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Zao

Zao

Zao may refer to:
- Zao, a character in the James Bond film Die Another Day.
- Zao, a Christian metalcore band with hardcore punk influences.
- Zao, a French Zeuhl band.
- Mount Zao, a mountain in northern Japan.

Zao (James Bond)

Zao is a henchman in the James Bond film Die Another Day. He is played by Rick Yune.

Bio

He was originally an employee of Colonel Tan-Sun Moon as the Colonel illegally dealt in arms in the Demilitarized Zone of North Korea. Bond, posing as diamond smuggler van Beerg, infiltrated Moon's base as part of a MI6 operation, hoping to exchange diamonds for arms and expose Moon. The case of diamonds was rigged with explosives and blew up, embedding several stones in Zao's face. Moon was supposedly killed in the assault. Zao was found and arrested by the UN forces in Korea. Bond was held captive by Moon's father, General Moon. 14 months later, MI6 received intelligence that Bond may soon crack under the pressure and reveal vital information, so a trade was arranged - Zao for Bond. Following Moon, Zao travelled to Cuba, planning to receive gene therapy to alter his appearance. However, Bond found the lab and halted the procedure. Zao, though, escaped again. Zao caught up with Moon, now Sir Gustav Graves, in Iceland, as Graves was about to reveal his Icarus space project. Bond, however, had figured out Graves' true identity. Ordered to kill Bond, Zao gets in his modified Jaguar XKR and engages in a chase with Bond and his Aston Martin Vanquish across Iceland. The chase led back to the ice palace, where Zao lost control of his car and it plunged into the melting ice. Bond shot down a chandelier which landed on Zao, mortally wounding him. Category:James Bond villains

Die Another Day

Die Another Day is the twentieth James Bond film made by EON Productions and the fourth and final film to star Pierce Brosnan as Ian Fleming's James Bond. It was released in 2002 and produced by Bond veterans Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. It is the first film to not feature Desmond Llewelyn as Q since Live and Let Die (1973). Die Another Day, being the twentieth Bond film and also being released the year of the Bond film's "40th Anniversary", pays homage in some sort of way to every previous official James Bond film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246460/trivia]. It also additionally references several Fleming novels as well as novels by other official Bond authors.

Overview

The movie departs from the usual Bond formula in several ways. Die Another Day begins with an action set-piece which, instead of a comic ending, ends with Bond captured by the North Korean army, after which he is tortured for fourteen months, depicted in a stylized manner through the title sequence. The movie also shows some attempts to improve the appeal of Bond to a younger audience, featuring two separate scenes of Bond surfing, a more contemporary soundtrack (by David Arnold), and extensive use of The Matrix-style slow-motion pans. Critical reaction to the film was mixed, even allowing for the typical disdain of action films (and of sequels) held by many reviewers. Many felt that it was merely a tired retread of old ideas, and the attempts to appeal to a younger audience were unsuccessful; supporters of the film counter that the so-called "retread of old ideas" was simply the film paying homage to earlier Bond films, adding that Bond's incarceration and torture at the start of the movie sufficiently broke the pattern of recent Bond films. Some also felt that the extensive use of CGI special effects detracted from one of the major appeals of the older films—that the stunts, however preposterous, were actually performed. The quality of the CGI effects in some scenes was also criticized; compare the action sequence at the beginning (Bond's near-escape in Northern Korea using hovercrafts) and the parachute-assisted surfing stunt at the end. Marketing for the film was also criticized by some fans. In previous Bond films (with the exception of On Her Majesty's Secret Service) the actor to portray Bond is undoubtedly the top-billed star with all other actors in a supporting role; however with Die Another Day Bond girl Halle Berry had been elevated to co-star status with Pierce Brosnan; at least one of the film's posters gives Berry equal billing with Brosnan. The film also elicited poor opinions across the Korean peninsula, with the North unhappy with its portrayal as a brutal, war-hungry state, whilst many South Koreans were offended by a romantic scene conducted in a Buddhist temple and a scene where an American officer issues orders to the South Korean army in the defense of their own homeland. Regardless of these criticisms, Die Another Day is one of the most successful James Bond films to date and is the current title-holder for highest grossing James Bond film taking in roughly $432 million in ticket sales worldwide [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dieanotherday.htm] (some sources claim as high as $456 million [http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2002/JB20.html]). According to MGM/UA the film grossed $432 million worldwide not counting the Japanese gross, and $456 million worldwide counting the Japanese gross. Some sources that list the $432 million gross figure have simply not counted the gross from Japan. Die Another Day was the first movie since Live and Let Die to not feature Desmond Llewelyn, who had died in 1999 just after the release of The World Is Not Enough. John Cleese, formerly of Monty Python's Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers takes over the role of Q; however, it is clear that he is playing a different character (who had been introduced as Q's assistant in The World Is Not Enough. Cleese's Q refers to his "his predecessor" in one scene).

