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Yale

Yale

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Yale has graduated five U.S. Presidents, including William Howard Taft (B.A.), Gerald Ford (LL.B), George H.W. Bush (B.A.), Bill Clinton (J.D.), and George W. Bush (B.A.), and several Supreme Court justices, including current justice Clarence Thomas and current nominee Samuel Alito. The university's assets include a $15.2 billion endowment (the second-largest among academic institutions) and more than a dozen libraries that hold a total of 11 million volumes. Yale has 3,200 faculty members, who teach 5,200 undergraduate students and 6,000 graduate students. Nineteen Nobel laureates are affiliated with the university. Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a liberal curriculum, and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature (even the engineering departments encourage and require students to explore academic disciplines outside of engineering). Some 20 percent of Yale undergraduates major in the sciences, 35 percent in the social sciences, and 45 percent in the arts and humanities. All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, and more than 75 percent of Yale's 2,000 undergraduate courses enroll fewer than 20 students. Yale uses a residential college housing system modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body, and features numerous facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel. Yale's graduate programs include classics, sciences, drama, art, architecture, history, medicine, and law. In recent years, fewer than 10 percent of the nearly 20,000 applicants to the undergraduate college have been offered admission, and about three-quarters of those offered admission choose to attend. Yale Law School accepts about 6 percent of its nearly 4,000 applicants (making it the most selective law school in the United States), and more than 80 percent of those offered admission choose to attend. The rivalry between Yale and Harvard is long and storied, by far the oldest in the Ivy League; from academics to rowing to college football, their historic competition is similar to that of Oxford and Cambridge. During Yale's tercentennial celebration in 2001, Yale president Richard C. Levin summarized Yale's institutional goals: "As we look to the future, Yale remains committed to undergraduate education and a determination to educate leaders. Leaders of the twenty-first century will operate in a global environment. Therefore, Yale's curriculum is increasing its focus on international concerns and having strong international representation among our student population."

History

Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut and dated October 9, 1701. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, all of whom were Harvard alumni, met in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's first library. [http://www.thecrimson.com/fmarchives/fm_03_11_1999/article5I.html]. The group is now known as The Founders. Originally called the Collegiate School of Connecticut, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, in Killingworth, Connecticut. In 1716, the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where it remains to this day. In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather (Harvard A.B., 1656) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, Cotton Mather (Harvard A.B., 1678), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm]. In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Andrew or Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in Wales named Elihu Yale to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in India as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in Wrexham, North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot," the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it. Regardless, the entire institution eventually became Yale University. Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other prestigious schools, for instance Harvard), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where all upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words "Urim" and "Thummim" on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts. Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the Yale Medical School (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1861), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). (The divinity school was founded by Congregationalists who felt that the Harvard Divinity School had become too liberal.) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed to Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (1901), Yale School of Public Health (1915), and the Yale School of Nursing (1923) and reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School. The University's youngest school, the [http://www.mba.yale.edu/ Yale School of Management], was founded in 1976. Yale College became coeducational in 1969. Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early twentieth century designed to artificially increase the proportion of upper-class white Christians of notable families in the student body (see Numerus clausus), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.[http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html] The President and Fellows of Yale College, also known as the Yale Corporation, is the governing board of the University. See also: Oxbridge rivalry, which documents a similar history in which Cambridge University was founded by dissident scholars from its "rival" Oxford University

Heads of Collegiate School, Yale College, and Yale University

Intellectual "schools"

Yale's English and literature departments were the birthplace of New Criticism. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American deconstruction, with French and Comparative Literature departments centered around Paul de Man and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "Yale School." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian C. Vann Woodward is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Emìlia Viotta da Costa; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.

Collections

Yale has the largest collection of rare books and manuscripts in the world, which is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book Library. Yale's library system is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, Sterling Memorial Library, contains about 5 million volumes. The Yale Center for British Art is the largest collection of British art outside of the UK. Other collections reside at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven's most popular museum; Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum; and the Yale Collection of Musical Instruments.

Yale architecture

Yale Collection of Musical Instruments Most of Yale's buildings, constructed in the Gothic architecture style, were built during the period 1917-1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings make this apparent; they portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, added to the appearance of great age of these buildings by splashing the walls with acid[http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=3566], deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet tall, which was, when built, the tallest free-standing stone structure in the world. It was reinforced in 1964, however, in order to allow for the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon. Carillon The truly old buildings on campus, paradoxically, are built in the Georgian style and appear much more modern. This includes the oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750). Of the buildings constructed in the 1929-1933 period, the ones in the Georgian style include Timothy Dwight College, Pierson College, and the whole of Davenport College excluding the east, York Street façade (constructed in the gothic style). The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, is the largest building in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts. It is located near the center of the University in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is now more commonly referred to as "Beinecke Plaza." The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, which transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct light, while glowing from within after dark. The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by Isamu Noguchi are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).

Notable Nonresidential Campus Buildings

- Sterling Memorial Library
- Harkness Tower
- Woolsey Hall
- Beinecke Rare Book Library
- British Art Center
- Payne Whitney Gymnasium
- Ingalls Rink
- Battell Chapel
- Yale School of Architecture
- Osborne Memorial Laboratories
- Sterling Hall of Medicine
- Kline Biology Tower
- Peabody Museum

