Motorboat
- Narrowboat
- Norfolk wherry
- Outrigger canoe
- Padded V-hull
- Pinnace
- Pirogue
- Powerboat Powerboat
- Raft
- Rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RIB)
- Rowboat, rowing boat
- Sailboat, sailing boat
- Sampan
- Schooner
- Scow
- Sharpie
- Skiff
- Sloop
- Submarine
- Swift boat
- Tjalk
- Trimaran
- Tugboat
- U-boat
- Water taxi
- Whaleboat
- Yacht
- Yawl Yawl

Unusual types of boats

Unusual floating vehicles have been used for sports purposes as well. For example, the Bathtub Boat is used in "bathtub races" in many cities, although it originated in Nanaimo, BC, Canada.

Unusual uses of the word "Boat"

- Often in rowing as a racing-type competitive sport, "boat" means the crew and "shell" means the craft. So a university might refer to its first boat, meaning the rowers who make up their best team, rather than their best piece of equipment.
- A submarine is generally referred to as a boat rather than a ship. This dates from the early days of submarine warfare, when submarines were essentially motor torpedo boats which could submerge. In the modern combat environment where a typical attack submarine is the size of a destroyer and equipped with either a nuclear reactor or air independent propulsion which can allow it to stay submerged for months or weeks (and boomers are even larger, on the order of old-style battleships), this use is something of an anachronism.
- A ship can be informally known as a boat, especially by its crew. This use is uncommon in the case of a warship.
- In Great Lakes shipping, "boat" refers to any vessel, even one which would normally be considered a "ship" on the ocean.
- In some versions of cockney rhyming slang, "boat" means face, from "boat race".
- The term "gravy boat" is used to describe a small jug used to dispense meat gravy at the dining table. Similarly: "sauce boat".
- A boat can also be one of the massive cars manufactured in America from the 1950s through the 1970s.
- A boat, short for full-boat is another term for a full-house in the card game poker.

External links

- [http://www.boatingdir.com Boating Directory]
- [http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/china.htm The Rise and Fall of 15th Century Chinese Seapower]
- [http://www.barges.org DBA - Dutch Barge Association] Living aboard ex-commercial barges or any other type of broad-beam inland waterways craft Category:Vehicles Category:Water transport
- ja:船 simple:Boat

Ship

vessel Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976]] A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft, sometimes with multiple decks. A ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats, dinghies, or runabouts. A rule of thumb saying (though it doesn't always apply) goes: "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat". Often local law and regulation will define the exact size (or the number of masts) which a boat requires to become a ship. (Note that one refers to submarines as "boats"). Compare vessel. During the age of sail, ship signified a ship-rigged vessel, that is, one with three or more masts, usually three, all square-rigged. Such a vessel would normally have one fore and aft sail on her aftermost mast which was usually the mizzen. Almost invariably she would also have a bowsprit but this was not part of the definition. The same economic pressures which increased sizes to the point of carrying four or five masts, also introduced the fore and aft rig to larger vessels, so few ship-rigged vessels were built with more than three masts. The five-masted Preussen was the outstanding example but the big German ships and barques were built partly for prestige reasons. Nautical means related to sailors, particularly customs and practices at sea. Naval is the adjective pertaining to ships though in common usage, it has come to be more particularly associated with the noun 'navy'.

Measuring ships

One can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), draft (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and tonnage. A number of different tonnage definitions exist; most measure volume rather than weight and are used when describing merchant ships.
- Gross tonnage is a measure of the total internal volume of the ship.
- Net tonnage is expresses a merchant vessel's earning capacity and gives the internal capacity of that part of the ship available for cargo or passengers.
- Thames measurement tonnage was used for smaller vessels and worked to a formula: (length - beam) x beam x ½beam / 94
- Displacement tonnage is normally applied to warships and equals the actual weight of a ship complete with crew, fuel, stores and water.
- Light ship tonnage measures the actual weight of the ship with no fuel, no persons, no cargo, no water on board is not usually quoted.
- Deadweight tonnage is the weight of cargo, stores, passengers etc. which when added to the weight of the ship's structure and equipment, will bring the vessel down to her designed waterline. The word "displacement" arises from the basic physical law, discovered by Archimedes, that the weight of a floating object equates exactly to that of the water which would otherwise occupy the "hole in the water" displaced by the ship. In Britain until the Merchant Shipping Act of 1876, ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Additionally, anyone who signed onto such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in jail. Samuel Plimsoll, a member of Parliament, realised the problem and engaged some engineers to derive a fairly simple formula to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "Plimsoll Mark", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a circle with a horizontal line through the center. Because different types of water, (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day.

Propulsion

Until the application of the steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars propelled galleys or the wind propelled sailing ships. Before mechanisation, merchant ships always used sail, but as long as naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galleys dominated in marine conflicts because of their maneuverability and speed. The Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans contesting the Battle of Actium. The use of large numbers of cannon from the 16th century meant that maneuverability took second place to broadside weight; this led to the dominance of the sail-powered warship. The development of the steamship became a complex process, the first commercial success accruing to Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat (often called Clermont) in the USA in 1807, followed in Europe by the 45-foot PS Comet of 1812. Steam propulsion progressed considerably over the rest of the 19th century. Notable developments included the condenser, which reduced the requirement for fresh water, and the multiple expansion engine, which improved efficiency. As the means of transmitting the engine's power, the paddle wheel gave way to the more efficient screw propeller. The marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, brought the power to weight ratio down. He had achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the 100-foot Turbinia at the Spithead Naval Review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century and rendered the reciprocating steam engine out of date, in warships. The marine diesel engine first came into use around 1912: either the Vulcanus or the Selandia (depending upon who you talk to) first deployed it. It soon offered even greater efficiency than the steam turbine but for many years had an inferior power-to-space ratio. About this period too, heavy fuel oil came into more general use and began to replace coal as the fuel of choice in steamships. Its great advantages were the convenience and the reduction in manning owing to the removal of the need for trimmers and of stokers in the old-fashioned numbers. Most ships built since around 1960 have used diesel power or motors; one exception, Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1968, started with steam turbines but subsequently converted to diesel as a cost-saving measure. A few ships have used nuclear reactors, but this is not a separate form of propulsion. It merely makes steam to drive the turbines. Nonetheless, it has caused concerns about safety and waste disposal. It has become usual only in large aircraft carriers and in submarines, where the ability to run submerged for long periods holds obvious advantage. In such long-endurance vessels, the saving in bunkerage too, is an important consideration.

General terminology

Ships may occur collectively as fleets, flotillas or squadrons. Convoys of ships commonly occur. A collection of ships for military purposes may compose a navy or a task force. In the past, people counting or grouping disparate types of ship may refer to the individual vessels as bottoms. Groups of sailing ships could constitute, say, a fleet of 40 sail. Groups of submarines (particularly German U-boats in the 1940s) may hunt in packs (often erroneously called wolf packs).