Plot summary

The plot, reminiscent of Moonraker, Diamonds Are Forever and GoldenEye, involves billionaire businessman Gustav Graves, who through Cuban genetic engineering, is actually a North Korean Colonel (Colonel Moon) who in the pre-title sequence was supposedly killed by Bond. The film's title, Die Another Day, refers to Colonel Moon surviving his first encounter with 007. Upon meeting later in the film Bond comments, "So you live to die another day." Graves' scheme involves the construction of an orbital mirror system made of diamonds that will supposedly focus solar energy on a small area to light the Arctic nights, however, in truth the orbital mirror system is actually a superweapon designed to destroy the demilitarized zone that separates North Korea from South Korea. Bond, with the aid of NSA agent Jinx (played by Halle Berry), defeats Gustav Graves, whose other major technotoy is an exoskeleton equipped with a high-voltage electric weapon, and prevents global catastrophe, along the way bedding both Jinx and Graves' assistant, the blond "ice queen" Miranda Frost. Frost, in a succession of twists, is first revealed to be working for MI6, then later as a double agent for Graves.

Cast & characters

- James Bond - Pierce Brosnan
- Giacinta 'Jinx' Johnson - Halle Berry
- Gustav Graves - Toby Stephens
- Miranda Frost - Rosamund Pike
- Zao - Rick Yune
- Colonel Moon - Will Yun Lee
- General Moon - Kenneth Tsang
- M - Judi Dench
- Q - John Cleese
- Raoul - Emilio Echevarría
- Damian Falco - Michael Madsen
- Mr. Kil - Lawrence Makoare
- Vlad - Mikhail Gorevoy
- Miss Moneypenny - Samantha Bond
- Charles Robinson - Colin Salmon
- Verity - Madonna
- Peaceful Fountains of Desire - Rachel Grant
- Mr. Chang - Ho Yi
- General Chandler - Michael G. Wilson

Crew

- Directed by: Lee Tamahori
- Written by: Neal Purvis, Robert Wade
- Produced by: Michael G. Wilson, Barbara Broccoli
- Composed by: David Arnold
- Cinematography by: David Tattersall
- Production design by: Peter Lamont

Soundtrack

Peter Lamont The theme music to Die Another Day with the title of the same name was written and sung by Madonna. Madonna also had a small cameo in the movie as Verity, a leather-clad fencing instructor. The soundtrack was composed by David Arnold; this is his third time composing for a James Bond movie. The soundtrack was released on Warner Bros. Records (Madonna's label). Although the Bond films have a longstanding connection with the pop music world, the choice of Madonna's song, coupled with the use of The Clash's "London Calling", proved wildly controversial with some fans who felt the two pieces of music were somehow inappropriate for a Bond movie. "London Calling" was used briefly in the film as Bond returns to England via British Airways; at the time, the airline was using the song in American radio and television commercials. Madonna's theme song was unusual in that it was presented in a credit sequence that actually moved the film's plot along (as opposed to all previous Bond film titles which are standalone set pieces - an exception being the third segment of the Dr. No titles). The concept of the song/title sequence was that it represented Bond trying to keep his sanity during 18 months of torture at the hands of the North Koreans. The divided opinion over the "Die Another Day" theme is evidenced in that it was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song as well as for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song (2002).

Track listing

# "Die Another Day" - Madonna # "Bond Vs. Oakenfold" - (Oakenfold mix) # "Gun Barrel / On The Beach" # "How Do You Intend To Kill Me Now, Mr. Bond?" # "Hovercraft Chase" # "Kiss Of Life" # "Peaceful Fountains Of Desire" # "Welcome To Cuba" # "Jinx Jordan" # "Wheelchair Access" # "Jinx And James"

