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Yuan Shi-Kai

Yuan Shi-Kai

Yuan Shikai (Courtesy Weiting 慰亭; Pseudonym: Rong'an 容庵　) (September 16, 1859 – June 6, 1916) was a Chinese military official and politician during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He was infamous for taking advantage of both the Qing imperial court and the Republicans, for his authoritarian control based on control of the military, his presidency between 1912–1915 and his self-proclamation as Emperor in 1916.

Early years

Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying (張營村), located in Xiangcheng county (項城縣), depending from Chenzhou prefecture (陳州府), Henan province. Xiangcheng county has now become the county-level city of Xiangcheng (项城市), depending from the prefecture-level city of Zhoukou (周口市). Chenzhou is now called Huaiyang (淮阳), but it is no longer the head of the prefecture, having been replaced by Zhoukou. The village of Zhangying is located immediately north of downtown Xiangcheng. The Yuan family moved to a hilly area easier to defend, 16 kilometers southeast of downtown Xiangcheng, and there the Yuans had built a fortified village, the village of Yuanzhai (袁寨村, literally "the fortified village of the Yuan family"). The village of Yuanzhai is now located inside Wangmingkou township (王明口乡), on the territory of the county-level city of Xiangcheng. The large countryside estate of the Yuan family in Yuanzhai was recently opened to tourism by the People's Republic of China, and people inside China generally assume that Yuan Shikai was born in Yuanzhai. As a youth he had enjoyed riding, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Yuan had wanted to pursue a career in civil services, but had failed twice in Imperial Examinations. He decided that his entry into politics would have to be done through the Army. Using his father's connections Yuan set foot in Tengzhou, Shandong and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan married in 1876, to a woman of the Yu family, who bore a son, Keding, in 1878.

Korea

Korea in the late 1870s was in midst of a struggle between isolationists under the King's father, and progressives, led by the Queen, who had wanted to open trade with continued Chinese overlordship in Korea. Japan had shown interest in the protectorate, and was an emerging power. Under the Kanghwa Treaty signed in 1876, Japan was allowed to send diplomatic missions to Seoul, and opened trading posts in Inchon and Wonsan. Admidst an internal power struggle, which resulted in the Queen's exile, Li Hongzhang, the Viceroy of Zhili, sent the Qing Brigade, 3,000 strong, into Korea. The chief troublemaker, a regent, was escorted to Tianjin, where he would be kept prisoner. Korea's weakness was apparent, and the Cemulpo Treaty of 1882 gave the Japanese the right to station troops in Seoul to protect their legation. China's protection alone could not shield Korea in a modern and fast-developing world, and it was obvious that Korea's army could not even deal with an internal crisis. The King issued a proposal to train 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task and was to remain in Korea. Li Hongzhang also memorialized the Emperor for Yuan's promotion, which was answered shortly with Yuan's new rank as Sub-Prefect. In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul with orders from the Imperial Throne. The position had seemed on the surface to be similar to that of a Minister or ambassador. In practice, however, Yuan, being the head official from the suzerain, had become the supreme adviser on all Korean government policies. Dissatisfied with its position in Korea, Japan had wanted more influence through co-suzerainity with China. A series of forged documents aimed at angering the Chinese was sent to Yuan Shikai, attempting to make it appear as if the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chinese protection, and turned more towards Russia. Yuan was sceptical yet outraged, and asked Li Hongzhang for advice. In a treaty signed between Japan and China, the two parties agreed to only send troops into Korea after the other is notified. Although the Korean government was stable, it was still a protectorate of China, and forces emerged advocating for modernization. Another more radicalist group, the Tong Hak Society, promoting Confucianist and Taoist principles, rose in rebellion against the government, which Yuan longed to protect. Li Hongzhang sent troops into Korea to protect Seoul, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japanese trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refused to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade of sorts at the 38th Parallel. Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan, and attempted this by asking for international pressure for a Japanese withdrawal. Japan refused, and war began. Yuan, now in an ineffective position, was recalled to Tianjin in July 1894, at the beginning of the First Sino-Japanese War (甲午战争).