Shipboard terminology

See also: Glossary of nautical terms. The complexity of ships, particularly of sailing ships, led to the development of a rich and various vocabulary. Many of the following terms link to more detailed discussions of nautical terminology.
- Amidships - toward the middle of the vessel.
- Bow - strictly, one of the two curved structures where the hull broadens out from the stem (the pointed end). The bows is a term for the head of the vessel or front of the ship. Compare prow, a more poetical term for the ship's head.
- Stern - the after end of the ship.
- Aft - towards the stern when the relationship is within the ship.
- Astern beyond the stern where the relationship is outside the vessel.
- Starboard - the side of the ship which lies to the right when an observer within the ship faces forward.
- Port - the side of the ship which lies to the left when an observer within the ship faces forward. (A mnemonic to distinguish port and starboard notes that left and port both have four letters. Another incorporates the navigation light: Is there any red port left?)
- (Navigation) Bridge - A structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command centre, itself called by association, the bridge. A bridge usually extends a little beyond the ship's side to enable observation of boats alongside, or the proximity of a dock or lock gate; these projections are called bridge wings. In big vessels, a docking bridge used to be found aft. (See Lord, Walter. A Night to Remember (1976) p.96). It enabled an officer to observe docking manoeuvres before giving orders. RMS Titanic had one but they have been superseded by closed circuit television cameras.
- Bulkheads - internal "walls" in a ship. Bulkheads are the vertical equivalent of decks. They have a structural function as well as dividing spaces. They serve to prevent collapse of the hull under stress, to maintain stability, in the event of flooding, and to contain fire. Many bulkheads feature watertight doors which, in the case of certain types of ships, the crew may close remotely. An internal "wall" that is not load-bearing is usually referred to as a "partition". It is to a bulkhead as a flat is to a deck.
- Cabin - an enclosed room on a deck or flat.
- Capstan - a winch with a vertical axis.
- Coaming - Raised edges of hatches in decks for keeping water and articles free on the deck from falling into the hold.
- Decks - the structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship's general structure. Unlike flats, they are a structural part of the ship.
- Deck Head - The under-side of the deck above. Sometimes panelled over to hide the pipe work. This panelling, like that lining the bottom and sides of the holds, is the ceiling.
- Draft - The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point of the ship or in the part of the ship under consideration.
- Figurehead - symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
- Forecastle - a partial deck, above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the sailors' living quarters.
- Freeboard - The vertical distance from the current waterline to the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.
- Galley - the kitchen of the ship
- Gunwale - Formerly a fabricated band placed for strengthening around the ship at the main or upper deck level to accommodate the stresses imposed by the use of artillery. In later use it is the angle between the ship’s side and upper deck. It remained as a structural member, in wooden boats where it was mounted inboard of the sheer strake regardless of the need for gunnery.
- Bulwark - the extension of the ship's side above the level of the weather deck.
- Hold - In earlier use, below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
- Hull - the shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship
- Keel - the central structural basis of the hull
- Kelson - the timber immediately above the keel of a wooden ship.
- Mast - a spar (in a ship, a very heavy one stepped in the keelson) formerly designed for the support of one or more sails. In modern ships, it is a steel or aluminium fabrication which carries navigation lights, radar antennae etc.
- Prow - a poetical alternative term for bows.
- Scupper - a drainage waterway at the edge of a deck, is drained by a pipe or, on the weather deck, a small opening in the bulwarks, leading overboard. It is called a scupper which is distinct from larger openings with hinged covers on the bulwarks, designed for relieving the ship of large quantities of water in a seaway. These are called freeing ports or wash ports..
- Windlass - A winch mechanism, usually with a horizontal axis. used where mechanical advantage greater than that obtainable by block and tackle was needed.
- Weather deck - whichever deck is that exposed to the weather – usually either the main deck or, in larger vessels, the upper deck.

Some types of ships and boats

- Aircraft carrier
- Auto carrier
- Bulk carrier
- Cable Layer
- Capital ship
- Cargo ship
- Catamaran
- Coaster
- Commerce raider
- Container ship
- Corvette
- Cruise ship
- Cruiser
- Cutter
- Destroyer
- Diving support vessel
- Ferry
- Frigate
- Guided missile cruiser
- Icebreaker
- Junk
- Laker
- Lugger
- Minesweeper
- Minehunter
- Ocean liner
- Panamax
- Reefer (refrigerated ship)
- Research vessel
- RO-RO ship (roll on, roll off)
- Sailing ship
- Sloop
- Submarine
- Supertanker
- Tanker
- Tender
- Train ferry
- Tugboat
- Shipyard
- Yacht

Some historical types of ships and boats

Yacht
- Barque A sailing vessel with three or more masts, fore-and-aft rigged on only the aftermost.
- Barquentine A sailing vessel with three or more masts, square-rigged only on the foremast.
- Battle cruiser A light battleship.
- Battleship a large, heavily-armoured and heavily-gunned warship. A term which generally post-dates sailing warships.
- Bilander
- Bireme An ancient vessel, propelled by two banks of oars.
- Birlinn
- Blockade runner A ship whose current business is to slip past a blockade.
- Brig A two-masted, square-rigged vessel.
- Brigantine A two-masted vessel, square-rigged on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged on the main.
- Caravel
- Carrack
- Clipper
- Cog
- Collier A vessel designed for the coal trade.
- Dreadnought An early twentieth century class of battleship.
- Dromons are the precursors to galleys.
- East Indiaman An armed merchantman belonging to one of the East India companies (Dutch, British etc.)
- Fire ship A vessel of any sort, set on fire and sent into an anchorage with the aim of causing consternation and destruction. The idea is generally that of forcing an enemy fleet to put to sea in a confused, therefore vulnerable state.
- Galleass A sailing and rowing warship, equally well suited to sailing and rowing.
- Galleon A sixteenth century sailing warship.
- Galley A warship propelled by oars with a sail for use in a favourable wind.
- Galliot
- Ironclad A wooden warship with external iron plating.
- Knarr A type of Viking trade ship
- Liberty ship An American merchant ship of the late Second World War period, designed for rapid building in large numbers. (The earliest class of welded ships.)
- Longship A Viking raiding ship
- Man of war A sailing warship.
- Monitor A small, very heavily gunned warship with shallow draft. Designed for land bombardment.
- Paddle steamer A steam-propelled, paddle-driven vessel, a name commonly applied to nineteenth century excursion steamers.
- Pantserschip A Dutch ironclad. By the end of the nineteenth century, the name was applied to a heavy gunboat designed for colonial service.
- Penteconter An ancient warship propelled by 50 oars, 25 on each side.
- Pram A small dinghy, originally of a clinker construction and called in English, as in Danish, a praam. The Danish orthography has changed so that it would now be a pråm in its original language. It has a transom at both ends, the forward one usually small and steeply raked in the traditional design.
- Q-ship A commerce raider camouflaged as a merchant vessel.
- Quinquereme An ancient warship propelled by three banks of oars. On the upper row three rowers hold one oar, on the middle row - two rowers, and on the lower row - one man to an oar.
- Schooner A fore and aft-rigged vessel with two or more masts of which the foremast is shorter than the main.
- Shallop A large, heavily built, sixteenth century boat. Fore and aft rigged. More recently it has been a poetically frail open boat.
- Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) A modern ship design used for Research Vessels and other purposes needing a steady ship in rough seas.
- Steamship A ship propelled by a steam engine.
- Ship of the line A sailing warship of first, second or third rate. That is, with 64 or more guns. Before the late eighteenth century, fourth rates (50-60 guns) also served in the line of battle.
- Torpedo boat A small, fast surface vessel designed for launching torpedoes.
- Tramp steamer A steamer which takes on cargo when and where it can find it.
- Trireme An ancient warship propelled by three banks of oars.
- Xebec
- Victory ship