Vehicles and gadgets

- Aston Martin Vanquish V12 - The car is equipped with all the usual refinements including front-firing rockets, hood mounted guns, and passenger ejector seat that was a homage to original Aston Martin DB5 that Bond drove in Goldfinger. The car was also equipped with an adaptive camouflage device, that allowed it to become invisible to the naked eye at the push of a button (although it could still be detected in infrared.)
- Jaguar XKR - While not technically a Bond car, this car was driven by the criminal Zao. Like Bond's car, it came equipped with guns mounted on its hood, missiles, and it could launch mortar shells.
- Ford Thunderbird - Although only in the movie for a short period of time, the vehicle was marketed as a Bond car. Jinx drives the 2002 Ford Thunderbird up to Graves ice palace. It's unknown what type of gadgets, if any, were installed.
- 1957 Ford Fairlane convertible - When Bond departs Raoul's villa, he borrows his convertible when 007 requests a fast car.
- Glass Shattering Ring - This ring, given to Bond by Q-Branch, emits a high pitch sound that shatters any glass it's near.
- Rebreather - Seen only briefly (when Bond is swimming under the ice), the rebreather is along the same design as the one in Thunderball, allowing the user a short supply of oxygen.
- Watch - Seen in the pre-title sequence, the watch included a concealed explosives detonator, activated by turning the bezel. Later in the movie he receives another watch, which is revealed to contain a laser powerful enough to cut a hole in the frozen surface of a lake.
- Surfboard - Also seen in the pre-title sequence, Bond's surfboard includes a trick compartment which houses a Walther P99 (and silencer), 2 bricks of C4 explosive and a GPS equipped knife.

Locations

Film locations

- Puk'chong, North Korea
- Korean DMZ
- Havana, Cuba
- Hong Kong
- Isla Los Organos, Cuba
- Iceland

Shooting locations

- Pinewood Studios / Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage
- London, England
- Iceland
- Maui, Hawaii
- RAF Odiham, United Kingdom - as "U.S. Command Bunker, DMZ"
- Church Crookham, Hampshire, England - as Korean border
- Cádiz, Spain
- The Eden Project, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Holywell Bay, Newquay, Cornwall

Novelisation

Newquay The novelisation to Die Another Day was written by the then current official James Bond writer, Raymond Benson based on the screenplay by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. Like the movie, the novel also featured many references to past Bond movies and novels. A few months after its publication, it was announced that Benson was retiring as the official James Bond novelist, and Ian Fleming Publications (owners of the Bond literary franchise) announced that the series was going on hiatus. A new series of Bond novels was launched in 2005, however these books focus on Bond's adventures as a teenager (Young Bond). As result, Die Another Day, the novel, is for the time being the final literary adventure featuring Bond as originally conceived by Ian Fleming.

Jinx spinoff

Berry's performance was heavily criticized by many reviewers and fans, though ironically she won an Academy Award for Best Actress (for Monster's Ball) in the midst of filming, making her only the second actor after Christopher Walken to be an Oscar-winner at the time of their appearance in an official Bond film (Judi Dench also won an Oscar in 1999, but this was after her debut in the series). Regardless of these criticisms, the character of Jinx was nonetheless popular enough that MGM announced plans for the first-ever James Bond spin-off movie based upon the character and starring Halle Berry. Stephen Frears was attached to direct. MGM abruptly cancelled production in late 2003 to focus on the next James Bond film, Casino Royale. Some film critics have speculated that the cancellation may have been connected to the box office underperformance of several female-led action films in 2003, most notably Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life.