Late Qing Dynasty

Yuan Shikai rose to fame by participating in the first Sino-Japanese War as the commander of the Chinese stationary forces in Korea. He fortunately avoided the humiliation of Chinese armies in the war when he was recalled to Beijing several days before the Chinese forces were attacked. As an ally of Li Hongzhang, Yuan was appointed the commander of the first New army in 1895. The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to the proximity of its garrision to the capital and its effectiveness. Of the new armies that were part of the Self-Strengthening Movement, Yuan's was the most well trained and effective. The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the Guangxu Emperor, and conservatives under the Empress Dowager Cixi, who had temporarily retreated to the Summer Palace as a place of "retirement". After Guangxu's Hundred Days' Reform 1898, however, Cixi decided that the reforms were too drastic, and wanted to restore her own regency through a coup d'état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and others to develop a plan to save him. Yuan's involvement in the coup continues to be a large topic of historical debate. Tan Sitong reportedly had a talk with Yuan several days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor and rid Cixi. Yuan refused a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile Manchu General Ronglu was planning manoevers for his army to stage the coup. According to many sources, including the diary of Liang Qichao and a Wen Bao (文报) article, Yuan Shikai arrived in Tianjin on September 20, 1898, by train. It was certain that by the evening, Yuan had talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan had told Ronglu of all details of the Reformers' plans, and asked him to take immediate action. The plot being exposed, Ronglu's troops entered the Forbidden City at dawn on September 21, forcing the Emperor into seclusion in a lake palace. Making a political alliance with the Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of Shandong. During his three-year tenure he ensured the supression of Boxers (义和团运动)in the province. He also left the foundation for a provincial junior college in Jinan, adopting some western ideas of education. He was granted the position of Viceroy of Zhili (直隶总督) and Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣) (the modern regions of Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong provinces) on June 25, 1902. Gaining the regard of foreigners when he helped to crush the Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his Beiyang Army into the most powerful army in China. He created a 1,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chinese history, after the Boxer Protocol had forbidden troops to be staged within a close proximity of Tianjin. Yuan was also involved in the transfer of Railway control from Sheng Xuanhuai(盛宣怀). Railways became a big part of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education(学部) and Ministry of Police(巡警部). He further advocated for racial equality between Manchus and Han Chinese.

Retreat and the Republic

The Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908. Some sources indicate that the will of the Emperor had specifically directed that Yuan be executed. Avoiding execution, in January 1909, Yuan Shikai was relieved of all his posts by the regent, the 2nd Prince Chun (醇親王). The official reason advanced was that he was returning to his home in the village of Huanshang (洹上村), located in the suburbs of Zhangde prefecture (彰德府), now called the prefecture-level city of Anyang (安阳市), Henan province, in order to treat a foot disease. During his three years of retreat, Yuan kept contact with his close allies, including Duan Qirui, who reported to him regularly about army proceedings. The loyalty of the Beiyang Army was still undoubtedly behind him. Having this strategic military situation, Yuan actually held the balance of power between the revolutionaries and the Qing Court. Both wanted Yuan on their side. Initially deciding against the possibility of becoming President of a newly proclaimed Republic, Yuan also repeatedly declined offers from the Qing Court for his return, first as the Viceroy of Huguang, and then as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet. Time was on Yuan's side, and Yuan waited, using his "foot ailment" as a pretext to his continual refusal. After further pleas by the Qing Court, Yuan agreed to accept, becoming Prime Minister on November 1, 1911. Immediately subsequent he asked that Zaifeng, the Regent, abstain from politics. Zaifeng, being forced to resign from his regency, made way for Yuan to compose a newly created, predominantly Han Chinese Cabinet of his confidants, consisting of only one Manchu, who held the position of Minister of Suzerainty. The Wuchang Uprising succeeded on October 10, 1911 in Hubei province, before Yuan's official appointment to the post of Prime Minister. The southern provinces had subsequently declared their independence from the Qing Court, but neither the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the rebellion. Both the Qing court and Yuan fully knew that the Beiyang Army was the only modern force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries. The court renewed offers on October 27, and Yuan eventually left his village on October 30. To further Yuan's loyalty to the court, the Empress Dowager Longyu offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank (一等侯), an honour only previously given to General Zeng Guofan. While continuing his demands, ensuring temporary political stability in Beijing, his forces captured Hankou and Hanyang in November 1911 in preparation for attacking Wuchang, thus forcing the republican revolutionaries to negotiate. Wuchang The revolutionaries had elected Sun Yat-Sen as the first Provisional President of the Republic of China, but they were in a militarily weak position, and so they reluctantly compromised with Yuan. Yuan fulfilled his promise to the revolutionaries and arranged for the abdication of the child emperor Puyi in return for being named the President of the Republic, replacing Sun. Sun agreed, but asked that the capital be situated in Nanjing. Yuan, however, wanted his advantage geographically. Cao Kun, one of his entrusted subordinate Beiyang military commanders, fabricated a coup d'état in Beijing and Tianjin, apparently under Yuan's orders, to provide an excuse for Yuan not to leave his sphere of influence in Zhili (present-day Hebei province). The revolutionaries compromised again, and the capital of the new republic was established in Beijing. Yuan Shikai was elected Provisional President on February 15, 1912, by the Nanjing Provisional Senate, and sworn in on March 10. In February 1913, democratic elections were held for the National Assembly in which the Chinese Nationalist Party or the Kuomintang (KMT) scored a sigificant victory. Sung Chiao-jen, deputy in the KMT to Sun Yat-sen, zealously supported a cabinet system and was widely regarded as a candidate for Prime Minister. Yuan viewed Sung as a threat to his authority and, after Sung's assassination on March 20 1913, there was speculation in the media that Yuan was responsible.