Quotations

:I must go down to the sea again, to the lonely sea and the sky, :And all I ask is a tall ship, and a star to steer her by... :-John Masefield

External links

- [http://www.shipsystems.net.tf - Reference page]
- [http://www.shipspotting.com/ ShipSpotting.com - shipping image archive]
- Category:Water transport Category:Transportation ja:船舶 ms:Kapal

Hull (ship)

A hull is the body or frame of a ship or boat. It is a central concept in water vessels. The hull is essentially what keeps the water from entering the boat and acts as the walls and floor of the vessel. Nearly all watercraft, from small boats to the largest ships adhere to one general class of hull shapes that serve the needs of stability and efficient propulsion, featuring
- horizontal cross-sections that have narrow, usually pointed, fronts (at the bow),
- smooth widening from the bow until roughly the middle (the beam), and often narrowing smoothly but usually significantly to the extreme end (the stern), whose width may range from a large to an insignificant fraction of the beam width), and
- characteristic vertical cross-sections perpendicular to the beam. Such a cross section will usually feature
- an open top on a small boat (kayaks being the most familar exceptions), or a level deck (with various superstructures) on large boats or on ships,
- below that level, possibly widening and/or narrowing to some extent, smoothly, down the relatively sharp bend called the "knees",
- below the knees, either having a relatively flat bottom or narrowing smoothly to an angled seam at the center, and
- usually featuring either a keel or retractable centerboard at that centerline, or retractable sideboards roughly vertical and close to the most vertical portion of the hull. Nevertheless, other general shapes are feasible; the coracle is a relatively extreme example, and many cargo barges, with all cross-sections close to rectangular, are a radical departure from both the coracle and the tapered hulls described above. Large ships have a bulbous bow to reduce effective drag and thus increase fuel efficiency. Especially important in hulls constructed from materials that are denser than water, such as steel, the hull traps a volume of air that lowers the overall density of the vessel, providing buoyancy so it floats. Hulls constructed of materials that are less dense than water, such as some types of wood, will float even when full of water, barring sufficient weight of heavier-than-water cargo and superstructure. Hulls of the earliest design are thought to have each consisted of a hollowed out tree bole: in effect the first canoes. Hull construction then proceeded to keeled hulls, use of ballast, and on to modern double steel hulls with waterproof sections. In the case of new sailing-ship designs as of 2004, hulls are often made of layers of foam and plastic, forming composite hulls, with a minimum of weight. Variations on the single hull can be found with outriggers, and multihull craft with at least one hull nested inside the outermost one. Hull construction is usually performed in a dry dock or on a slipway.

Oar

An oar is a tool used for marine propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. What distinguishes oars from paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel. Oars generally are fastened to the vessel. Oarsmen generally face the stern of the vessel, reach as far as they can towards the stern, insert the blade of their oar in the water. As they lean back, towards the vessel's bow, the blade of their oars sweeps the water towards the stern, providing forward thrust - see lever. For thousands of years vessels were powered either by sails, or the mechanical work of oarsmen, or paddlers. Some ancient vessels were propelled by either oars or sail, depending on the speed and direction of the wind.

Oars used for transportation

The oars used for transportation come in a variety of sizes. The oars used in small dinghies or rafts can be less than 2 metres long. In classical times warships were propelled by very long oars that might have several oarsmen per oar. These oars could be more than a dozen metres long.

Oars used for competitive rowing

dozen The oars used in competitive rowing are long (250-300 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. The part of the oar the oarsman holds while rowing is called the handle. While rowing, the oars are supported by metal frames attached to the side of the boat called outriggers. Classic oars were made out of wood, but modern oars are made from synthetic material, the most common being glassfiber. Since the use of synthetic materials, the weight of an oar has come down from over 7 kg, to less than 2.5 kg. Commonly, the large paddles used in coxed and coxless pairs, fours, and eights are called oars, while the smallers ones used in the single, double, and quadruple sculls are called sculls. The most commonly used brands of oars are Empacher, Dreissigacker, and Croker.

Oars used as trophies

The sport of competitive rowing has developed a peculiar tradition of using an oar as a momento of significant race wins. A 'trophy oar' is not presented at the end of the race as a more familiar precious metal cup might be, but rather given by the club, school or university that the winning crew or rower represented. A trophy oar is a competition oar that has been painted in the club colours and has then had the details of the race signwritten on the face of the blade. The most common format would have the coat of arms or crest of the club or school positioned in the centre, with the crew names and the race details arranged around this. Many older universities (Oxford and Cambridge would be prime examples) and their colleges have long histories of using the trophy oar and many examples are on display in club houses around the world. Category:Sporting goods Category:Rowing Category:Marine propulsion

Setting pole

A setting pole is a pole, handled by a single individual, made to move watercraft by pushing the craft in the desired direction. Because it is a pushing tool, it is generally used from the stern (back) of the craft. A setting pole is usually made of ash, or a similar resilient wood, and is capped on the ends with metal to withstand the repeated pushing against the bottom and rocks. It can range in length from eight feet (2.5 meters), to over fifteen feet (4.5 meters). A setting pole is best known as the means to propel gondolas in Venice. It is also used in river canoeing for navigating portions of river where the water is too shallow for a paddle to create thrust, or where the desired direction of travel is opposite a current moving faster than paddlers can paddle.

Paddle steamer

A paddle steamer, paddleboat, or paddlewheeler is a ship or boat propelled by one or more paddle wheels driven by a steam engine. Boats with paddle wheels on the sides are also called sidewheelers, while those with a single wheel on the stern are known as sternwheelers. The paddle steamer is obsolete technology and few if any have been built since the 1940s. steam engine The paddle wheel is a large wheel, generally built of a steel framework, upon the outer edge of which are fitted numerous paddle blades (called floats). In the water, the bottom quarter or so of the wheel is underwater. Rotation of the paddle wheel produces thrust, forward or backward as required. More advanced paddle wheel designs have featured feathering methods that keep each paddle blade oriented closer to vertical while it's in the water; this increases efficiency. __NOTOC__ steam engine

Early Developments

The first paddle steamer was the Pyroscaphe built by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy of Lyons in France, in 1783. It had a horizontal double-acting steam engine driving two 13.1 ft (4 m) paddle wheels on the sides of the craft. On July 15, 1783 it steamed successfully up the Saône for fifteen minutes before the engine failed. Political events interupted further development. The next attempt at a paddle-driven steam ship was by the Scottish engineer William Symington. Experimental boats built in 1788 and 1789 worked successfully; in 1802, Symington built a barge-hauler, Charlotte Dundas, for the Forth and Clyde Canal Company. It successfully hauled two 70-ton barges almost 20 miles (30 km) in 6 hours against a strong headwind on test in 1802. There was much enthusiasm, but some directors of the company were concerned about the banks of the canal being damaged by the wash from a powered vessel, and no more were ordered. While Charlotte Dundas was the first commercial paddle-steamer and steamboat, the first commercial success was possibly Robert Fulton's North River Steam Boat in New York, which went into commercial service in 1807 between New York City and Albany. Many other paddle-equipped river boats followed all round the world.