Trivia

- First 007 film to take place in three Communist states - North Korea, People's Republic of China (a portion of the plot is set in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region), and Cuba.
- A number of items inside Q's lab appeared in previous James Bond films, including such memorable gadgets as the rocket belt, shoe with poison-tipped blade, Acrostar minijet, and the alligator boat among many others.
- It has been suggested that Richard Branson was the inspiration for the Graves character.
- The character Wai Lin, played by Michelle Yeoh in Tomorrow Never Dies was originally supposed to make her return, aiding Bond in Hong Kong, but no arrangement could be worked out with the actress and she was replaced by Chinese Intelligence agent (and hotelier) Chang. Wai Lin's presence is confirmed by an extra on the DVD release concerning the writing of the script: Barbara Broccoli is shown leafing through an early script, and it clearly contains lines for Wai Lin.
- On Bond's flight to London, the flight attendant who serves him a vodka martini is played by Roger Moore's daughter, Deborah Moore.
- The magazine with the picture of Gustav Graves that Bond reads on his flight to London is actually the real November 2002 in-flight magazine for British Airways. The magazine does in fact have an interview with Toby Stephens about playing the role of Graves.
- The book A Field Guide to the Birds of the West Indies by James Bond, the ornithologist whose name inspired Ian Fleming, is picked up by Bond with a pair of binoculars in a scene that takes place in Havana. Bond also calls himself an ornithologist when Jinx asks him what he does.
- Although the basic plot and the title do not derive from any James Bond novel, this is the first film since 1989's Licence to Kill to include notable elements from the Bond books, In particular, the Korean villain, Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, has a similar name to that of Colonel Sun, the villain in Kingsley Amis's Bond novel of the same name. Plus, a number of elements from Fleming's original novel Moonraker are included. In that novel, a Nazi adopts a new identity and becomes a popular British multi-millionaire. That villain donates millions to create a "Moonraker" missile which is supposed to be for Britain's protection but is actually meant to destroy London. The parallels between that plot and Die Another Day's plot are apparent. In addition, the club called Blades, a fencing club in this film, was featured as a card club in Moonraker. The character of Miranda Frost was originally named Gala Brand, the same name as the Bond girl in the original Moonraker novel.
- A few weeks before the film was released, TV news reports broke the story that Sean Connery had filmed a cameo appearance in this movie, possibly as Bond's father. The producers of the film strongly deny any such appearance had been considered, let alone filmed, so the origin of this news report remains a mystery.
- The title is taken from a poem by A. E. Housman: "But since the man that runs away/Lives to die another day...".
- According to a report printed in the Daily Mirror newspaper on January 6, 2001, actor Edward Woodward (best known for his TV series Callan and The Equalizer) was being "lined up" to take over the role of M in Die Another Day (which, at the time the article was printed, had the working title Beyond the Ice). According to the Mirror article, a subplot was planned for the film which would have seen Judi Dench's M retiring.[http://commanderbond.net/Public/Stories/159-1.shtml]
- During many parts of the movie (most notably the action sequences; i.e. the fight scene at the Cuban clinic) some of the bars of John Barry's song On Her Majesty's Secret Service (from the movie of the same name) can be heard repeatedly intertwined with the other background music.
- This is the first occasion in which the lead villain is played by two different actors within the same film.
- The flesh wound comment refers to Monty Python and the Holy Grail, in which John Cleese starred and co-wrote

External links

-
- [http://www.jamesbond.com/ Official site] Die Another Day (novelization) Category:2002 books Category:2002 films Category:Science fiction films Category:James Bond films Category:Madonna films ja:007 ダイ・アナザー・デイ

Zao (band)

Also see Zao (disambiguation) Zao is a metalcore band with hardcore punk influences. They came onto the scene in 1994. Originally formed in Ohio and West Virginia, Zao pioneered the Christian metalcore genre, though they have now gone on record to say that they no longer consider themselves a 'Christian band'. The word "zao" is Greek for "Alive". They are currently signed with Ferret Records and were previously signed to Solid State Records.

Feedback

Ferret Records stated, "The lion's share of the credit for crossing faith-based music into a then-politically motivated and secular only hardcore scene lays squarely on Zao's shoulders. Remember a time when a Carcass-inspired hiss or a melodic chorus seemed crazy? That was the time before Zao." [http://www.ferretstyle.com/artist.php?aid=27]

Band members

Current members

- Daniel Weyandt - vocals and bass - (1997-)
- Russ Cogdell - guitar - (1997-)
- Scott Mellinger - guitar - (1999-)
- Marty Lunn - bass - (2005-)
- Jeff Gretz - drums - (2004-)

Former members

- Shawn Koschik - bass - (2004)-(2005)
- Joshua Ashworth - touring vocalist (2003)-(2004)
- Matt Auxier (touring guitarist 2001-2002)
- Corey Darst - touring vocalist - (2001-2002)
- Shawn Jonas - vocals - (1996-1997)
- Roy Goudy -founding member, guitar - (1993-1997)
- Rob Horner - bass - (1999-2000)
- Brett Detar - guitar - (1998)
- Mic Cox --founding member, bass - (1993-1997)
- Jesse Smith - founding member, drums - (1993-2004)
- Stephen Peck - drums - (2004)-(2005)
- Eric Reeder--founding member, first lead vocalist (1993-1995)
- Ron Gray-touring guitarist (1997-1998)
- Kevin Moran-touring bassist (1997)