Becoming Emperor

Tensions between the Kuomintang and Yuan continued to intensify. Yuan's crackdown of the Kuomintang began in 1913, beginning with the suppression and bribery of the KMT members in the two legislative chambers, followed by an orchestrated collapse of the KMT from local organizations. Seeing the situation worsen, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan, and called for a Second Revolution, against Yuan. Subsequently Yuan gradually took over the government with support base from his military power. He dissolved both the national and provincial assemblies, replacing the House of Representatives and Senate with the newly formed "Council of State", with Duan Qirui, his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as Prime Minister. The Kuomintang's "Second Revolution" against Yuan ended in disastrous failure, as Yuan's military might on all sides zeroed in on the remnants of KMT forces. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties were bribed or submitted willfully to Yuan. After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments, its head now being a Military Governor (都督), replacing the civil governorship, where each governor had control of his own army. It laid the first foundations for warlordism that crippled China for the next three decades. In 1915, Japan sent a secret ultimatum known as the 21 demands to Beijing. When word leaked out that Yuan had agreed to some of the provisions, mass protests sprang up as well as a boycott of Japanese goods. Western pressure forced Japan to back down on its demands. 21 demands With his power secure, many of Yuan's supporters, notably monarchist Yang Du, advocated for a revival of the monarchy, asking Yuan to take on the title of Emperor. Yang reasoned that the Chinese masses had long been used to autocratic rule, and a Republic had only been effective in a transitional phase to end Manchu rule. China's situation longed for stability that only a monarchy would ensure. American FJ Goodnow, as well as the Imperial Government of Japan suggested similar ideas. Yuan then committed a major political blunder. He reinstated the monarchy, proclaiming himself the Emperor of the Chinese Empire (中華帝國大皇帝) under the era name of Hongxian (洪憲; i.e. Constitutional Abundance) for a brief period from December 12, 1915 to March 22, 1916. This was opposed not only by the revolutionaries, but far more importantly by Yuan's subordinate military commanders, who believed that Yuan's assumption of the monarchy would allow him to rule without depending on the support of the military. Faced with universal opposition, Yuan backed down. He died of kidney failure a few months later.

Evaluation and legacy

With Yuan's death, China was left without any generally recognized central authority and the army quickly fragmented into forces of combatting warlords. For this reason he is usually called the Father of the Warlords. However, it is not accurate to attribute other characteristics of warlordism as his preference, since in his career as a military reformer he had attempted to create a modern army based on the Japanese model. Throughout his lifetime, he demonstrated understanding of how staff work, military education, and regular transfers of officer personnel came together to make a modern military organisation. After his return to power in 1911, however, he seemed willing to sacrifice this ideal in his imperial ambitions, and instead ruled by a combination of violence and bribery that destroyed the idealism of the early Republican movement. Since those who opposed Yuan could do so only from a territorial military base, Yuan's career as president and emperor contributed greatly to China's subsequent political division. In the CCTV Production Towards the Republic, Yuan is portrayed through most of his early years as an able administrator, although a very skilled manipulator of political situations. His self-proclamation of Emperor was seen as largely under the influence of external forces, such as his son.

The Hongxian Era
Personal Names Period of Reigns era name (年號) and their according range of years
All first names in bold.
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 Yuán Shìkǎi 1916 Hongxian (洪憲 Hóngxiàn) 1916

References


- Chen, Jerome. "Yuan Shih-K'ai; 1859-1916". George Allen & Unwin Ltd: Liverpool, 1961.

See also


- History of China
- History of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai ko:위안스카이 ja:袁世凱

Hao

Hao can have several different meanings:
- Used in reference to Chinese culture, hao is the word for a "courtesy name".
- Hao is also the name of a coral atoll in the central part of the Tuamotu Archipelago.
- Hao was the name of the capital of Western Zhou dynasty of China. Near present day Xi'an.
- Hao Asakura (a.k.a. Zeke Asakura) is a fictional character in Shaman King hao is hao

September 16

September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). There are 106 days remaining.