Seagoing paddle steamers

The first sea-going trip of a paddle steamer was that of the Albany in 1808, which steamed from the Hudson River along the coast to the Delaware River. This was purely for the purpose of moving a river-boat to a new market, but the use of paddle-steamers for short coastal trips began soon after that. The first paddle-steamer to make a long ocean voyage was the Savannah, built in 1819 expressly for this service. Savannah set out for Liverpool on May 22, 1819, sighting Ireland after 23 days at sea. This was the first powered crossing of the Atlantic, although Savannah also carried a full rig of sail to assist the engines when winds were favorable. The Sirius in 1838, a fairly small steam packet built for the Cork to London route, became the first vessel to cross the Atlantic under sustained steam power, beating Isambard Kingdom Brunel's much larger Great Western by a day. Great Western, however, was actually built for the transatlantic trade, and its crossing began the regular sailing of powered vessels across the Atlantic. The Beaver was the first coastal steamship to operate in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The largest paddle-steamer ever built was Brunel's Great Eastern, but it also had an additional screw propulsion and sail rigging. She was 692 feet (211 m) long and weighed 32,000 tons, its paddle-wheels being 56 ft (17 m) in diameter. In oceangoing service, the paddle steamer became obsolete rather quickly with the invention of the screw propeller, but they remained in use in coastal service, thanks to their shallow draught and good maneuverability.

Types of paddle steamer

propeller in Nashville is a stern-wheeler showboat.]]There are two basic ways to mount paddle wheels on a ship; a single wheel on the rear, known as a stern-wheeler, and a paddle wheel on each side, known as a side-wheeler. Stern-wheelers have generally been used as riverboats, especially in the United States, where they still operate for tourist use, primarily on the Mississippi River. On a river, the narrowness of a stern-wheeler is preferable. Side-wheelers, meanwhile, have also been used as riverboats, but also commonly as coastal craft. While wider than a stern-wheeler, thanks to the extra width of the paddle wheels and their enclosing pontoons, the side-wheeler has extra maneuverability thanks to the common ability to direct power to one wheel at a time.

Paddle steamers today

Being a long-obsolete technology, the few paddle steamers still operating are deliberate anachronisms, preserved for tourists or as museums. Some paddle steamers still operate on the Mississippi River, as do a couple in the United Kingdom; the coastal paddle steamer PS Waverley, built for service in the Firth of Clyde, is the last seagoing paddle steamer in operation anywhere in the world. It belonged to a commercial ferry company until 1973, at which point it was purchased by a preservation society as an operating museum piece. It sails occasionally in the summer from various British ports. PS Skibladner is the oldest steamship still in regular operation. Built in 1856, it still operates on lake Mjøsa in Norway. The Elbe river paddle steamer fleet in Dresden, Germany, is said to be the oldest and biggest of the world. Switzerland too has a large paddle steamer fleet, most of them by the "Salon-Steamer-type" built by Sulzer in Winterthur or Escher-Wyss in Zürich. There are five active and one inactive on Lake Lucerne, Lake Zürich has two, Lake Brienz and Lake Thun one each, Lake Constance also one. Lake Geneva has three converted to diesel electric power in the 1960s and five real paddle steamers. One of them, the "Montreux" has been reconverted in the year 2000 from diesel-electric to steam with an all-new steam engine. It is the worlds first electronically remote controlled steam engine, thus featuring similar low operation costs like state of the art diesel engines, while producing up to 90 percent less air pollution. See also Steamboat. Category:Marine propulsion Category:Ship types

Pump-jet

A pump-jet or water jet is a marine propulsion system that creates a jet of water for impulse. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and nozzle. Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications; higher power density (with respect to volume) and ultra-quiet designs for submarines, the Trafalgar class is an example. They protect the rotating element in shallow water and are safer around swimmers.

Bangca

The outrigger canoe (Tagalog: bangka; Maori: waka; Hawaiian: wa'a) is a type of canoe featuring one or more lateral support floats known as outriggers, which are fastened to one or both sides of the main hull. The outrigger bestows greater stability and seaworthiness upon a canoe. Smaller canoes often employ a single outrigger on the port side, while larger canoes usually emply a double outrigger configuration.

History

Outrigger canoes were originally developed in the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel. There is speculation that such forms of transport were one means by which early humans migrated to Australia and throughout Polynesia. When Magellan's ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in 1521, Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorro's sailboats far surpassed Magellan's in speed and maneuverability. The technology has persisted into the modern age. Outrigger canoes can be quite large fishing or transport vessels, and in the Philippines, outrigger canoes (called "bangca") are often fitted with gasoline engines. Outrigger canoe racing has become a popular canoeing sport, with numerous clubs located around the world.

External links

- [http://www.kanuculture.com/faq.html Kanu Culture website — outrigger canoe racing FAQs]
- [http://www.sbocc.org Santa Barbara Outrigger Canoe Club] Category:Boat types Category:Canoeing Category:Human powered vehicles ja:アウトリガーカヌー

Barge

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or pushing them. Barges on canals (towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath) contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were outcompeted in the carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport. Barges are still used today for low value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods by barge is very low. Self propelled barges may be used as such when traveling downstream or upstream in placid waters and operated as an unpowered barge with the assistance of a tugboat when traveling upstream in faster waters. Types of barges:
- Barracks barge (living quarters)
- Dry bulk cargo barge (coal, rock, grain, etc.)
- Liquid cargo barge (fresh water, finished petroleum products)
- Railcar barge (with tracks and using special loading/offloading facilities such as a barge slip)
- Vehicular barge, often used to transport vehicles to natural shorelines such as beaches
- Royal barge (ceremonial)
- Lighter On the UK canal system, the term barge is used to describe a boat wider than a narrowboat. The people who move barges are often known as lightermen. In the U.S. deckhands perform the labor and are supervised by a leadman and or the mate. The Captain and Pilot steer the towboat. The towboat pushes one or more barges that are held together with rigging and is called collectively the tow. The crew live aboard the towboat as it travels along the inland river system and or the intracoastal waterways. These towboats travel between ports and are also called line haul boats. A barge pole is used by lightermen to fend off the barge as it nears other vessels or a wharf. These long poles have given rise to the saying, "I wouldn't touch that (subject/thing) with a barge pole." The meaning is that something is so unseemly or contentious that the person wants to avoid it or being associated with it at all costs. A common variation is to say, "I wouldn't touch that with a (insert length) barge pole." Typically the length for small avoidance is "ten foot": The greater the length, the more the sayer feels it is to be avoided. The barge pole mentioned above is properly called a "pike pole."

Etymology

barge is attested from 1300, from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin barga. The word originally could refer to any small boat, the modern meaning arose around 1480. bark "small ship" is attested from 1420, from Old French barque, from Vulgar Latin barca (400 AD). The more precise meaning "three-masted ship" arose in the 17th century, and often takes the French spelling for disambiguation. Both are probably derived from a Latin
- barica, from Greek baris "Egyptian boat", ultimately from m Coptic bari "small boat."