Campus Life

Residential colleges

Yale has a system of 12 residential colleges, instituted in 1933 through a grant by Yale graduate Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford and Cambridge. Each college has a carefully constructed support structure for students, including a Dean, Master, affiliated faculty, and resident Fellows. Each college also features distinctive architecture, secluded courtyards, and facilities ranging from libraries to squash courts to darkrooms. While each college at Yale offers its own seminars, social events, and Master's Teas with guests from the world, Yale students also take part in academic and social programs across the university, and all of Yale's 2,000 courses are open to undergraduates from any college. Residential colleges are named for important figures or places in university history or notable alumni; they are deliberately not named for benefactors. Residential Colleges of Yale University ([http://www.yale.edu/admit/freshmen/residential_life/index.html official list]): #Berkeley College [http://www.yale.edu/berkeley/] - named for the Rt. Rev. George Berkeley (1685-1753), early benefactor of Yale. #Branford College [http://www.yale.edu/branford/] - named for Branford, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly located. #Calhoun College [http://www.yale.edu/calhoun/] - named for John C. Calhoun, vice-president of the United States. #Davenport College [http://www.yale.edu/davenport/] - named for Rev. John Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Occasionally called "D'port". #Ezra Stiles College [http://www.yale.edu/stiles/] - named for the Rev. Ezra Stiles, a president of Yale. Generally called "Stiles," despite an early-1990s crusade by then-master Traugott Lawler to preserve the use of the full name in everyday speech. Its buildings were designed by Eero Saarinen. #Jonathan Edwards College [http://www.yale.edu/je/] - named for theologian, Yale alumnus, and Princeton co-founder Jonathan Edwards. Generally called "J.E.". The oldest of the residential colleges, J.E. is the only college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Edwards Trust. #Morse College [http://www.yale.edu/morse/] - named for Samuel Morse, inventor of Morse Code. Also designed by Eero Saarinen. #Pierson College [http://www.yale.edu/pierson/] - named for Yale's first rector, Abraham Pierson. #Saybrook College [http://www.yale.edu/saybrook/] - named for Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the town in which Yale was founded. #Silliman College [http://www.yale.edu/sm/] - named for noted scientist and Yale professor Benjamin Silliman. Approximately half of its structures were originally part of the Sheffield Scientific School, #Timothy Dwight College [http://www.yale.edu/td/] - named for the two Yale presidents of that name, Timothy Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. Usually called "T.D." #Trumbull College [http://www.yale.edu/trumbull/] - named for Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut. The smallest college. In 1990, Yale launched a series of massive overhauls to the older residential buildings, whose decades of existence had seen only routine maintenance and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network wiring. Berkeley College was the first to undergo complete renovation. Various unwieldy schemes were used to house displaced students during the yearlong projects, but complaints finally moved Yale to build a [http://yale.edu/yaleconf/facilities/housing.html?y new residence hall] between the gym and the power plant. It is commonly called "Swing Space" by the students; its official name, "Boyd Hall" (a name allegedly created by Berkeley students as a contraction of "Boy, did we get f---d"), is unused. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Yale created plans to create a thirteenth college, whose concrete facade would have broken with the campus' more prevalent Gothic and Georgian architecture. The plans were scrapped, after the city of New Haven put up substantial financial barriers, and the proposed site was eventually filled with condominiums and shops (Whitney Grove Square, among others).

Sports

Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the Ivy League Conference and the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and Yale is an NCAA Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American football was largely created at Yale by player and coach Walter Camp, who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the largest and most elaborate indoor athletic complex in the world. The school mascot is "Handsome Dan", the famous Yale bulldog, and the Yale fight song (written by Cole Porter) contains the refrain, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." Yale athletics are ably and enthusiastically supported by the Yale Precision Marching Band. The band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter. Yale intramural sports are a vibrant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, which fosters a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into Fall, Winter, and Spring seasons, each of which include approximately ten different sports each. About half the sports are coed. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup.

Life in New Haven

The city of New Haven earned a reputation in the 1980's for urban decline, as crack wreaked havoc on a city that was already in trouble from the collapse of its industrial core. It once ranked seventh on a list of the most dangerous U.S. citieshttp://www.morganquitno.com/cit05pop.htm. But a decade of slow regrowth (500 new housing units in the last five years) has put a new face on this colonial city. In 2003, New Haven was selected as the All-American City, in recognition of its immigrant neighborhoods and blocks of old mansions, quaint stores and big chains, and one of the world's richest universities. Today, Yale's urban surroundings add to its students' education and entertainment: Yale students run for alderman, work in City Hall, and launch non-profit organizations; the downtown features an array of clubs, theaters, and restaurants; Yalies go to Toad's Place to hear bands like Built to Spill and Rufus Wainwright, enjoy cheap martinis at Hot Tomatoes, or buy home-brewed beer and brick-oven pizza at BAR; and, visitors check out exhibits at the Peabody Museum before taking in a show at the Shubert Theater.

Student organizations

The Yale Political Union, the oldest student political organization in the United States, is often the largest organization on campus, and is advised by alumni political leaders such as John Kerry, Gerald Ford, and George Pataki. The Yale Daily News, the oldest daily college newspaper in the United States, has been a forum for opinion since 1878, and counts among its former chairmen Sargent Shriver, Joseph Lieberman, William F. Buckley, Jr., and Strobe Talbott. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 60 community service initiatives in New Haven.

Community Service Organizations

- [http://www.dwighthall.org Dwight Hall], an umbrella community service organization overseeing more than 300 community service and social justice initiatives

Political organizations

- The [http://rooseveltinstitution.org/yale Yale Chapter] of the Roosevelt Institution, a student think tank

Musical groups

Student musical groups include four university-sponsored organizations composed primarily of undergraduates:
- The Yale Concert Band [http://www.yale.edu/yaleband/].
- The Yale Precision Marching Band [http://www.yale.edu/yaleband/ypmb/], a scatter band that performs at home football games and many hockey and basketball games. They are known for their comedic halftime shows and arrangements of popular music.
- The Yale Jazz Ensemble [http://www.yale.edu/yaleband/yje/], an 18-piece big band/swing band
- The Yale Glee Club [http://www.yale.edu/ygc/]. Founded in 1863, the Glee Club today includes about 80 men and women who sing baroque, classical, modern, and folk tunes.
- The Yale Symphony Orchestra [http://www.yale.edu/yso/], a full orchestra that performs classical and modern pieces. In addition, the student-run Saybrook College Orchestra [http://www.yale.edu/syorchestra], Berkeley College Orchestra [http://www.yale.edu/bco], Bach Society [http://www.yale.edu/bach], and Davenport Pops [http://www.yale.edu/pops] all provide free concerts of symphonic masterworks.