Events


- 1597 - Yi Sun-sin leads 12 ships of the Korean fleet against an invasion by 133 Japanese ships. The Koreans sink 31 enemy ships and force a Japanese retreat.
- 1701 - Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, more commonly referred to as the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: the Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
- 1795 - United Kingdom conquers Cape Town, South Africa
- 1810 - With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo proclaims Mexico's independence from Spain
- 1812 - Russians set fire to Moscow shortly after midnight - the city is burned down totally days later
- 1829 - The Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, ends with the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne)
- 1893 - Oklahoma Land Race: settlers race for prime land in the Cherokee Strip.
- 1901 - Alturas, California, incorporated as the only city in Modoc County
- 1908 - General Motors is founded.
- 1919 - The American Legion is incorporated.
- 1940 - The Selective Service Act is passed, instituting the draft in the United States.
- 1940 - Sam Rayburn elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
- 1941 - Concerned that Reza Pahlavi the Shah of Persia was about to align his petroleum-rich country with Germany during World War II, the United Kingdom and the USSR occupy Iran and forced him to resign in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
- 1955 - Juan Perón is deposed in Argentina
- 1956 - Play-Doh is introduced to the world
- 1963 - Malaysia is formed from Malaya, Singapore, British North Borneo and Sarawak
- 1966 - The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City to the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera, Antony and Cleopatra.
- 1970 - King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule, resulting in formation of the Black September Palestinian paramilitary unit.
- 1975 - Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.
- 1981 - Sugar Ray Leonard defeats Thomas Hearns by a knockout in round 14 in Las Vegas to unify boxing's world Welterweight championship.
- 1982 - Sabra and Shatila massacre.
- 1987 - The Montreal Protocol is signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.
- 1991 - The trial of Panamanian "strongman" Manuel Noriega begins in the United States.
- 1992 - Black Wednesday: the Pound Sterling is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the Deutschmark.
- 2000 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive. Madonna's 12th Number 1 single Music hits Number 1.
- 2004 - Hurricane Ivan touches land near Gulf Shores, Alabama, becoming the third costliest hurricane to strike the United States.

Births


- 1098 - Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess, mystic writer, and composer (d. 1179)
- 1387 - King Henry V of England, (d. 1422)
- 1507 - Jiajing, Emperor of China (d. 1567)
- 1557 - Jacques Mauduit, French composer (d. 1627)
- 1651 - Engelbert Kaempfer, German physician and traveler (d. 1716)
- 1678 - Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, English statesman and philosopher (d. 1751)
- 1722 - Gabriel Christie, British general (d. 1799)
- 1725 - Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815)
- 1745 - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, Russian field marshal, (d. 1813)
- 1782 - Daoguang, Emperor of China (d. 1850)
- 1823 - Francis Parkman, American historian (d. 1893)
- 1853 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
- 1875 - James C. Penney, American department store founder (d. 1971)
- 1881 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
- 1883 - T. E. Hulme, English writer (d. 1917)
- 1886 - Jean Arp, Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (d. 1966)
- 1887 - Nadia Boulanger, French composer and composition teacher (d. 1979)
- 1888 - F. E. Sillanpää, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- 1893 - Alexander Korda, Hungarian film director (d. 1956)
- 1893 - Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- 1905 - Vladimír Holan, Czech poet (d. 1980)
- 1910 - Karl Kling, German race car driver (d. 2003)
- 1914 - Allen Funt, American radio and television personality (d. 1999)
- 1916 - M.S. Subbulakshmi, Indian singer (d. 2004)
- 1923 - Lee Kuan Yew, leader of Singapore
- 1924 - Lauren Bacall, American actress
- 1925 - Charlie Byrd, American musician (d. 1999)
- 1925 - B. B. King, American musician
- 1925 - Charles J. Haughey, sixth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland
- 1927 - Peter Falk, American actor
- 1930 - Anne Francis, American actress
- 1934 - Elgin Baylor, American basketball player
- 1934 - George Chakiris, American actor
- 1935 - Carl Andre, American artist
- 1935 - Bob Kiley, American public transit specialist
- 1937 - Alexander Medved, Russian wrestler
- 1939 - Breyten Breytenbach, South African writer and painter
- 1943 - James Alan McPherson, American writer
- 1947 - Russ Abbott, British comedian
- 1949 - Ed Begley, Jr., American actor
- 1950 - Loyd Grossman, American television presenter
- 1955 - Janet Ellis, British television presenter
- 1955 - Yolandita Monge, Puerto Rican singer
- 1955 - Robin Yount, baseball player
- 1956 - David Copperfield, American magician
- 1956 - Mickey Rourke, American actor
- 1958 - Orel Hershiser, baseball player
- 1958 - Jennifer Tilly, American actress
- 1960 - John Franco, baseball player
- 1960 - Danny John-Jules, British actor
- 1963 - Richard Marx, American singer
- 1964 - Molly Shannon, American actress
- 1968 - Marc Anthony, American singer
- 1971 - Amy Poehler, American actress
- 1975 - Shannon Noll, Australian singer and actor
- 1981 - Alexis Bledel, American actress
- 1984 - Katie Melua, Georgian singer