Discography

- Conflict(self released 4 song demo tape)- (1994)
- The Ties That Bind (split with Outcast) - (1995)
- Split With Through And Through- (1995)
- All Else Failed - (1995)
- The Splinter Shards the Birth of Separation - (1997)
- Where Blood And Fire Bring Rest - (1998)
- Training for Utopia & Zao Split EP - (1998)
- Liberate Te Ex Inferis - (1999)
- (Self Titled) - (2000) (real title was (Self-Titled); not an eponymous release)
- Parade of Chaos - (2002)
- All Else Failed (Re-release) - (2003)
- Legendary - (2004)
- The Funeral Of God - (2004)

Side Projects & Other Bands

The following is a list of other bands in which Zao members have been involved, and the Zao members who were involved with them (possibly incomplete). Most of these bands were short-lived, so little is known about them, apart from the fact that at least one Zao member played in each.
- Catchpenny (Gretz)
- Conelrad (Gretz)
- Crank Radio (Gretz)
- Creation is Crucifixion (Mellinger)
- Entrust (Darst)
- Eyes Upon Separation (Jonas, Darst, Auxier)
- Gods (Smith)
- Grand National Hustler (Weyandt)
- Into The Looking Glass
- Jade Meridian (Cogdell, Mellinger, Koschik, Peck) - melodic hard rock band founded in 1998; still active. Has performed with Zao at Cornerstone Festivals, but has not released any full-length albums.
- Los Capitanos (Cogdell, Weyandt, Peck) - became States of Melba
- Monroe- (Jonas, Goudy, Cox, Smith)- stress relief from ZAO
- Nodar (Koschik, Cogdell) - recorded two songs; both are available at [http://www.plaine.net/nodar.html their site]
- Pensive (Detar)
- Pop Weaver (Koschik)
- Seasons In The Field (Weyandt, Cogdell, Peck) - recorded a split with Pensive
- Society's Finest (Ashworth)
- States of Melba (Cogdell, Peck) - still active as of 2005; [http://www.statesofmelba.8k.com official website] indicates they have released a demo
- Symphony in Peril (Jonas)
- The American Spectator (Smith) - two-drummer project; also featured the Clark brothers from Demon Hunter and Sean Ingram and James Dewees of Coalesce, but never released any material.
- The Juliana Theory (Detar)
- the opd (Gretz)
- The Pretty Weapons (Darst, Auxier)
- The Underwater (Smith) - started after Smith left Zao
- They That Kill Their Masters (Weyandt) - grindcore project active during the time in which Weyandt was briefly not in Zao
- Through the Eyes of Katelyn (Smith) - recorded one album for Takehold Records

External links

- [http://www.zaoonline.com Zao Official Homepage]
- [http://www.ferretstyle.com/artist.php?aid=27 Ferret Records: Zao]
- [http://www.darklyrics.com/z/zao.html Zao Lyrics] Category:Christian rock Category:Hardcore punk groups Category:Metalcore groups Category:Christian musical groups

Christian

:This article is about the religious people known as Christians; for the 1980s British music group, see The Christians.
For other uses of the term Christian, see Christian (disambiguation). As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation "Christ", which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. The first known usage of this term can be found in the New Testament of the Bible, in Acts 11:26. The term was first used to derogate those known or perceived to be disciples of Christ. As an adjective, the term may describe an object associated with Christianity. For many this also means to be a member or adherent of one of the organized religious denominations of Christianity. The term Christian means "belonging to Christ" and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means "anointed one," which is itself a translation of the Hebrew word Moshiach (Hebrew: משיח, also written "Messiah"), (and in Arabic it is pronounced Maseeh مسيح). According to the New Testament, those who followed Jesus as his disciples were first called Christians by those who did not share their faith, in the city of Antioch. Xian or Xtian is another word used to describe Christians and is similar to using Xmas in place of Christmas; the X or Xt used as a contraction for "Christ" ("X" resembles the Greek letter Χ (Chi), the first letter of "Christ" in Greek (Χριστός [Christos]). The term "Christian" is used by various groups with diverse beliefs to describe themselves. Some groups, such as Born Again Christians and others, use a very strict definition of "Christian". They believe to be Christian one must agree and follow the doctrines set forth in the Bible alone. Many Christians are grouped into ecclesial communities called denominations which are separated by certain aspects of their respective beliefs and theologies. The liturgical denominations, including Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, Roman and Eastern Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism, along with many constituent components of the reformed traditions of Presbyterianism, Methodism, Moravianism, et al., teach that the title Christian is honorificly bestowed upon those who have received the sacrament of Baptism, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Most of these groups advocate infant baptism, or paedobaptist (beside that of adult converts). Others who refer to themselves as Christian only require that one believes that Jesus is the Son of God, that he died, and that he was resurrected from the dead, to claim the term Christian. Yet other Christian denominations require a formal commitment to become a member such as baptism in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, such as with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Baptism for the LDS church is done once an individual has achieved an age of accountability, held to be the age of eight years, or when an individual joins the church as a convert. Other denominations (The Church of Christ, International Churches of Christ, and the Independent Christian Churches) teach that the definition of a Christian is someone who has been baptized as a repenting adult “in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.”– (Matthew 28:19). For them, adult baptism is the transition from non-Christian to Christian. These varying definitions arise from different biblical interpretations and differences regarding the authority of scripture in context with tradition. A small but significant minority of ecclesiastical groups are often referred to as Christian by non-Christians, whose creeds consider Jesus to be theologically significant but not God. Movements along these lines include Jehovah's Witnesses.