A cappella singing groups

Undergraduates also sing in more than a dozen a cappella groups. All men
- The Whiffenpoofs[http://www.yale.edu/whiffenpoofs/] began the tradition of college a cappella singing groups in 1909. The group is limited to male seniors; each spring 14 juniors are selected ("tapped") for membership. Admission to the group is highly competitive. Alumni include Cole Porter and Fenno Heath.
- The Duke's Men of Yale[http://www.yale.edu/dukesmen/], founded in 1952, sing all-male a cappella. "Da Doox" tour internationally, compete nationally in a cappella competitions, and sing for famous people, most recently Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, Dan Brown, and Vanna White.
- The Spizzwinks(?)[http://www.yale.edu/spizzwinks/], founded in 1913, is Yale's oldest underclassman a cappella group.
- The Baker's Dozen[http://www.thebakersdozen.com/], founded in 1947, go on tour across the country twice every year.
- The Yale Society of Orpheus and Bacchus[http://www.thesobs.net/], founded in 1938, is Yale's oldest continually active underclassman a cappella group.
- The Yale Russian Chorus[http://www.yale.edu/yrc/], founded in 1953, is a predominantly male group of students and community members who sing liturgical and folk music of Russia and other Eastern European lands.
- The Yale Alley Cats[http://www.yalealleycats.com], founded in 1943, has become one of the most internationally renowned of the American collegiate vocal ensembles. All women
- The New Blue[http://www.yale.edu/newblue/] was established in 1969, when Yale College first admitted women undergradutes. It is Yale's first all-female a cappella group and the college's first women's organization.
- The Yale Women's Slavic Chorus[http://www.yale.edu/ysc/], founded in 1969, sings Eastern European folk songs.
- Whim 'n' Rhythm[http://www.yale.edu/whim/] is a seniors-only group, founded in 1981 to launch a tradition similar to the Whiffenpoofs'. Coeducational
- Redhot & Blue[http://www.yale.edu/redhot/], founded in 1977 as Yale's first co-educational a cappella group, is known for the intricate and challenging arrangements of its jazz-based repertoire.
- Out of the Blue[http://www.yale.edu/ootb/], founded in 1987, calls itself "Yale's only co-ed, pop-rock a cappella group."
- Shades[http://www.yale.edu/shades/], founded in 1989 to sing the music of the African diaspora (including R&B and gospel).
- Mixed Company (Yale University)[http://www.mixedco.net], is one of the oldest mixed a cappella groups at Yale.

Theatrical organizations

- The Yale Dramatic Association,[http://www.dramat.org/] founded in 1900, is the second-oldest college theater company in the country; "The Dramat" has featured the work of such noted artists as Cole Porter, Thornton Wilder, and Sam Waterston. It typically puts on one large-scale play each fall and one full-scale musical each spring in the University Theater. Smaller-scale productions are mounted in the Experimental ("X") Theater, located in the basement of the University Theater.
- Yale's improvisational comedy scene features several troupes, including the Viola Question, Just Add Water, The Exit Players, and The Purple Crayon.
- Sketch Comedy groups include The Fifth Humour, Suite 13, the Sphincter Troupe, and Red Hot Poker.
- "College dramats" put on several performances each semester, of many different types.
- The Yale Gilbert and Sullivan Society [http://www.yale.edu/gs/] produces one operetta per year.
- The Yale Undergraduate Musical Theater Company, or YUMTC [http://www.yale.edu/musicals/] produces musical theater. It was conceived by Greg Edwards [http://www.gregames.net/]'05.

Secret societies

Yale is also known as the home of several senior societies and secret societies, including Scroll and Key and Skull and Bones. These societies select members of the student body for lifetime membership, which is rumored to confer various benefits.

Yale people of note

Benefactors

Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are:
- Edward S. Harkness
- William Harkness
- Paul Mellon
- John William Sterling
- Payne Whitney

Famous alumni

See article: List of Yale University People All U.S. presidents since 1989 have been Yale graduates, including George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton (as is his wife Hillary Clinton), and George W. Bush, the latter two serving two terms each. Most of the 2004 presidential election candidates attended Yale: George W. Bush and Dick Cheney (vice-presidential), John Kerry, Howard Dean, and Joe Lieberman. More famous Yale alumni are noted in the List of Yale University People, including Nobel Laureates, politicians, artists, athletes, and numerous other Yalies who have led notable lives.

Famous professors

Yale has employed many famous professors in its history. A sampling of those professors can be found in the List of Yale University People.

Miscellany

Yale students engaged in a game called bladderball, until 1982. A story claims that students from Jonathan Edwards College broke the ball, hence their self-proclaimed motto: "J. E. Sux." Yale students claim to have invented Frisbee, by tossing around empty pie tins from the Frisbie Pie Company. Yale's Central Campus in downtown New Haven is 260 acres. An additional 500 acres (2 km²) comprises the Yale golf course and nature preserves in rural Connecticut and Horse Island.[http://www.yale.edu/about/YALEFRMW.pdf] Yale's Handsome Dan is believed to be the first live college mascot in America.

Crime

The 1970s and 1980s saw poverty and violent crime rise in New Haven, dampening Yale's student and faculty recruiting efforts. After much committee discussion, the university sought to ease these problems; for example, encouraging student volunteerism and, in 1991, beginning to make payments-in-lieu-of-taxes to the city ($2.3 million in 2005; to be boosted in 2006 to $4.18 million). Amid the general economic upturn of the following decade, violent crime near and on campus ebbed. The Yale administration's handling of some high-profile crimes has been criticized as more coverup than constructive engagement. Murders involving Yale students include:
- In 1974, Yale junior Gary Stein was killed in a robbery. Melvin Jones was convicted in the case and spent fifteen years in prison.
- In 1977, Yale student Bonnie Garland was killed by a former boyfriend, Yale graduate Richard Herrin. The support of the Yale Catholic community for the perpetrator resulted in his conviction for manslaughter rather than murder.
- In 1991, the killing of Christian Prince on Hillhouse Avenue in the Yale campus resulted in a brief decline in applications and resulted in a re-examination of Campus security.
- In 1998, student Suzanne Jovin was stabbed to death. Leaked allegations that her thesis advisor was a suspect led to the end of his career at Yale, but a sizable body of public opinion holds that the Yale administration had pressured the New Haven police to avoid the stigma of yet another random slaying of a student. The crime remains unsolved. Bombings
- On May 1, 1970, an explosive device was detonated in the Ingalls Rink during events related to the trial of Black Panther Bobby Seale.
- On June 24, 1993, computer science professor David Gelernter was seriously injured in his office in Arthur K. Watson Hall by a bomb sent by serial killer Ted Kaczynski, a.k.a the Unabomber.
- On May 21, 2003, an explosive device went off at the Yale Law School, damaging two classrooms.