Deaths


- 96 - Domitian, Roman Emperor (b. 51)
- 307 - Flavius Valerius Severus, deposed Roman Emperor (murder)
- 1087 - Pope Victor III
- 1100 - Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
- 1345 - John IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1295)
- 1380 - King Charles V of France (b. 1338)
- 1394 - Avignon Pope Clement VII (b. 1342)
- 1406 - Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
- 1589 - Michael Baius, Flemish theologian (b. 1513)
- 1672 - Anne Bradstreet, American colonial poet
- 1701 - James II of England and VII of Scotland (b. 1633)
- 1736 - Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist (b. 1686)
- 1775 - Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, English privy councillor (b. 1684)
- 1803 - Nicolas Baudin, French explorer (b. 1754)
- 1824 - King Louis XVIII of France (b. 1755)
- 1865 - Christian Julius De Meza, Danish general (b. 1792)
- 1911 - Edward Whymper, English mountain climber (b. 1840)
- 1932 - Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1857)
- 1945 - John McCormack, Irish tenor (b. 1884)
- 1950 - Pedro de Cordoba, American actor (b. 1881)
- 1973 - Víctor Jara, Chilean folk singer and activist (murdered)
- 1977 - Marc Bolan, English musician (b. 1947)
- 1977 - Maria Callas, American-born soprano (b. 1923)
- 1980 - Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (b. 1896)
- 1993 - Rok Petrovič, Slovenian skier (b. 1966)
- 1996 - McGeorge Bundy, U.S. National Security Advisor (b. 1919)
- 2000 - Georgiy Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist (b. 1969)
- 2001 - Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Erich Hallhuber, German actor (b. 1951)

Holiday and observances


- In ancient Greece, the third day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the initiates walked to the sea at Phaleron and purified themselves in the water.
- RC Saints - Saint Cyprian, Pope Cornelius, Saint Ludmila Also see September 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Mexico - Independence Day (from Spain; proclaimed 1810, recognised 1821, instituted 1825; See Fiestas Patrias)
- Papua New Guinea - Independence Day (from Australia, 1975)
- USA - Constitution Day (observed, 2005)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/16 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 15 · September 17 · August 16 · October 16 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 16일 ms:16 September ja:9月16日 simple:September 16 th:16 กันยายน

June 6

June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining.

Events


- 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice
- 1513 - Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis de la Tremoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.
- 1523 - Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden, marking the end of the Kalmar Union.
- 1654 - Christina, reigning queen of the Protestant nation Sweden, abdicates the throne and secretly converts to Catholicism. Charles X succeedes his abdicated cousin Queen Christina to the Swedish throne.
- 1683 - The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
- 1752 - A devastating fire destroys one-third of Moscow, including 18,000 homes.
- 1809 - Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of Enlightened absolutism.
- 1813 - War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek - A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.
- 1832 - The Barricades fall and the Student Uprisings of 1832 end.
- 1833 - U.S. President Andrew Jackson becomes the first President to ride a train.
- 1844 - The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London.
- 1857 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
- 1859 - Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day).
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Memphis - Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates.
- 1882 - More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay are killed as a cyclone in the Arabian Sea pushes huge waves into the harbour.
- 1912 - Eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. Second largest volcanic eruption in historic time.
- 1925 - The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
- 1932 - The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon (26 ¢/L) sold.
- 1933 - The first drive-in theater opens, in Camden, New Jersey, United States.
- 1934 - New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Act of 1933 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- 1944 - World War II: Battle of Normandy begins. Operation Overlord, code named D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history.
- 1946 - The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City.
- 1950 - Turkey: The Adhan in Arabic is legalized.
- 1956 - David Marshall, Singapore's first Chief Minister, resigns.
- 1962 - The Beatles audition for EMI Records.
- 1964 - Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany, are terminated, though they never resume.
- 1966 - James Meredith, civil rights activist, is shot while trying to march across Mississippi.
- 1968 - Robert F. Kennedy dies.
- 1971 - Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 launches.
  - A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives.
  - The Ed Sullivan Show goes off the air.
- 1972 - David Bowie releases the classic album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
- 1974 - A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy.
- 1981 - A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati river. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the actual figure is closer to 1,000 killed.
- 1982 - 1982 Lebanon War begins: Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.
- 1984 - The Indian Army attacks the Golden Temple in Amritsar in an effort to flush out terrorists, following an order from Indira Gandhi. Official casualities are 576 combatants killed and 335 wounded; independent observers estimate that thousands of unarmed Sikh civilians are also killed in the crossfire.
- 1985 - The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is exhumed in Embu, Brazil; the remains found are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death". Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979.
- 1990 - U.S. District court judge Jose Gonzales rules that the rap album As Nasty As They Wanna Be by the 2 Live Crew violates Florida's obscenity law; he declares that the predominant subject matter of the record is "directed to the 'dirty' thoughts and the loins, not to the intellect and the mind."
- 1991 - George and Barbara Loeb, members of the Church of the Creator, are arrested and charged with murder.
  - Former Diff'rent Strokes child star Dana Plato is given a six-year suspended sentence for robbing a Las Vegas video store five weeks earlier.
- 1993 - Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections.
- 1999 - At the Putim maximum security prison in Brazil, 345 prisoners run from the main gate in the largest jailbreak in Brazilian history, marking the 10th escape for the three-year-old facility. In the ensuing manhunt, two fugitives are killed and five innocent bystanders are accidentally jailed.
- 2002 - The United States House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee announces it is probing Martha Stewart's ImClone stock sales.
  - A near-Earth asteroid estimated at 10 metres diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea. The resulting explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb.
- 2005 - United States Supreme Court says no to medical marijuana.