External links

- [http://www.barges.org DBA - Dutch Barge Association] Living aboard ex-commercial barges or any other type of broad-beam inland waterways craft Category:Boat types

Canoe

A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top. In its human-powered form, the canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of canoe. Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull, or kneeling directly upon the hull. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed. Sailing Canoes (see Canoe Sailing) are propelled by means of a variety of sailing rigs. Common classes of modern sailing canoes include the 5sqm and the International 10sqm Sailing canoes. The latter is otherwise known as the International Canoe, and is one of the fastest and oldest competitively sailed boat classes in the western world.

Ambiguity over the word Canoe

Confusingly, the sport of canoeing, organised at the international level by the International Canoe Federation, uses the word canoe to cover both canoes as defined here, and kayaks (see below for a brief description of the differences between a kayak and a canoe). In fact, the sport of canoe polo is exclusively played in kayaks. This confusing use of canoe to generically cover both canoes and kayaks is not so common in North American usage, but is common in Britain, Australia and presumably many parts of the world, both in sporting jargon and in colloquial speech. In these circumstances, the canoe as defined here is sometimes referred to as an open, Canadian, or Indian canoe, though these terms have their own ambiguities. A 'canoe' in this ambiguous sense is a paddled vessel in which the user faces the direction of travel.

Design and construction

The parts of a canoe

canoe polo # Bow # Stern # Hull # Seat # Thwart (a horizontal crossbeam near the top of the hull) # Gunwale (pronounced gunnel; the top edge of the hull) # Deck (a compartment containing a foam block which prevents the canoe from sinking if capsized) Some canoes, particularly those used for extended trips, are equiped with a yoke across the center of the boat. It is designed to allow one person to carry the canoe, and is sometimes molded to the shape of shoulders. Canoe hulls are generally open on top. However, slalom canoes are closed in with a spraydeck, like many kayaks.

Canoe materials

kayak The earliest canoes were made from natural materials:
- Early canoes were wooden, often simply hollowed-out tree trunks. This technology is still practiced in some parts of the world. Modern wooden canoes are typically strip-built by woodworking craftsmen. Such canoes can be very functional, lightweight, and strong, and are frequently quite beautiful works of art.
- Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built canoes of tree bark and sap. The Amazonians commonly used Hymenaea trees. In temperate North America, birch was the preferred tree, with tar mixed into the sap. Modern technology has expanded the range of materials available for canoe construction.
- Wood-and-canvas canoes are made by fastening an external canvas shell to a wooden hull. These use of canvas for this purpose was invented by Union scouts during the United States Civil War.
- Aluminum canoes were first made by the Grumman company in 1944, when demand for airplanes for World War II began to drop off. Aluminum allowed a lighter and much stronger construction than contemporary wood technology. However, a capsized aluminium canoe will sink unless the ends are filled with flotation blocks.
- Composites of fiberglass, Kevlar and carbonfiber are used for modern canoe construction.
- Royalex is another modern composite material that makes an extremely flexible and durable hull. Royalex canoes have been known, after being wrapped around a rock, to be popped back into their original shapes with minimal creasing of the hull.
- Polyethylene is a cheaper and heavier material used for modern canoe construction. Depending on the intended use of a canoe, the various kinds have different advantages. For example, a canvas canoe is more fragile than an aluminum canoe, and thus less suitable for use in rough water; but it is quieter, and so better for observing wildlife. However, canoes made of natural materials require regular maintenance, and are lacking in durability.

Rounded and flat bottoms

A rounded-bottom canoe exhibits poor resistance to tilt. Its initial stability is poor, but its final stability is better. A flat-bottomed canoe has excellent initial stability, but if tilted beyond a threshold, becomes unstable and will capsize. Round-bottomed designs are also able to go over obstructions more easily, due to a small area of contact with the obstruction, though they do have a slightly greater draft. Many canoes are symmetrical about the centerline, but some advanced designs are asymmetrical. Rounded-end canoes are able to turn easily. Angled-end canoes are somewhat resistant to turning, but have greater tracking ability. Tall ends serve little purpose other than catching the wind.

Keels

Keels on canoes will slightly increase the ability to 'track' in a straight line, but decrease the ability to turn quickly to avoid an obstacle. The hull, moving through the water, is much larger than the keel alone, and has considerably more effect on a canoes path through the water. "Shallow Vee"-bottom canoes have an integrated keel-like protrusion of the hull, which increases initial stability. Some sort of keel is beneficial when traveling on open water with crosswinds, but the associated increase in draft is undesirable for whitewater. In aluminum canoes, keels are manufacturing artifacts, where two halves of a hull are joined. In wood-and-canvas canoes, keels are rub-strips to protect the boat from rocks and as they are pulled up on shore. Plastic canoes feature keels for stiffening the hull and allowing internal tubular framing to be flush with the sole of the canoe. Hull shape, particularly the manner in which the hull flows to the bow and stern, along with paddling technique , determine how well (or not) a canoe will track.

Traditional designs around the world

Early canoes in many parts of the world were dugout canoes, formed of hollowed logs. In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean. These canoes can be very large, and were once used for long-distance travel, such as the very large waka used by Māori who ventured to New Zealand many centuries ago. In Hawaii, canoes are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers. In the temperate regions of eastern North America, canoes were traditionally made of a wooden frame covered with bark of a birch tree, pitched to make it waterproof. Later, they were made of a wooden frame, wood ribs, other wood parts (seats, gunwales, etc.) and covered with canvas, sized and painted for smoothness and watertightness.

Use

canvas Canoes have a reputation for instability, but this is not true if they are handled properly. For example, the occupants need to keep their center of gravity as low as possible. Canoes can navigate swift-moving water with careful scouting of rapids and good communication between the paddlers. When two people occupy a canoe, they paddle on opposite sides. For example, the person in the bow (the bowman) might hold the paddle on the port side, with the left hand just above the blade and the right hand at the top end of the paddle. The left hand acts mostly as a pivot and the right arm supplies most of the power. Conversely, the sternman would paddle to starboard, with the right hand just above the blade and the left hand at the top. For travel straight ahead, they draw the paddle from bow to stern, in a straight line parallel to the gunwale.

Steering

The paddling action of two paddlers will tend to turn the canoe toward the opposite side that on which the sternman is paddling. Thus, steering is particularly important, particularly because canoes have flat-bottomed hulls and are very responsive to turning actions. Steering techniques vary widely, even as to the basic question of which paddler should be responsible for steering. Among experienced white water canoeists, the sternman is primarily responsible for steering the canoe, with the exception of two cases. The bowman will steer when avoiding rocks and other obstacles that the sternman cannot see. Also, in the case of backferrying, the bowman is responsible for steering the canoe using small correctional strokes while backpaddling with the sternman. Among less-experienced canoeists, the canoe is typically steered from the bow. The advantage of steering in the bow is that the bowman can change sides more easily than the sternman. Steering in the bow is initially more intuitive than steering in the stern, because to steer to starboard, the stern must actually move to port. On the other hand, the paddler who does not steer usually produces the most forward power or thrust, and the greater source of thrust should be placed in the bow for greater steering stability.