Points of interest

- Marsh Botanical Garden

External links

Official university sites:
- [http://www.yale.edu Yale University]
- [http://www.yale.edu/admit Yale College, Undergraduate Admissions]
- [http://www.law.yale.edu Yale Law School]
- [http://www.yale.edu/graduateschool Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences]
- [http://info.med.yale.edu/ysm Yale School of Medicine]
- [http://www.yale.edu/art/ Yale School of Art]
- [http://www.yale.edu/music/ysm.html Yale School of Music]
- [http://info.med.yale.edu/eph/ Yale School of Public Health]
- [http://www.yale.edu/drama/ Yale School of Drama]
- [http://www.architecture.yale.edu/ Yale School of Architecture]
- [http://mba.yale.edu Yale School of Management]
- [http://teachers.yale.edu Yale National Initiative]
- [http://www.goyalebulldogs.com Official Yale athletics site]
- [http://artgallery.yale.edu/ Yale Art Gallery]
- [http://ycba.yale.edu Yale Center for British Art] Publications:
- [http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com Yale Alumni Magazine]
- [http://www.yaledailynews.com Yale Daily News]
- [http://www.yaleeconomicreview.com Yale Economic Review]
- [http://www.yaleherald.com Yale Herald]
- [http://www.yalelawjournal.org Yale Law Journal]
- [http://www.yale.edu/ylit/ Yale Literary Magazine]
- [http://www.yalerumpus.com Yale Rumpus] Musical Groups:
- [http://www.yalealleycats.com/ Yale Alley Cats]
- [http://www.whiffenpoofs.com Yale Whiffenpoofs]
- [http://www.yale.edu/yso/ Yale Symphony Orchestra]
- [http://www.yale.edu/ygc/ Yale Glee Club]
- [http://www.yale.edu/dramat/ Yale Dramatic Association]
- [http://www.yale.edu/yaleband/ Yale Bands, including the Yale Precision Marching Band]
- [http://www.thebakersdozen.com/ The Baker's Dozen at Yale]
- [http://www.yale.edu/carillon/ Yale Guild of Carillonneurs]
- [http://www.yale.edu/redhot/ Yale Redhot & Blue]
- [http://www.mixedco.net/ Mixed Company of Yale University]
- [http://www.thesobs.net Yale's Society of Orpheus & Bacchus]
- [http://www.spizzwinks.com Yale Spizzwinks]
- [http://www.yale.edu/newblue The New Blue of Yale University]
- [http://www.magevet.com Yale's Magevet]
- [http://www.yale.edu/ootb/ Out of the Blue of Yale University] Organizations:
- [http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/ Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute]
- [http://www.yaleunions.org Federation of Hospital and University Employees, the unions at Yale]
- [http://www.yasj.org Yale Alumni for Social Justice]
- [http://www.yale.edu/bridge Bridge Club for Yale College Students] Other:
- [http://www.yaleinsider.org Yale Insider Blog]
- [http://www.harvardsucks.org Yale-Harvard Game Prank of 2004] Category:Universities and colleges in Connecticut Category:Ivy League Category:Association of American Universities Category:Yale University Category:Schools of Medicine in the United States Category:Colonial colleges Category:Museums in Connecticut Category:Film schools ko:예일 대학교 ja:イェール大学

University

A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corporation (since the first medieval European universities were simply groups of scholars). medieval European universities]

History

Because of the above definition, the oldest universities in the world were all European, as the awarding of academic degrees was not a custom of older institutions of learning in Asia and Africa. However, institutions of higher learning considerably older than the most ancient European universities existed in countries such as China, Egypt and India. The Academy, founded in 387 BC by the Greek philosopher Plato in the grove of Academos near Athens, taught its students philosophy, mathematics, and gymnastics, and is sometimes considered a forerunner of modern European universities. Other Greek cities with notable educational institutions include Kos (the home of Hippocrates), which had a medical school, and Rhodes, which had philosophical schools. Another famous classical university was the Museum and Library of Alexandria. About a thousand years after Plato, institutions bearing a resemblance to the modern university existed in Persia and the Islamic world, notably the Academy of Gundishapur and later also al-Azhar University in Cairo. In Asia, there were a number of institutions of higher learning that vaguely resembled universities in the Western sense of the word. In general, these are of considerable antiquity, predating western institutions of higher learning by centuries. In China, it's recorded that the education system had been established during the Yu period (2257 BC - 2208 BC) and the imperial central academy was named Shangyang (Shang means higher and Yang means school) at the time. The higher learning institution - imperial central academy, was called Piyong in Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC - 249 BC), Taixue in Han Dynasty (202 - 220) and Guozijian in Sui dynasty. For example, Nanjing University traces its source back to the imperial central academy at Nanking founded in 258 by the Kingdom of Wu. The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination was established in the Sui Dynasty (581 -618) for evaluating and selecting officials from the general populace. The ancient cities of Nalanda, Vikramasila, Kanchipura and Takshasila were greatly reputed centres of learning in the east, with students from all over Asia. In particular, Nalanda was a famous center of Buddhist scholarship, and as such it attracted a vast number of Buddhist scholars from China, central Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Carolingian period, a famous academy was created by Charlemagne for the purpose of educating the children of aristocrats to help train the professionals needed to run an empire. It was a foreshadow of the rise of the University in the 11th century. The first European medieval university was the University of Magnaura in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), founded in 849 by the emperor Bardas, followed by the University of Salerno (9th century)University of Bologna (1088) in Bologna, Italy, and the University of Paris (c. 1100) in Paris, France. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali. In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarly sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. In Europe, young men proceeded to the university when they had completed the study of the trivium–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and logic–and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. (See degrees of Oxford University for the history of how the trivium and quadrivium developed in relation to degrees, especially in anglophone universities). Universities are generally established by statute or charter. In the United Kingdom, for instance, a university is instituted by Act of Parliament or Royal Charter; in either case generally with the approval of Privy Council, and only such recognized bodies can award degrees of any kind.

Universities around the world

The funding and organisation of Universities is very different in different countries around the world. In some countries Universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the University must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend University in their local town, while in other countries Universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide University accommodation for their students.