Births

1236 to 1899


- 1236 - Wen Tianxiang, Chinese prime minister (d. 1283)
- 1436 - Regiomontanus, German mathematician (d. 1476)
- 1502 - King John III of Portugal (d. 1557)
- 1519 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (d. 1603)
- 1542 - Richard Grenville, English soldier and explorer (d. 1591)
- 1553 - Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1617)
- 1576 - Giovanni Diodati, Swiss protestant clergyman (d. 1649)
- 1580 - Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (d. 1667)
- 1599 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter (d. 1660)
- 1606 - Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1684)
- 1622 - Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d.1857)
- 1714 - King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
- 1755 - Nathan Hale, American writer and patriot (d. 1776)
- 1756 - John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843)
- 1799 - Alexander Pushkin Russian poet (d. 1837)
- 1810 - Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin, German classical scholar (d. 1856)
- 1829 - Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d. 1862)
- 1850 - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918)
- 1857 - Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician (d. 1918)
- 1862 - Henry John Newbolt, English author (d. 1938)
- 1868 - Robert Falcon Scott, English explorer (d. 1912)
- 1872 - Tsarina Alexandra of Russia (d. 1918)
- 1875 - Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
- 1890 - Ted Lewis, American bandleader (d. 1971)
- 1898 - Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer (d. 2001)
- 1900 - Manfred Sakel, Polish psychiatrist (d. 1957)

1900 to 1999


- 1901 - Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (d. 1970)
- 1903 - Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (d. 1978)
- 1906 - Max August Zorn, German-born mathematician (d. 1993)
- 1907 - Bill Dickey, baseball player, coach, manager, and scout (d. 1993)
- 1916 - Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
- 1918 - Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1924 - Jinyong, Chinese novelist
- 1926 - Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)
- 1929 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician
- 1933 - Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 - King Albert II of Belgium
- 1936 - Levi Stubbs, American musician (The Four Tops)
- 1939 - Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer
- 1939 - Gary U.S. Bonds, American musician
- 1940 - Larry Lujack, American disc jockey
- 1943 - Richard Smalley, Americah chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1944 - Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1945 - David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000)
- 1947 - David Blunkett, English politician
- 1947 - Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer
- 1949 - Robert Englund, American actor
- 1954 - Harvey Fierstein, American actor
- 1954 - Cynthia Rylant, American author
- 1955 - Sandra Bernhard, American actress and comedian
- 1956 - Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player
- 1959 - Colin Quinn, American comedian
- 1960 - Gary Graham, American actor
- 1960 - Steve Vai, American musician
- 1961 - Tom Araya, Chilean musician (Slayer)
- 1963 - Wolfgang Drechsler, German social scientist
- 1966 - Murdoc Niccals, Bassist for the Gorillaz
- 1970 - Anthony Norris, American professional wrestler
- 1972 - Cristina Scabbia, Italian singer
- 1975 - Staci Keanan, American actress
- 1978 - Carl Barat, English singer and guitarist (The Libertines)
- 1978 - Judith Barsi, American actress (d. 1988)