Paddle strokes

- Advocates of steering in the stern often use the J-stroke, which is so named because, when done on the port side, it resembles the letter J. It begins like a standard stroke, but towards the end, the paddle is rotated and pushed away from the canoe with the power face of the paddle remaining the same throughout the stroke. This conveniently counteracts the natural tendency of the canoe to steer away from the side of the sternman's paddle. This stroke is used in reverse by the bowman while backpaddling or backferrying in white water.
- A less elegant but more effective stroke which is used in the stern is the Superior stroke, more commonly referred to as the goon or rudder stroke. Unlike the J-stroke in which the side of the paddle pushing against the water during the stroke (the power face) is the side which is used to straighten the canoe, this stroke uses the opposite face of the paddle to make the steering motion. It is somewhat like a stroke with a small pry at the end of it. This stroke uses larger muscle groups, is preferable in rough water and is the one used in white water. It is commonly thought to be less efficient than the J-stroke when paddling long distances across relatively calm water.
- Another stroke which may be used by either the bow or stern paddler is the pry stroke. The paddle is inserted vertically in the water, with the power face outward, and the shaft braced against the gunwale. A gentle prying motion is applied, forcing the canoe in the opposite direction of the paddling side.
- The running pry can be applied while the canoe is moving. As in the standard pry, the paddle is turned sideways and braced against the gunwale, but rather than forcing the paddle away from the hull, the paddler simply turns it at an angle and allows the motion of the water to provide the force.
- The draw stroke exerts a force opposite to that of the pry. The paddle is inserted vertically in the water at arm's length from the gunwale, with the power face toward the canoe, and is then pulled inward to the paddler's hip. A draw can be applied while moving to create a running or hanging draw.
- The cross-draw stroke is a bowman's stroke that exerts the same vector of force as a pry, by moving the blade of the paddle to the other side of the canoe without moving the paddler's hands. The arm of bottom hand crosses in front of the bowman's body to insert the paddle in the water on the opposite side of the canoe some distance from the gunwale, facing towards the canoe, and is then pulled inward while the top hand pushes outward. The cross-draw is much stronger than the draw stroke.
- The sweep is unique in that it steers the canoe away from the paddle regardless of which end of the canoe it is performed in. The paddle is inserted in the water some distance from the gunwale, facing forward, and is drawn backward in a wide sweeping motion. The paddler's bottom hand is choked up to extend the reach of the paddle. In the case of the bowman, the blade will pull a quarter-circle from the bow to the paddler's waist. If in the stern, the paddler pulls from the waist to the stern of the canoe. Backsweeps are the same stroke done in reverse. Complementary strokes are selected by the bow and stern paddlers in order to safely and quickly steer the canoe. It is important that the paddlers remain in unison, particularly in white water, in order to keep the boat stable and to maximize efficiency. thrust]] There are some differences in techniques in how the above strokes are utilized.
- One of these techniques involves locking or nearly locking the elbow, that is on the side of the canoe the paddle is, to minimize muscular usage of that arm to increase endurance. Another benefit of this technique is that along with using less muscle you gain longer strokes which results in an increase of the power to stroke ratio. This is generally used more with the 'stay on one side' method of paddling.
- The other technique is generally what newer canoeists use and that is where they bend the elbow to pull the paddle out of the water before they have finished the stroke. This is generally used more with the 'it is ok to switch sides' method of paddling.
- The Stay on one side method is where each canoeist takes opposite sides and the sternman uses occasional J-strokes to correct direction of travel.
- The It is ok to switch sides method allows the canoeists to switch sides frequently (usually every 5 to 10 strokes) to maintain their heading. This method is the fastest one on flat water and is used by all marathon canoers in the US and Canada. The method is best performed with bent-shaft paddles.

Setting poles

On swift rivers, the sternman may use a setting pole. It allows the canoe to move through water too shallow for a paddle to create thrust, or against a current too quick for the paddlers to make headway. With skillful use of eddies, a setting pole can propel a canoe even against moderate (class III) rapids.

Sprint Canoes

eddies, Canada.]] Sprint canoes are purpose-built racing boats for use over short to intermetiate distance races (200m to 6km). They are unusual for their long length and incredible instability, a result of their narrow beam (a necessity for a streamlined form and therefore greater speed). A 1-person sprint canoe, termed a C-1, will be roughly seventeen feet long; a tripping canoe of a similar length would be suitable for 2 to 3 people with gear. Sprint canoes are paddled while kneeling on one knee (a person paddling on the left would kneel on their left knee), and the paddler never switches sides; this leads to constant j-stroking in a C-1. Typical boat types are C-1, C-2, C-4 and C-15 (War Canoe). The War Canoe is found mostly in North America, while all other events enjoy some popularity internationally, with concentrations in North America and Europe. Sprint canoeing is an Olympic event for men, but not for women, although women very ably race sprint canoes at many national championships.

Similar boats

- The main difference between a kayak and a canoe is that a kayak is a closed canoe meant to be used with a double-bladed paddle, one blade on each end, instead of a single bladed paddle. The double-bladed paddle makes it easier for a single person to handle a kayak. Kayaks are more commonly enclosed on top with a deck, making it possible to recover from a capsize without the kayak filling with water, although there are also closed canoes, which are common in competition. The deck is an extension of the hull, with a special sheet called a spraydeck sealing the gap between deck and the paddler.
- A rowboat is not really like a canoe, since it is propelled by oars resting in pivots on the gunwales. A single rower works 2 oars, and sits with his or her back toward the direction of travel. Some rowboats, such as a River Dory or a raft outfitted with a rowing frame are suitable for whitewater.
- The outrigger canoe consists of a hull and a secondary floating support.
- The Adirondack guideboat is a rowboat that has similar lines to a canoe. However the rower sits closer to the bilge and uses a set of pinned oars to propel the boat.
- As modern canoe design has progressed, a catagory of whitewater canoe has emerged, often referred to as the "Specialist Open Canoe". The distinguishing design feature of these canoes is their relatively short length, and large amount of rocker allowing them to ride up and over waves and holes and affording them a greater manoeverability. See [http://www.alseg04.f2s.com/cansymp/CanSymp2005/kent/big/timburne-08.jpg this picture] for an example.

External links

- [http://www.canoemuseum.net/ Canadian Canoe Museum]
- [http://www.wcha.org/ Wooden Canoe Heritage Association]
- [http://www.canoekayak.ca/ Canadian Canoe Association]
- [http://www.rideaucanoe.on.ca/ Rideau Canoe Club]
- [http://www.yccc.ca/ YMCA Canoe Camping Club]

References

- The Survival of the Bark Canoe ISBN 0374272077, by John McPhee
- Path of the Paddle ISBN 155209328X, by Bill Mason
- Song of the Paddle ISBN 1552090892, by Bill Mason
- Thrill of the Paddle ISBN 1552094510, by Paul Mason ja:カヌー Category:Canoeing Category:Human powered vehicles Category:Sporting goods Category:Boat types

Cape Islander

A Cape Island style fishing boat is a single keeled flat bottom at the stern and more rounded towards the bow. a Cape Island style boat is famous for its large step up to the bow. Category:Canadian Inventions