Universities and student life in different countries

- British universities
- Dutch universities
- French universities
- Irish universities
- Italian universities
- Spanish universities
- US universities
- Egyptian universities

Selective admissions

Unlike community colleges, enrollment at a university is generally not available to all. However, admission systems vary widely around the world, as discussed in the article college admissions.

Colloquial usage

Colloquially, the term university is used around the world for a phase in one's life: "when I was at university…"; in the United States, college is often used: "when I was in college…". See college, §3, for further discussion. In the United Kingdom and Australia "University" is often contracted to simply "Uni". The usual practice in the United States today is to call an institution made up of several faculties and granting a range of higher degrees a "university" while a smaller institution only granting bachelor's or associate's degrees is called a "college". (See liberal arts colleges, community college). Nevertheless, a few of America's oldest and most prestigious universities, such as Boston College, Dartmouth College and the College of William and Mary, have retained the term "college" in their names for historical reasons though they offer a wide range of higher degrees.

Related terms

: academia - academic rank - academy - admission - alumnus - aula - [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brain_farm Brain farm ]-Bologna process - business schools - Grandes écoles - campus - college - college and university rankings - dean - degree - diploma - discipline - [http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Dissertation dissertation] - faculty - fraternities and sororities - graduate student - graduation - lecturer - medieval university - medieval university (Asia) - mega university - perpetual student - professor - provost - rector - research - scholar - senioritis - student - tenure - tuition - undergraduate - universal access - university administration

References

- Walter Ruegg (ed), A History of the University in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (3 vols) ISBN 0521361079 (vol 3 reviewed by Laurence Brockliss in the Times Literary Supplement, no 5332, 10 June 2005, pages 3-4). Category:Educational stages ko:대학교 ms:Universiti ja:大学 simple:University th:มหาวิทยาลัย

New Haven, Connecticut

New Haven is the second-largest city in Connecticut, and is located in New Haven County, Connecticut, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern coast of Long Island Sound. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 123,626. New Haven is generally considered to be halfway between the greater New York metropolitan area and the greater New England area, and can be said to be culturally split between the influence of the larger cities and its own New England roots. New Haven's nickname is the Elm City, as it historically contained many elm trees, which in recent years have mostly succumbed to Dutch Elm disease; it nevertheless remains a very 'green' city. It is home to Yale University, the institution for which the city is most known. It is considered the first planned city (1638) in the United States. It was the birthplace of current U.S. President George W. Bush.

History

Pre-colonial and colonial history

Before European arrival, New Haven was the home of the Quinnipiack tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the harbor and subsisted off of local fisheries and the farming of maize. The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in what would become New Haven. In April 1638, five-hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers were hoping to establish a more perfect theological community than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor (which is actually a fjord). The Quinnipiacks, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, agreed to sell their land to the settlers in return for protection from hostile tribes. By 1640, the town's theocratic government and city grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. The new settlement soon became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, which at that time was separate from the Connecticut Colony which had been established to the north focusing on Hartford. (see Wikisource:Government of New Haven Colony) Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully-loaded ship of local goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Haven's development in the face of the rising trade power of Boston and New Amsterdam. In 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II. Two judges, Colonel Edward Whalley and Colonel William Goffe, fled to New Haven to seek refuge from the king's forces. John Davenport arranged for these "Regicides" to hide in the West Rock hills northwest of the town. A third judge, John Dixwell, joined the other regicides at a later time. New Haven became part of the Connecticut Colony in 1664, when the two colonies were merged under political pressure from England. It was made co-capital of Connecticut in 1701, a status it retained until 1873. At this time, New Haven was a largely agricultural town, but in 1716, Yale University relocated from Old Saybrook to New Haven and established the early city as a center of learning. During the American Revolution, New Haven was a town of approximately 3,500 citizens and was a major hotbed of revolutionary activity -- so much so that the British invaded the town during the course of the war; however, the British forces did not torch New Haven as they had done with many other coastal New England towns they seized, leaving many of its colonial features preserved. For over a century, New Haven had fought alongside the British in the French and Indian War, and many influential residents, such as General David Wooster, hoped that the conflict with Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On April 23, 1775 (still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day) however, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the British when, under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.

Post-colonial history

New Haven was incorporated as a city in 1784, and Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Constitution and author of the "Connecticut Compromise", became the new city's first mayor. The city struck fortune in the late 18th-century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and also establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden border. That area of Hamden is still known as Whitneyville, and the main road through both cities is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now a museum, with particular emphasis on activities for children, as well as a substantial collection of exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company. Whitney pioneered the concept of industrial mass-production instead of painstaking hand-shaping of individual pieces, no two of which would be interchangeable. Adoption of his methods made early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprung up that Connecticut became known as 'The Arsenal of America'. It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt first invented the automatic revolver in 1836. New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mendi tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. During the Civil War, the city received another economic boost as demand for industrial goods increased nationally. New Haven's population doubled in the time between the war and the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy.

Modern history

Italy campus located in downtown New Haven]] New Haven's growth continued during the two world wars, however most inward immigration during those years was of African-Americans from the South and Puerto Ricans as opposed to foreigners. The city reached its peak size during World War II, and in many cases it can be argued that it was already in decline when the post-war process of suburbanization began in earnest. As early as 1954, New Haven was already suffering from an exodus of middle-class workers and the chronic development of "slums". Then mayor Richard Lee attempted to stem the tide by engaging in one of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Large sections of downtown New Haven were destroyed and rebuilt with new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section and Interstate 91. In some cases, the destruction leftover from a planned semi-beltway around and through the city remains incomplete to this day in the form of open fields in the midst of older neighborhoods. From the 1960s through the early 1990s, New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of total population despite many attempts to resurrect the city through renewal projects. During this period, the city and Yale were engaged in ongoing disputes over taxation and land use. At present, New Haven has stabilized. The city has engaged in efforts to attract and encourage biomedical and pharmaceutical research facilities to locate in-town, and some have done so to take advantage of the city's connections with Yale. Downtown New Haven is revitalizing itself as a center of shopping, and Crown Street and Chapel Street are becoming centers of regional nightlife and a burgeoning bar scene. The university, and other local schools, also continue to draw in many young people from around the world. Ongoing problems persist, however, with poverty, the spread of AIDS, and decaying primary education facilities and transportation infrastructure remaining as chronic problems for the city. In this respect, New Haven shares similar aspects with many of New England's post-industrial urban centers.