Deaths

1393 to 1899


- 1393 - Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan (b. 1359)
- 1480 - Vecchietta, Italian artist and architect
- 1548 - Juan de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
- 1563 - Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1519)
- 1583 - Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese warlord (b. 1556)
- 1740 - Alexander Spotswood, British governor of Virginia Colony
- 1784 - Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, Dutch politician (b. 1741)
- 1799 - Patrick Henry, American revolutionary (b. 1736)
- 1813 - Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect
- 1832 - Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (b. 1748)
- 1840 - Marcellin Champagnat, French priest, Saint (b. 1789)
- 1843 - Friedrich Hölderlin, German poet, novelist, and dramatist (b. 1770)
- 1861 - Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1810)
- 1865 - William Quantrill, American Confederate raider (b. 1837)
- 1878 - Robert Stirling, Scottish inventor (b. 1790)
- 1881 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
- 1891 - Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)

1900 to 1999


- 1916 - Yuan Shikai, Chinese military official and politician (b. 1859)
- 1922 - Lillian Russell, American actress (b. 1861)
- 1941 - Louis Chevrolet, American automotive pioneer and race car driver (b. 1878)
- 1946 - Gerhart Hauptmann, German dramatist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- 1961 - Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875)
- 1968 - Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General and Senator from New York (b. 1925)
- 1976 - J. Paul Getty, American industrialist (b. 1892)
- 1976 - Victor Varconi, Hungarian actor (b. 1891)
- 1979 - Jack Haley, American actor (b. 1898)
- 1981 - Carleton S. Coon, American anthropologist (b. 1904)
- 1984 - A. Bertram Chandler, Australian author (b. 1912)
- 1991 - Stan Getz, American musician and composer (b. 1927)
- 1996 - George Davis Snell, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- 1999 - Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1930)

2000 onwards


- 2004 - Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (b. 1941)
- 2005 - Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931)

Holidays and observances


- Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day) - Israel
- National holiday of Sweden
- Queensland Day
- South Korean Memorial Day
- Samantha Smith Day - Maine (first Monday of June)
- Teacher's Day - America
- National Yo-yo Day - America

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 5 - June 7 - May 6 - July 6 -- listing of all days ko:6월 6일 ms:6 Jun ja:6月6日 simple:June 6 th:6 มิถุนายน

1916

1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar)

Events

January-February


- January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. Impressionist Monet paints 'Water Lilies'.
- January 5 - Heavy rain - allegedly caused by rainmaker Charles Hatfield - begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
- January 8 - Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
- January 13/14 - A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage. This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
- January 17 - The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) is formed
- January 18 - A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near Baxter, Stone County, Missouri.
- January 23 to 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7°C to -48.8°C (44°F to -56°F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
- January 24 - In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax void
- January 28 - Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- January 29 - World War I: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.
- February 2 - Blizzard in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- February 3 - Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
- February 9 - 6.00 PM - Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp
- February 11 - Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
- February 11 - Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert
- February 21 - World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.

March-June


- March 1 - Liberal British Columbia Premier Harlan Carey Brewster term in office ends
- March 6 - Sydney conservatorium of music in Australia accepts first students
- March 8-9 night - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa leads 1,500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17. Garrison of US 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.
- March 15 - President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border border to pursue Pancho Villa; 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.
- March 16 - US 7th and 10th cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing crosses the border to join the hunt of Villa
- March 19 - First United States air combat mission in history as eight US planes take off in pursuit of Pancho Villa
- March 22 - Marriage of Edith Bratt and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. They would serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Lúthien and Beren.
- April 24 - April 30 - Easter Rising in Ireland
- April 27 - Battle of Hulluch in World War One, 47th Brigade, 16th Irish Division decimated in one of the most heavily-concentrated gas attacks of the war
- May 5 - United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
- May 20 - The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
- May 21 - Sir Ernest Shackleton and two of his companions reach a whaling station to get help for the rest of the crew of Endurance.
- May 21 - Britain initiates daylight saving time.
- May 31 - June 1 - Battle of Jutland
- June 5 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
- June 5 - HMS Hampshire sinks off the Orkneys, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard
- June 15 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America. [http://www.scouting.org/factsheets/02-507.html]

July-August


- July 1 - November 18: More than 1 million soldiers die during The Battle of the Somme including 60,000 soldiers from the British Commonwealth on the first day. The United States is still unwilling to join in the war with Britain, Canada, Australia and the other commonwealth countries.
- July 1 through July 12, at least one shark mauled five swimmers along 80 miles of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore Shark Attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event was the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.
- July 15 - In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
- July 16 - Hellenic Holocaust: The entire Greek population of Sinope and the coastal region of the county of Kastanome is either exiled or killed.
- July 22 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 injuring 40. (Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it)
- July 29 - In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson - 233 dead
- 2 August - World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto.