History

Early times

Church is taken by some to refer to a single, universal community, although others contend that the doctrine of the universal church was not established until later. The doctrine of the universal, visible church was made explicit in the Apostles' Creed, while the less common Protestant notion of the universal, invisible church is not laid out explicitly until the Reformation. The universal church traditions generally espouse that the Church includes all who are baptized into her common faith, including the doctrines of the trinity, forgiveness of sins through the sacrificial action of Christ, and the resurrection of the body. These teachings are expressed in liturgy with the celebration of sacraments, visible signs of grace. They are passed down as the deposit of faith. Some minority traditions of Christianity have maintained that the word translated "church" in scripture most often properly refers to local bodies or assemblies. "Church" is a derivitive of the Late Greek word "κυριακον", meaning Lord's house, which in English became "church". The Koine word for church is εκκλησία (ecclesia). Before Christian appropriation of the term, it was used to describe purposeful gatherings, including the assemblies of many Greek city states. Christians of this stripe maintain that a centralizing impulse in the church, present from the early days of the church through the rise of Constantine, represented a departure from true Christianity. They therefore reject the authority of the Nicene Creed or the Apostles' Creed.

The First Millennium

Christian spirituality blossomed in the Roman Empire between A.D. 100 and 300 in spite of official efforts to suppress it. Sometime around A.D. 200, one leader, Tertullian, is quoted as saying, “The blood of the martyrs is the seed [of the Church]” to account for this phenomenon. In A.D. 313, the "Edict of Milan" ended official persecution, and under the Emperor Constantine, Christians acquired powerful political influence, the results of which are controversial to this day. Christians developed hierarchical structures to lead the visible Church over the course of many centuries. The leaders of their clergy From the early formation of the Church until the Great Schism in 1054 AD, virtually all Christians subsisted within one Church as one visible organization, led locally by bishops, and regionally by patriarchs. However, minor divisions occurred over differences in doctrine as early as the Council of Chalcedon, and continued through the progression of ecumenical councils.

Medieval times

In Medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was at its peak of Apostolic flourishment and spirituality. Not only was the Church and its organizations extremely devoted to Christianity, piously spreading the word of God through missionaries and established monastaries in many countries but through its dominant spiritual influence that eventually rivalled the political power of most Monarchs for support of the population. The majority of people of this age devoted their lives to God and it showed by the donations of land, money, and possesions to the church. In time, this made the Pope an important figure in the life of the continent. This wealth often expressed itself in the building of beautiful cathedrals which showed their great devotion and adoration to God. The Church's monasteries were seats of learning and study which evolved into modern universities. They also provided the first hospitals for the care of the sick.