Catboat

Description

A catboat (alternate spelling: cat boat), or a cat-rigged sailboat, is a sailing vessel characterized by a single mast carried well forward (i.e., near the front of the boat). Although any boat with a single sail and a mast carried well forward is 'technically' a catboat, the traditional catboat has a wide beam approximately half the length of the boat, a centerboard, and a single gaff-rigged sail. Some catboats such as the Barnegat Bay type and more modern catboat designs carry a Bermuda sail. A jib is sometimes added, but this may require a bowsprit, and technically creates a sloop sail-plan. It is generally accepted that the origin of the catboat type was in New York around 1840 and from there spread east and south as the virtues of the type - simplicity, ease of handling, shallow draft, large capacity - were discovered. Historically, catboats were used for fishing and transport in the coastal waters around Cape Cod, Narragansett Bay, New York and New Jersey. Some were fitted with bowsprits for swordfishing and others were used as 'party boats' with canvas-sided, wood-framed summer cabins that could be rolled up. Around the turn of the 19th century, catboats were adapted for racing, and long booms and gaffs, bowsprits and large jibs were fitted to capture as much wind as possible. The decline of racing and advent of small, efficient gasoline engines eliminated the need for large sailplans, and catboats today are used as pleasure craft for day sailing and cruising, and have the virtues of roominess, stability and simple handling, though many catboats have poorer upwind performance than well-designed sloop-rigged craft. sloop-rigged]] Perhaps the most well-known catboat is the 12-foot Beetle Cat daysailer. Fleets of these one-design boats are found in harbors all across New England, often competing in races. In the 1960's, Breck Marshall based his 18-foot fiberglass Sanderling upon an existing, wooden design. The Sanderling has since become a very popular boat, with more than 700 built, and it has helped to rekindle interest in the catboat. To honor Marshall and his contribution to the type, the Catboat Association funded the construction of the Breck Marshall, a 20-foot catboat built and berthed at Mystic Seaport. The terms catboat and cat-rigged are often confused with catamaran. Catamaran describes the hull structure of a boat (specifically, it refers to two hulls side-by-side) whereas cat-rigged and catboat describe the sail plan and vessel type, respectively. To add to the confusion, some small sporting catamarans are cat-rigged and both terms are abbreviated cat when no ambiguity is foreseen.

External links

- [http://www.catboats.org The Catboat Association website].
- [http://www.marshallmarine.com Marshall Marine Corporation] a manufacturer of traditionally-styled fiberglass catboats
- [http://www.mengercat.com/ Menger Cat] a manufacturer of traditionally-styled fiberglass catboats
- [http://www.beetlecat.com/ Beetle, Inc.] manufacturer of the Beetle Cat daysailer
- [http://www.sailselina.com/ Selina II] the largest surviving vintage catboat
- The [http://www.nonsuch.org International Nonsuch Association] web site. The Nonsuch is a series of cat-rigged cruising boats.

References

Other Types of Sailing Vessels

Category:Boats Category:Boat types Category:Sailing vessels and rigging Category:Sailboat types

Coracle

, Chicago ]] A coracle is a primitive type of boat. It is a light boat, oval in shape, and formed of canvas stretched on a framework of split and interwoven rods, and well-coated with tar and pitch to render it water-tight. According to early writers the framework was covered with horse or bullock hide (corium). So light and portable are these boats that they can easily be carried on the fisherman's shoulders when proceeding to and from his work. Coracle-fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while with the other he plies his paddle. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles are brought to touch and the fish is then secured. bullock 1972]] The coracle forms a unique link between the modern life of Wales and its remote past. This primitive type of boat was in existence amongst the Britons at the time of the invasion of Julius Caesar, who has left a description of it, and even employed it in his Spanish campaign. They were historically common in the British Isles, but are now only rarely seen in areas of West Wales and Shropshire, notably on the River Severn. The Welsh Rivers Teifi and Tywi are the best places to find coracles in Wales, although the type of coracle differs depending on the river. On the Teifi they are most frequently seen between Cenarth, and Cilgerran and the village of Llechryd. There is a Coracle Society based in Shropshire and their President is currently Sir Peter Badge. The society was present at the 2005 Shrewsbury River Festival, where they displayed various coracles on the River Severn. There is also an Annual Coracle Regatta held in Ironbridge in August. Ironbridge (August 2002)]] The Irish currach or curragh is a similar, but larger, vessel still in use today. Curachs were also used in the west of Scotland: :"The curach or boat of leather and wicker may seem to moderns a very unsafe vehicle, to trust to tempestuous seas, yet our forefathers fearlessly committed themselves in these slight vehicles to the mercy of the most violent weather. They were once much in use in the Western Isles of Scotland, and are still found in Wales. The framework [in Gaelic] is called crannghail, a word now used in Uist to signify a frail boat." (Reference: Dwelly’s [Scottish] Gaelic Dictionary: Curach) There is a public house in Sundorne, Shrewsbury called "The Coracle". It uses a picture of a man using one on a river as its pub sign. Other related craft include the Native American Bullboat, the Iraqi Gufa, the Indian Parisal, Vietnamese Thung-Chai, and the Ku-Dru and Kowas of Tibet. Category:Boat types Category:History of Shropshire Category:History of Wales Category:River Severn

Cutter

For other meanings, see cutter (baseball), cutter (tool) and self-harm. self-harm A cutter is any of several types of small water vessel. A classic cutter is any sailing vessel with two or more head sails and a mast which is set further aft (to the rear of the vessel) than that of a sloop. The term is English in origin and refers to a specific type of vessel, namely, "a small, decked ship with one mast and bowsprit, with a gaff mainsail on a boom, a square yard and topsail, and two jibs or a jib and a staysail." (Peter Kemp, editor, The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea; London: Oxford University Press, 1976; pp. 221-222.) Historically, a cutter is any vessel used in law enforcement duties of Great Britain's Royal Customs Service, United States Department of the Treasury's Revenue Cutter Service (1790 to 1915) which merged in 1915 to become United States Coast Guard, or the equivalent in other fleets. They were commonly schooners or brigs. Cutters in the modern Coast Guard are fast, lightly-armed and frequently used in patrol work. In the U.S. Coast Guard, a "cutter" is any Coast Guard vessel, with a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew. See chapter 10 [http://www.uscg.mil/ccs/cit/cim/directives/CIM/CIM_5000_3B.pdf USCG Regulations] (Cutters are traditionally 65 ft. or greater in length). Larger cutters, over 180 feet (55 m) in length, are under control of area commands (Atlantic area or Pacific area). Cutters at or under 180 feet in length come under control of district commands. Cutters usually have a motor surf boat and/or a rigid hull inflatable boat on board. Polar Class icebreakers also carry an Arctic survey boat (ASB) and landing craft.

External links

- [http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/history/collect.html U. S. Coast Guard Historian's Office]
- [http://www.uscg.mil/datasheet/dataindx.htm Cutter Datasheets] from USCG web site Category:Ship types Category:Sailing vessels and rigging Category:Sailboat types

Dhow

.]] A dhow is a traditional arab sailing vessel with one or more triangular sails, called lateens. It is indigenous to the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula, India, and East Africa. A larger dhow may have a crew of approximately thirty while smaller dhow have crews typically ranging around twelve. For celestial navigation, dhow sailors have traditionally used the kamal. This observation device determines latitude by finding the angle of the Pole Star above the horizon. horizon Up to the 1960s, dhows made commercial journeys between the Persian Gulf and East Africa using only sails as a means of propulsion. The freight was mostly dates and fish to East Africa and mangrove timber to the lands in the Persian Gulf. They sailed south with the monsoon in winter or early spring and back again to Arabia in late spring or early summer.