Historical populations

- 1790 - 4,487
- 1800 - 4,049
- 1810 - 5,772
- 1820 - 7,147
- 1830 - 10,180
- 1840 - 12,960
- 1850 - 20,345
- 1860 - 39,267
- 1870 - 50,840
- 1880 - 62,882
- 1890 - 86,045
- 1900 - 108,027
- 1910 - 133,605
- 1920 - 162,537
- 1930 - 162,665
- 1940 - 160,605
- 1950 - 164,443
- 1960 - 152,048
- 1970 - 137,707
- 1980 - 126,021
- 1990 - 130,474
- 2000 - 123,626
- 2002 - 124,161 (estimate)
- Sources: [http://www.sots.state.ct.us/RegisterManual/regman.htm Interactive Connecticut State Register & Manual] and [http://eire.census.gov/popest/data/cities.php U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division]

Colleges and universities

New Haven is known first and foremost as a center for education and research. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer. New Haven is also home to other centers of higher education, including Southern Connecticut State University and Albertus Magnus College. The University of New Haven is located, interestingly enough, in the neighboring city of West Haven. North of the city, in Hamden, is the site of Quinnipiac University. New Haven is also served by Gateway Community College, located in the Long Wharf district. Hopkins School is also located in New Haven, and is the fifth oldest educational institution in the United States.

Transportation

Railroad

The city is connected to New York City by both intercity and commuter rail, provided by Amtrak and Metro-North Railroad respectively, and some New Haven residents commute to work in New York City (a trip of close to two hours). The city's main railroad station is Union Station, which serves Metro-North trains to New York, Shore Line East commuter trains to Old Saybrook, and Amtrak trains to New York, Boston, and Springfield, Massachusetts. An additional station at State Street provides SLE and a few Metro-North passengers easier access to the Central Business District.

Major Highways

New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95, which provides access to New York and the coastal regions further north, and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of New England. Within the city itself there is the Oak Street Connector/Route 34 which intersects just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange and runs northwest as a spur into downtown. The Route 15 Parkway, also known as the Wilbur Cross Parkway, runs just north of the city, through the outer rim of New Haven, and Hamden. New Haven is also the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (Route 15). The tunnel runs through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and 3 Judges cave.

Airports

Tweed-New Haven Airport located along the New Haven/East Haven border provides daily service to 126 cities through US Airways and Delta Airlines. Jet service returned to Tweed New Haven in May, 2004 after a long absence. It is quite common for locals to use Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, or New York City's LaGuardia Airport or JFK International or Newark, New Jersey's Newark Liberty International Airport, when flying overseas or to a non-Eastern destination.

Newspapers and media

New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register and the weekly alternative (now corporate run) New Haven Advocate. It is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News and the weekly Yale Herald.

Culture and notable features

Cuisine

Although credit for creation of the hamburger sandwich is disputed, New Haven boosters accept the claim that it was first served in the United States in 1895 by Louis Lassen, operator of Louis' Lunch, which is still in operation. Burgers are cooked in the original 1895 setup, which holds them vertically instead of flat, between two grills; they are served between two slices of white bread, and the only condiments available are slices of tomato and onions. The restaurant is one of eight featured in "Hamburger America"[http://www.hamburgeramerica.com/], a documentary film which premiered on Sundance cable television network on the Fourth of July, 2005. New Haven's culinary tradition also includes a claim of being the birthplace of pizza in the United States. Dubious as that claim may be (see Gennaro_Lombardi), New-Haven-style pizza, called apizza (pronounced ah-BEETS in the local Italian dialect), is made in a coal- or wood-fired brick oven, and is notable for its paper-thin crust. Apizza may be Red (with a tomato-based sauce) or White (garlic and olive oil), and pies ordered "plain" are made without the otherwise customary mozzarella cheese (pronounced sca-MOTZ). Locally, the White Clam Pie is favored. Pizzerias of distinction include Sally's Apizza and Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana, both located on the same block in the Italian-American neighborhood of Wooster Square, Modern Apizza not far away on State Street, and upstart newcomer Bar, a Microbrewery located across Crown Street from Louis' Lunch in New Haven's "entertainment district" downtown. Some exceptionally highly regarded restaurants in New Haven include the Union League Café on Chapel St., owned in part by local (Madison, CT) resident Jacques Pepin and serving classical haute cuisine, Claire's Cornercopia at Chapel and College Streets, serving vegetarian food and is the oldest exclusively vegetarian menu restaurant in the country, Ibiza on High St. (once credited by the food critic in the New York Times with the best meal he had had in the previous year), which was formerly a highly regarded tapas restaurant named Pika Tapas but has turned to a fusion of nouvelle cuisine with Spanish food, and Roomba, serving an innovative nouvelle cuisine interpretation of Cuban food. Remarkably, all of these world-class restaurants are on the same block downtown. Also of note:
- The Yankee Doodle Sandwich Shop, near the Yale campus on Elm St., the sometimes setting of Bill Griffith's Zippy the Pinhead, and the inspiration for a famous work of Robert Crumb's. You know the one. Cherry Coke and Vanilla Coke are still made the old fashioned way, with cola syrup and seltzer, and hamburgers come with an extravagant dab of butter.
- Mamoun's Falafel Restaurant, an important resource in this student-filled city due to its being open until 3 AM 365 days a year to provide reasonably priced food, including many Middle Eastern and/or vegetarian and vegan selections. New Haven is also famous for its Thai Cuisine with restaraunts including Thai Taste, Bangkok Garden, Pad Thai, etc.

Popular culture

On March 20, 1914 the first United States figure skating championship was held here. New Haven was also the location in 1967 of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The resultant near-riotous concert and arrest was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to "Peace Frog" which include the missive "...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven..." New Haven currently serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas. New Haven is also home to the famous concert and dance hall Toad's Place which brings in many big name acts to the city. Garry Trudeau, the creator and current author of the comic strip "Doonesbury", attended Yale University. There he met fellow student and later Green Party candidate for senator Charlie Pillsbury, a long-time New Haven resident who is the eponym for Trudeau's comic strip and for one of its main characters because during his college years Pillsbury was known by the nickname "The Doones".