Modern times

The history of the Christian faith in modern times must be studied movement by movement, such is its diversity. In the West, the Protestant Reformation profoundly conditioned the relationship between church and state, thus bringing to Christianity the idea of self-interpretation and the denouncement of visible unity. Intellectual pressure from the Enlightenment led to a religious reaction in the North American colonies — called the Great Awakening — to which Protestant North American Christians owe much of their pattern of practice. Widespread Christian missions, founded by all segments of Christianity in response to the command of Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20, have created today's situation in which Christians are to be found in almost every part of the world. Some Christians devote themselves to active participation in prophetic communication and miraculous healing, as represented in the early church and the pre-Christ prophets. They are categorized as Charismatic or Pentecostal, but can be found in all denominations. Other movements within contemporary Christendom include the emergent church, fundamentalism, return to orthodoxy, messianic Judaism, liberalism, and the home church movement. Certain Christians attempt to obey only God and reject other authorities such as the church or state, believing this to be the true teaching of Jesus. They promote nonviolence and are known as Christian anarchists. Famous author Leo Tolstoy was a notable Christian anarchist, and wrote The Kingdom of God is Within You [http://www.kingdomnow.org/withinyou.html] in 1894 to explain his beliefs. The life of a Christian is still characterized by faith in the figure of Jesus as represented in the New Testament. Sacraments aside, the concept of grace is still uniquely Christian: the idea, or as some call it a mystery, that spiritual wholeness comes only as a result of a gift.

External links

- [http://www.christianopendirectory.com Christian Open Directory]
- [http://www.gotquestions.org/what-is-a-Christian.html What is a Christian?] (This refers only to the evangelical view of Christianity and may be interpreted by some as being anti-catholic.)
- [http://a4.nu/christian/index.htm Christian Resources - The real teachings of Jesus]
- [http://apostolic-anc.org/cgi-bin/getPageV3.php?id=2 More information about being a Christian]
- [http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/christwrit/varauthors.htm Christian authors]
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm Christianity], as defined by the Roman Catholic Church
- [http://www.topchretien.com Christianity in French World] Category:Christianity ja:クリスチャン simple:Christian

Metalcore

Metalcore is a musical genre consisting of a mix between heavy metal and hardcore. Although the genre has risen in popularity since the turn of the millennium, it is not a recent genre, as many would believe, since bands such as Integrity have been around since the late 1980s. Defining the metalcore sound is not an easy task as bands have often fused hardcore-influenced sound and attitude with almost any imaginable type of metal. In fact, the earliest signs of this genre before a name could be put to it was called 'crossover'. The band that declared the crossover was Dirty Rotten Imbeciles on their late 1980's album of the same name. Other bands like Nuclear Assault are the bleeding edge pioneers themselves.

The early scene

Nuclear Assault was amongst the first to call their music a Heavy Metal-Hardcore Punk Hybrid. Although not thought of as a metalcore band today, Judge was arguably one of the earliest bands to start fusing heavy metal-influenced riffing with more traditional hardcore sound without being a thrash metal band. This idea obviously spread outwards, and although their first real release ("Those Who Fear Tomorrow") wasn't until 1991, "Integrity" was formed in 1989. Most songwriting by metalcore bands at this time was similar to New York hardcore bands, but differed in their harder sound thanks to use of double bass drums, harder distortion and louder, more gruff vocal shouts. This basic sound of metalcore has received the epithets - which can be used both with and without derision - "tough guy hardcore" due to the lyrical focus, which is often similar to older hardcore in that they call for moral and mental strength and integrity, but may also have a slight focus on violence, or "moshcore" due to the often breakdown-centric, mosh-friendly songwriting that some bands use. During the middle of the 1990s, bands started expanding the metalcore sound, prime examples being All Out War who used straightforward thrash riffing, as well as bands such as Rorschach, Starkweather, Orange County's Adamantium, and Deadguy, who experimented with looser, often discordant songwriting as well as more untraditional rhythm. Converge, although starting out as self-confessed "hardcore kids with leftover Slayer riffs", have since bloomed into a hybrid of hardcore, metal and progressive instrumental and electronic experimentation. Zao is another band that left a mark upon the genre with their Carcass-like vocals and varied songwriting, particularly the Christian bands of the genre.

The later scene

From the late 1990s and particularly after the turn of the millennium, metalcore has grown immensely, to the point where major record companies are taking interest in the genre. Recent (2005) releases, such as As I Lay Dying's "Shadows Are Security" and Norma Jean's "O' God, the Aftermath" have managed to sell well enough to make it onto Billboard charts. One sound that has become immensely popular is to mix Gothenburg melodic death metal, popularized by more traditional metal bands such as At the Gates and In Flames and newer bands such as Children of Bodom, together with a more traditional metalcore sound and occasionally slow, melodic breakdowns. Today, many famous metalcore bands play this style, such as Killswitch Engage, The Agony Scene, As I Lay Dying and Unearth. Poison the Well are given some credit for making this sound popular, even though they do not strictly fit into that sound. Some bands, such as Botch, expanded on the blueprints of Rorschach and Deadguy, bringing forth intense mathematic influenced guitar riffs, as well as songs. This style is popularized by few recent bands. The sounds of metalcore today are so varied, that one can almost use a mix-and-match approach of aural particulars and still arrive at a particular band's sound. For example, on later releases, Shai Hulud were able to mix extremely varied, melodic, near-mathematical songwriting with the more traditional hardcore sound. In recent years, Christian lyrics, or at least Christian band members have grown in numbers. It has known to be a "trend" and an easier way to get the band signed to a record label, although most people call tell which bands are real and which arent. Wheather real or not, many of the known Christian bands include As I Lay Dying, Haste the Day, MyChildren MyBride, Norma Jean, Zao, The Chariot, Underoath, and many others.