Types of dhow

- Ghanjah - a large vessel with a curved stem and a sloping, ornately carved transom.
- Baghlah - the traditional deep-sea dhow
- Battil - featured long stems topped by large, club-shaped stem heads
- Badan - a smaller vessel requiring a shallow draught

External links

- http://www.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/dhow.html
- http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/Land/Dhow.html
- http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Ibn_Battuta_Trip_Four.html
- [http://www.kuwaitboom.com/history/eng_ver/eng_main.htm Dhows of Kuwait] Category:Sailing Category:Boat types Category:Arabic words ja:ダウ船

Dory

:For the fishes known as dories, see dory (fish). A dory is a small, shallow-draft boat of approximately 5 to 7 m (15 to 22 ft) in length. Lightweight and versatile, these boats are used in the open sea for commercial fishing applications, as well as in whitewater rafting on interior rivers. McKenzie River Dory versions usually seat from two or three to four people including the oarsman. The hullform is characterized by flat sides angled approx. 30 degrees from the vertical, and a bottom that is transversely flat and arced fore-and-aft. (This curvature is known as 'rocker'.) The stern is frequently a raked surface that tapers sharply toward the bottom forming an nearly double-ended boat. Nested stacks of dories were frequently carried on the decks of fishing schooners out to the fishing grounds, where they were then deployed to lay longlines or tend nets. More glamorously, dories were once used to travel dangerous whitewater rivers, where their superior maneuverability made them preferable over other watercraft available at the time. They have since been supplanted in this purpose by inflatable rafts which require less skill and are generally more durable for collisions with rocks. However, fishing guides on many western U.S. rivers still use drift dories because of their maneuverability and ability to be rowed upstream. Additionally, their high rocker and extremely shallow draft give them low resistance to the flow of water, effectively holding the boat in place for the prolonged fishing of holes in the river. Typically salmon, trout, and steelhead are fished for this way. The double-ended nature of a dory makes it very suitable for these uses in broken water. As with the more elabourately-built surf boats used in various parts of the world, and the old, pulling whalers, the form of their stern allows the boat to rise to a following sea without the boat's broaching to. ---- The term "dory" is also used for a different and otherwise unrelated type of modern boat. This is a rectangular plastic or fibreglass dinghy with a cathedral hull, used as a working boat, tender, or fishing platform. The rectangular shape provides maximum space for a given length and beam. Its cathedral hull makes it extremely stable while still being easily-driven and hence reasonably fast with a small outboard. ---- One renowned authority on dories is John Gardner. He has written extensively regarding the history and design of the dory. His book "The Dory Book" (International Marine Publishing) is very good. He is quite a traditionalist, and most of his work appears to be related to East coast dories, with little mention of the West coast McKenzie River dory or the surf dories on the Oregon coast. ---- Dory was also the name of a small fish in the Pixar film Finding Nemo. Voiced by Ellen DeGeneres, Dory was accompaniment and a friend to Marlin, the father of the title character, Nemo, who got lost in the ocean after a deep sea diver collected him to be added to the diver's personal fish tank.

External links

- [http://www.oars.com/htdocs/grandcanyon/dories.html Historical use of dories in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River] Category:Boat types

Durham Boat

The Durham Boat was a large wooden boat produced by the Durham Boat Company of Durham Township, Pennsylvania. They were designed by company owner Robert Durham to navigate the Delaware River and thus transport the products produced by the Durham Forges and Durham Mills to Trenton, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were flatbottomed boats with high vertical side which ran parallel to each other up to a point 12 to 14 feet from the boat's ends, where they then tapered. The boats were constructed of 1.25 inch thick planks and measured 60 feet long by 8 feet wide by 42 inches deep. They displaced a draft of 3.5 feet when light and 28 inches when fully loaded. They were designed to be able to carry a maximum load of 17 tons while traveling downstream and two tons while traveling upstream. Thus they could carry 150 barrels of flour or 600 bushels of corn. It took three men to operate the boats. Moving downstream they used 12 foot to 18 foot long "setting poles" mainly for steering and when moving upstream they used these poles to push the boats upriver. The crew walked back and forth on "walking boards" built into the sides of the boats. Some were later fitted fr the use of oars. These boats are most famous for their use in Washington's crossing of the Delaware during the American Revolution.

External links

- [http://www.10crucialdays.org/html/durham.htm Images and history of the boats] Category:Water transport Category:Ship types

Felucca

For the fictional moon, see Felucca (Ultima). Felucca (Ultima) Felucca (Ultima) Felucca (Ultima)]] Felucca (Ultima)] A felucca is a traditional wooden sailing boat used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean including Malta, and particularly along the Nile in Egypt. Its rig consists of one or two lateen sails. They are usually able to board ten-some passengers and the crew consists of two, three people. Despite being obsoleted by motorboats and ferries, feluccas are still in active use as a means of transport in Nile-adjacent cities like Aswan or Luxor. They are especially popular among tourists who can enjoy their quieter and calmer mood than motorboats have to offer.

San Francisco's feluccas

Americans are largely unaware of the fleet of lateen-rigged feluccas that thronged San Francisco's docks even before the construction of the state-owned Fisherman's Wharf in 1884. They were built by southern Italian immigrants (who called them "silene"). The light small maneuverable feluccas were the mainstay of the fishing fleet of San Francisco Bay. "These workhorses featured a mast that angled, or raked, forward sharply, and a large triangular sail hanging down from a long, two-piece yard" John Muir described them. The felucca of the Red Sea is depicted on a postage stamp of British Aden (illustration, left).

External link

- [http://www.nps.gov/safr/local/wharf.html John Muir, "Tides of change: Fisherman's Wharf, 1870 - 1930"]: maritime detail from the classic observer.

Reference

Vincent Zammit, The Gilded Felucca and Maltese Boatbuilding Techniques Category:Boat types

Ferry

A ferry is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on scheduled services. Ferries have also been used to transport railroad cars and were once common in the San Francisco Bay Area. Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, is sometimes called a waterbus or water taxi.

Notable ferry services

water taxi]] Longer-run ferries connect coastal islands with the mainland. A route of this type connects Great Britain with the rest of Europe across the English Channel, connecting mainly to French ports, such as Calais, Cherbourg and Le Havre. Large ferries also sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, but they can also carry hundreds of cars on car decks. In Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO - "roll-on, roll-off" - for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. In Australia, three Spirit of Tasmania ferries carry passengers and vehicles 300 km across the Bass Strait, which separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland. These run overnight but also include additional day crossings in peak time. All three ferries are based in the northern Tasmanian port city of Devonport; two ferries travel the route to Melbourne, Victoria, and the third to Sydney, New South Wales. Hong Kong has the Star Ferry and the First Ferry. Due to the numbers of large freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada, many provinces and territories have ferry services. BC Ferries, British Columbia, carries travellers between Vancouver Island and the B.C. mainland. It also services other islands including the Gulf Islands and the Queen Charlotte Islands. In Ontario, a popular ferry service that transports the public, as well as goods and services, is the Chi-Cheemaun. Toronto also has a ferry service that shuttles beach-goers, tourists and aircraft passengers between the downtown core and Toronto Island beach and airport. The island province of Newfoundland is accessible only by air or by Marine Atlantic ferries; Prince Edward Island was only connected to the mainland by ferries until the opening of the