Sports teams and athletic entertainment

New Haven, being a significantly large urban area, served as a home city to many sports teams, all of which have since gone defunct or left town. Most notably, it was home to the New Haven Ravens, an Eastern League AA team from 1994-2003. The Ravens have since moved to Manchester, New Hampshire and became the New Hampshire Fisher Cats. The New Haven Cutters baseball team began play in 2004 in the independent Northeast (now Can-Am) League, and call a renovated Yale Field its home park. The New Haven Coliseum, an egregious example of failed modernism leading to urban blight, was built in 1972 to accommodate a variety of entertainment functions for greater New Haven. It is currently being destroyed due to its disfunctional design and financial drain on the City. Most understand that the facility is hopelessly outdated; that the parking garage, accessed via a quarter-mile double circular ramp, has failed to attract usage; and that the City and state Hotel-Motel Tax subsidies that had been devoted to the facility will be better applied to other priorities. The New York Giants of the NFL played an exhibition game against the Detroit Lions in 1960, a first for the city. A number of exhibition games were played against the New York Jets through the 1970s, and in the 1973 and 1974 NFL seasons, the Giants made the Yale Bowl their home field while Yankee Stadium was being renovated. From July 1st through 9th, 1995, the city hosted the Ninth Special Olympics World Summer Games. The Connecticut Tennis Center at Yale University hosts the Pilot Pen International, a professional men's and women's tennis event, every August. The stadium at the Connecticut Tennis Center is the second largest tennis venue in the world, second only to Arthur Ashe Stadium at Flushing Meadows in New York City.

Theatre

The city is very active in the world of theatre, and host numerous theatres and production houses including: the Yale Repertory Theatre, the Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Performing Arts Center. There is also theatre activity from the drama department at Yale which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student run Yale Cabaret. Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts. The New Haven theatres historically served as staging grounds for test runs of major productions before their Broadway debuts.

Museums

New Haven offers its residents and visitors a wide variety of world-class museums, many of them associated with Yale. Some of the more notable museums are the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library which features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible, the Connecticut Children's Museum, the new Knights of Columbus museum near its world headquarters, the Peabody Museum of Natural History, the Eli Whitney museum (actually just across the border in Hamden, on Whitney Avenue), the Yale Center for British Art, and the Yale University Art Gallery, the nation's oldest college art museum. New Haven is also the home port of a life-size replica of the historical Amistad slaveship which is open for tours at Long Wharf pier at certain times during the summer. Also at Long Wharf pier is the Quinnipiack schooner, offering sailing cruises of the harbor area throughout the summer.

Music

The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts held by the city, especially during the summer months. Some of the more notable music events are the free summer shows by the New Haven Symphony Orchestra and the July series of jazz concerts. New Haven is also home to the famous concert venue [http://www.toadsplace.com Toad's Place], which hosted many big name acts fairly regularly until the venues of the Indian casinos, Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun Casino, became the major stopping place of national acts passing through Southern Connecticut. Rudy's Bar, [http://www.niteimage.com/clubs/BAR/ BAR] and [http://www.cafenine.com/ Cafe Nine] are also popular venues. Other world renowned underground clubs, such as The Tune Inn and Ron's Place, were once located in the Elm City. Production-wise, many staples of the emerging punk movement in the late 1970s had influences from the New Haven music scene, and the city has retained an alternative art and music underground that has gone on to influence post-punk era music movements such as indie/college rock and underground hip-hop.

Notable inhabitants:

- Henry Austin, architect
- Roger Sherman Baldwin, attorney
- Lyman Beecher, clergyman and abolitionist
- Harold Bloom, literary scholar
- George H. W. Bush, 41st president of the United States
- Al Capp, cartoonist
- Karen and Richard Carpenter, singers/musicians
- Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States
- Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Lady of the United States (1993-2001)
- Rosa DeLauro, Congresswoman
- William Sloane Coffin, clergyman and peace activist
- Alexander Jackson Davis, architect
- Paul de Man, literary theorist
- Willard Gibbs, physicist and founder of physical chemistry
- Charles Goodyear, inventor
- Gerry Hemingway (jazz percussionist and composer)
- Paul Hindemith, composer
- Jack Hitt, author
- John Kerry, 2004 Democratic nominee for president of the United States; U.S. Senator for Masschusetts
- Harvey Koizim, treasurer of CitySeed, former Yale Law School Professor
- Norman Lear, television producer
- Joe Lieberman, vice-presidential candidate, 2000; U.S. Senator for Connecticut
- Paul MacCready, inventor
- Robert Moses, architect and urban planner
- George Lloyd Murphy, dancer, actor and politician
- César Pelli, architect
- Liz Phair, musician
- Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Congressman
- Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr., businessman and former chief of General Motors
- Ithiel Town, architect and civil engineer
- Benjamin Spock, pediatrician and author
- Lawrence Summers, economist, former Secretary of the Treasury, and 27th president of Harvard University
- William Howard Taft, 27th President of United States
- Eli Whitney, inventor and innovator

Sister cities of New Haven

New Haven has engaged in a program of encouraging its citizens to gain a global awareness through its own version of a sister cities program, as many other cities worldwide have done. As of the present day, New Haven's sister cities are:
- Afula-Gilboa, Israel
- Amalfi, Italy
- Avignon, France
- Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Hue, Vietnam
- León, Nicaragua Some of these cities, such as Freetown, were selected as sister cities because of specific historical connections between New Haven and the paired city -- in Freetown's case because of the role of the Amistad trial. Others, such as Amalfi and Afula-Gilboa, reflect traditionally significant ethnic groups evident in New Haven. In 1990, the city of New Haven was additionally chosen by the United Nations as a "Peace Messenger City."

Miscellaneous

In 1892, local confectioner George C. Smith invented the first lollipops. The frisbee is said to have originated on the Yale campus, based on the tin pans of the Frisbie Pie Company which were tossed around by students on the New Haven Green. New Haven serves as the world headquarters of the Knights of Columbus organization, which maintains its headquarters and a small museum downtown. The organization was founded in the city in 1882. New Haven has been fictionalized in the movie The Skulls, which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven. The city was also fictionally portrayed in the movie Amistad concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven hosted the first Bell PSTN switch office. The New York Giants football team actually played their home games at the Yale Bowl for the 1974 and 1975 seasons while Yankee Stadium (their old home) was being renovated and Giants Stadium in New Jersey (their current home) was being built. Ultra-traditional men's clothier J. Press was founded in New Haven by immigrant tailor Jacobi Press in 1902. Their store on York Street remains their largest in the country; additional stores are located in New York, New York, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C..