October-December

Taranto.]]
- October 27 - Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zauditu.
- November 5 - Kingdom of Poland proclaimed by joined act of emperors of Germany and Austria
- November 7 - Woodrow Wilson defeats Charles E. Hughes in the U.S. presidential election.
- November 7 - Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
- November 13 - Prime Minister of Australia William Morris Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
- November 18 - World War I: First Battle of the Somme ends - In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
- November 25 - Friedrich Adler shoots Karl Stürgh, prime minister of Austria
- November 30 - Hellenic Holocaust: According to the Austrian consul: "on 26 November Rafet Bey (Turkish Minister of the Interior) told me: "we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians … on 28 November.""
- December 12 - In the Dolomites, an avalanche buries 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
- December 30 - Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela
- December 23 - World War I: Battle of Magdhaba - In the Sinai desert, Australian and New Zealand mounted troops capture the Turkish garrison.
- December 31 - The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the nation at the time, burns to the ground.

Unknown dates


- Hipolito Irigoyen elected as the President of Argentina.
- Blaise Diagre, first black representative of Senegal in the French parliament
- Cours de linguistique générale by Ferdinand de Saussure is published.
- Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, are cancelled.
- Food is rationed in Germany.
- Ernst Rudin published his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.
- The Netherlands is hit by a North Sea storm that floods lowlands and kills 10.000 people.
- Woman's International Bowling Congress established in the US.
- Robert Baden-Powell founds Wolf Scouts in Britain, changed to Cub Scouts in the USA.
- Sopwith Camel aircraft is introduced to combat the German-built Fokker fighter aircraft.
- Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline
- Gustav Holst composes The Planets, Opus 32
- Bray Studios created the Farmer Alfalfa series, the first of theTerrytoons.

Ongoing events


- World War I (1914-1918)
- Armenian Genocide (1915-1918)
- Mexican Revolution

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994)
- January 7 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player
- January 9 - Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (d. 2004)
- January 10 - Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- January 12 - Pieter Willem Botha, President of South Africa
- January 22 - Henri Dutilleux, French composer
- February 9 - Tex Hughson, baseball player (d. 1993)
- February 11 - Joseph Alioto, Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1998)
- February 14 - Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director
- February 26 - Jackie Gleason, American comedian (d. 1987)
- February 29 - Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)
- March 3 - Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician
- March 4 - Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997)
- March 11 - Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
- March 13 - John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981)
- March 14 - Horton Foote, American writer
- March 15 - Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983)
- March 17 - Ray Ellington, British singer (d. 1985)
- March 19 - Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990)
- March 26 - Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Christian B. Anfinsen laureate (d. 1995)
- March 29 - Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota (d. 2005)

April-June


- April 3 - Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997)
- April 5 - Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
- April 11 - Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983)
- April 12 - Beverly Cleary, American author
- April 15 - Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982)
- April 22 - Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999)
- April 25 - R.J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001)
- April 28 - Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993)
- April 30 - Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001)
- April 30 - Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)
- May 8 - João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president
- May 10 - Milton Babbitt, American composer
- May 11 - Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- May 20 - Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete
- May 21 - Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002)
- May 21 - Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997)
- May 26 - Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
- June 4 - Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 8 - Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- June 15 - Herbert Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- June 18 - Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian politician (d. 2005)
- June 23 - Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986)
- June 23 - Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)

July-December


- July 2 - Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982)
- July 9 - Sir Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
- July 11 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002)
- July 11 - Gough Whitlam, twenty-first Prime Minister of Australia
- July 14 - Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991)
- July 18 - L. Patrick Gray III, director of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. 2005)
- July 22 - Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
- July 31 - Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
- August 25 - Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2003)
- August 27 - Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994)
- September 13 - Roald Dahl, Welsh author (d. 1990)
- October 3 - James Herriot, veterinarian and author (d. 1995)
- October 4 - Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate
- October 19 - Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- October 19 - Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1994)
- October 26 - François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)
- October 30 - Leon Day, baseball player (d. 1995)
- November 1 - John C. Harkness, American architect
- November 4 - Walter Cronkite, American television journalist
- November 5 - Jim Tabor, baseball player
- November 10 - Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter
- November 16 - Daws Butler, American voice actor
- November 24 - Forrest J. Ackerman, American writer
- November 27 - Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002)
- November 28 - Mary Lilian Baels, queen of Léopold III of the Belgians (d.