The breakdown

Central to many bands of the genre, quite a few of which eschew traditional verse-chorus-verse songwriting, is the breakdown. Stereotypically, a breakdown consists of slowing a song down, giving the guitars room to play a set of rhythmically oriented riffs, usually on open strings so as to achieve the lowest sound for which the guitars are tuned. These riffs are often accented by the drummer through double bass drums. Breakdowns are usually responded to by an audience by hardcore dancing. Vocalists also tend to throw in a single, repeated statement throughout the breakdown, giving those who are not dancing an opportunity to sing along. Many metalcore bands rely on having memorable breakdowns rather than memorable choruses. Songs with breakdowns have become more common, and some bands have used them far more often than was previously the norm, with some songs even resembling one elongated breakdown.

Bands

Mount Zao

Mount Zao (蔵王山 Zaō-san) is a famous ski resort in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Zao famous for the snow monsters that appear in mid-winter. These are trees frozen by winds from Siberia and covered in snow, giving a ghostly impression. The Okama Crater Lake on Zao is one of the major tourist attractions in Yamagata. Also known as the 'Five Color Swamp' (五色沼, goshiki numa) because it changes colour depending on the weather, it was formed by a volcanic eruption in the 1720s and is 350m in diameter. Zao Category:Ski areas and resorts in Japan ja:蔵王連峰

Килограмм

Килогра́мм (кг, kg) — единица измерения массы, одна из основных единиц СИ. Килограмм определяется как масса международного эталона килограмма, хранящегося в Международном бюро мер и весов (расположено в г. Севр близ Парижа) и представляющего собой цилиндр из платино-иридиевого сплава (90% платины, 10% иридия). Первоначально килограмм определялся как масса одного литра чистой воды при температуре 4 °С и стандартном атмосферном давлении.

Кратные и дольные единицы

По историческим причинам, название «килограмм» уже содержит десятичную приставку «кило», поэтому кратные и дольные единицы образуют, присоединяя стандартные приставки СИ к названию или обозначению единицы измерния «грамм» (которая, в системе СИ, сама является дольной: 1 г = 10⁻³ кг). Вместо мегаграмма (1000 кг), как правило, используют единицу измерения «тонна».

Эталон килограмма

На данный момент килограмм — единственная единица СИ, которая определена при помощи предмета, изготовленного людьми — платиново-ирридиевого эталона. Все остальные единицы теперь определяются с помощью фундаментальных физических свойств и законов. Эталон был изготовлен в 1880-х и, с тех пор, хранится в Международном бюро мер и весов. Были изготовлены, также, точные официальные копии международного эталона, которые используются как национальные эталоны килограмма. Примерно раз в 10 лет национальные эталоны сравниваются с международным. Эти сравнения показывают, что точность нацональных эталонов составляет примерно 2 мкг. Так как они хранятся в тех же условиях, нет никаких оснований считать, что международный эталон точнее. Однако, по опрделению, масса международного эталона в точности равна одному килограмму. Поэтому любые изменения действительной массы эталона приводят к изменению величины килограмма. Для того, чтобы устранить эти неточности, в настоящее время рассматриваются различные варианты переопределения килограмма на основе фундаментальных физических законов.

См. также

- Грамм
- Килограмм-сила Категория:Единицы измерения массы Категория:СИ ja:キログラム ko:킬로그램 simple:Kilogram th:กิโลกรัม zh-min-nan:Kong-kin

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Nicolas, Marquis de Maillebois Desmarets
Nicolas Desmarets, Marquis De Maillebois (September 10, 1648, Paris – May 4, 1721, Paris) was a controller general during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Desmarets was a nephew of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and therefore rose through the ranks of the financial

Zao

Zao (James Bond)

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