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 52.4 km² (20.2 mi²). 48.8 km² (18.9 mi²) of it is land and 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.91% water. New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt "trap rocks" which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the "Regicides" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New-Haveners refer to these men as "The Three Judges." East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the "Great Steps" which run up the rock's cliffside.

Urban layout and neighborhoods

Urban layout

New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design of the city's layout. Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid pattern of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). To the present day, the New Haven Green remains almost unchanged from its original layout, and is home to three separate churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city. In the modern era, New Haven has undergone many urban redevelopment projects to revitalize and enhance the city with mixed results. The central downtown area, for one, has been the site of numerous experiments in urban re-design, with new hotels, shopping centers, a sports coliseum, and office towers built under city, state, and federal efforts. Some of these efforts, such as the New Haven Coliseum, were never officially completed; the Coliseum is now closed and is being torn down. The most recent sector being redeveloped is the "Ninth Square", named from the original nine square layout described above.

Neighborhoods of New Haven

The city has many distinct neighborhoods despite its relatively compact size when compared to other cities. In addition to Downtown centered on the central business district and the Green, the southern neighborhoods including The Hill (neighborhood) and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood-West River, Westville, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock in the northeastern side of town; Fair Haven, located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; the Italian-American neighborhood of Wooster Square; and across the Quinnipiac River facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and Morris Cove. Each neighborhood exhibits its own unique mix of ethnic, economic, and social qualities, combining influences from immigrants, long-time residents, and neighboring towns. The city's neighborhoods are, in general, seeing a rebirth of economic vibrancy and development, especially Downtown and Long Wharf.

Greater New Haven

Despite being within the New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, New Haven is also contained within the more local New Haven Metropolitan NECTA where it serves as the primary metropolitan focal point for most of New Haven County and southern Middlesex County. The metro area of Greater New Haven encompasses approximately 600,000 residents, many of whom commute to work in New Haven, and includes the following towns: In New Haven County

- Bethany
- Branford
- Cheshire
- East Haven
- Guilford
- Hamden
- Madison

- Meriden
- North Branford
- North Haven
- Orange
- Wallingford
- West Haven
- Woodbridge

In Middlesex County

- Clinton

- Killingworth

Derby and Milford are sometimes also considered to be part of Greater New Haven, although both towns lie on the border with the Greater Bridgeport area. Both of these towns are located in New Haven County.

Hospitals and medicine

The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. These include Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, and the Hospital of Saint Raphael. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located nearby in West Haven. To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center.

Power supply facilities

Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. New Haven also has a seasonal oil burning power plant called the English station located on Mill River Island in Fair Haven.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 123,626 people, 47,094 households, and 25,854 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,532.2/km² (6,558.4/mi²). There are 52,941 housing units at an average density of 1,084.4/km² (2,808.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 43.46% White, 37.36% African American, 0.43% Native American, 3.90% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 10.89% from other races, and 3.91% from two or more races. 21.39% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 47,094 households out of which 29.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.5% are married couples living together, 22.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% are non-families. 36.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.19. In the city the population is spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 16.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 29 years. For every 100 females there are 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $29,604, and the median income for a family is $35,950. Males have a median income of $33,605 versus $28,424 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,393. 24.4% of the population and 20.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 32.2% of those under the age of 18 and 17.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Points of interest

- Marsh Botanical Garden
- Yale University

Literature

- Leonard Bacon, Thirteen Historical Discourses, (New Haven, 1839)
- C. H. Hoadley (editor), Records of the Colony of New Haven, 1638-1665, (two volumes, Hartford, 1857-58)
- J. W. Barber, History and Antiquities of New Haven, (third edition, New Haven, 1870)
- C. H. Levermore, Town and City Government of New Haven, (Baltimore, 1886)
- C. H. Levermore, Republic of New Haven: A History of Municipal Evolution, (Baltimore, 1886)
- E. S. Bartlett, Historical Sketches of New Haven. (New Haven, 1897)
- F. H. Cogswell, "New Haven" in L. P. Powell (editor), Historic Towns of New England, (New York, 1898)
- H. T. Blake, Chronicles of New Haven Green, (New Haven, 1898)
- E. E. Atwater, History of the Colony of New Haven, (New edition, New Haven, 1902)
- New Haven City Yearbooks

External links

- [http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/index.html City of New Haven official Web site]
- [http://www.modelcity.org/ Life in the Model City: Stories of Urban Renewal in New Haven -- online exhibit by the New Haven Oral History Project]
- [http://whorulesamerica.net/power/new_haven.html "Who Really Ruled in Dahl's New Haven?"] by G. William Domhoff -- examination of power structures in New Haven and Yale in the 1960s Category:All-America City Category:Cities in Connecticut Category:New Haven County, Connecticut

1701

Events

- January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia.
- May 23 - After being convicted of murdering William Moore and for piracy, Captain William Kidd is hanged in London.
- July 24 - Detroit, Michigan founded.
- September 16 - Prince James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the new claimant to the thrones of Scotland as King James VIII and England as King James III.
- October 9 - The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.
- Philharmonic Society (Academia philharmonicorum) established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- In Japan, the young daimyo Asano Naganori is ordered to commit seppuku (ritual suicide). 47 samurai of his service begin planning to avenge his death.
- The English Parliament passes the Act of Settlement 1701, passing the crown of Great Britain to Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her descendants on the death of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive to the throne after her brother in law, King William III.

Births

- January 27 - Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (d. 1790)
- January 28 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (d. 1774)
- February 14 - Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (d. 1773)
- March 18 - Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant and philanthropist (d. 1776)
- April 27 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (d. 1773)
- May 14 - William Emerson, English mathematician (d. 1782)
- August 4 - Thomas Blackwell, Scottish classical scholar (d. 1757)
- October 15 - Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, Canadian saint (d. 1771)
- October 18 - Charles le Beau, French historian (d. 1778)
- November 27 - Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer (d. 1744)

Deaths

- January 14 - Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (b. 1628)
- March 15 -