:: wikimiki.org ::

X-cancel

X-cancel

In philately, an x-cancel is a pen (or occasionally pencil [http://www.siegelauctions.com/2003/868/y86815.htm]) cancel in the shape of an "X" across the stamp. The term is also sometimes used in the context of paper documents.[http://members.aol.com/GlobTreasr/paper1.html]

References

- [http://alphabetilately.com/X.html Alphabetilately: X is for X-cancel]
- http://www.siegelauctions.com/2000/830/y83096.htm Category:philately

Philately

Philately is the study of revenue or postage stamps. This includes the design, production and uses of stamps after they are issued by postal authorities. Although many equate it with stamp collecting, it is a distinct activity. For instance, philatelists will study extremely rare stamps without expecting to own copies of them, whether because of cost, or because the sole survivors are in museums. Conversely, a stamp collector may choose to acquire and arrange the little pictures without being much troubled about their origin or usage. But in practice, a basic knowledge of philately will save the collector from spending 50 dollars for a stamp that is really worth only 20 cents! stamp collecting The coining of the word "philately" in its French form has been circumstantially attributed to Georges Herpin in the publication Le Collectioneur de timbres-postes, Vol. 1, November 15, 1864. It is formed from the Greek words philos (friend) and ateleia (exempt from charge, or "franked"), which is a stretch to relate to the study of stamps, but the alternatives of "timbrophily" & "timbrology" or "timbrologist" never caught on. The origin of philately is in the observation that in a pile of stamps all appearing to be the same type, closer examination reveals different kinds of paper, different watermarks embedded in the paper, variations in color shades, different perforations, and other kinds of differences. Comparison with records of postal authorities may or may not show that the variations were intentional, which leads to further inquiry as to how the changes could have happened, and why. To make things more interesting, thousands of forgeries have been produced over the years, some of them very good, and only a thorough knowledge of philately gives any hope of detecting the fakes. forgeries One explanation for all the variation is that stamp printing was among the early attempts at large-scale mass production activity by postal authorities. Even in the 19th century, stamps were being issued by the billions, more than any other kind of manufactured object at the time.

Types of philately

Basic or technical philately, then, is the study of the technical aspects of stamp production and stamp identification. It includes the study of
- The initial stamp design process
- Paper (wove, laid, etc, and including watermarks)
- Printing methods (engraving, typography, etc)
- Gum
- Separation (perforation, rouletting)
- Overprints on existing stamps
- Forensic philately, especially the identification of forgeries Forensic philately.]] Topical philately is the study of what is depicted on the stamps. There are hundreds of popular subjects, such as
- People on stamps
- Maps on stamps
- Birds on stamps
- Insects on stamps
- Ships on stamps
- Stamps on stamps Interesting aspects of topical philately include design mistakes (such as use of the wrong picture on a US stamp honoring Bill Pickett), design alterations (for instance, the recent editing out of cigarettes from the pictures used for US stamps), and the stories of how particular images came to be used (one US stamp from the 1920s shows a Viking ship apparently flying an American flag, but this was not a mistake). Viking, featuring a variety of postal markings.]] Postal history concentrates on the use of stamps on mail. It includes the study of postmarks, post offices, postal authorities and the process by which letters are moved from sender to recipient, including routes and choice of conveyance. A classic example is the Pony Express, which was the fastest way to send letters across the United States during the few months that it operated. Covers that can be proved to have been sent by the Pony Express are highly prized by collectors. Cinderella philately is the study of objects that look like stamps but aren't stamps. Examples include Easter Seals, propaganda labels, and so forth. The results of philatelic study have been extensively documented by the philatelic literature, which includes many books and nearly 15,000 different periodical titles. Philately is basically an activity of reading and study, but the human senses typically need augmentation. The stamps themselves are handled with stamp tongs so as preserve them from large, clumsy, and possibly greasy fingers. A strong magnifier reveals details of paper and printing, while the odontometer or perforation gauge helps distinguish a "perf 12" from a "perf 13". perf 12ed with an elephant's head.]] While many watermarks can be detected merely by turning the stamp over, or holding it up to the light, others require the services of watermark fluid, such as benzine (not to be confused with benzene, which is toxic), carbon tetrachloride or trichloro-trifluoro-ethane that "wets" the stamp without dissolving gum or ink. Other techniques, such as using coloured light filters have been attempted in an effort to avoid the use of toxic substances. Experts evaluating the authenticity of the rarest stamps use additional equipment such as fluoroscopes.

Organizations

- Académie Européenne de Philatélie
- American Philatelic Society
- American Topical Association
- Australian Philatelic Federation
- Fédération Internationale de Philatélie
- Féderación Argentina de Entidades Filatélicas
- National Philatelic Society (UK)
- Royal Philatelic Society London
- [http://www.wnc.quik.co.nz/rpsnz/rpsnz.htm Royal Philatelic Society of New Zealand Inc]

Reference

- L.N. Williams, Fundamentals of Philately (American Philatelic Society, 1990) ISBN 0-933580-13-4
- Richard McP. Cabeen, Standard Handbook of Stamp Collecting (Harper & Row, 1979)

External links

- [http://www.ephilately.com/ Ephilately.com - Philately Discussion and Exchange Forum]
- [http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/home.html Encyclopaedia of Postal History]
- [http://www.philately.com philately.com]
- [http://www.ukphilately.org.uk/ UL Philately]
- [http://www.geocities.com/vernondalhart2002/ostland_1.html OSTLAND]
- [http://my.execpc.com/~joeluft/resource.html Joseph Luft's famous link collection] (While this is one of the largest philatelic links web sites it has not been updated since January 2003, so many links are broken.)
- [http://www.glassinesurfer.com Stamp Collecting at Glassine Surfer]
- [http://www.filatelia.fi/forglinks/index.html Stamp Forgery Guide] (Selected web links to forgery descriptions and a comprehensive forgery literature bibliography.)
- [http://www.stamp2.com Stamp2.com] The world's ultimate philatelic portal.
- [http://www.askphil.org AskPhil] The non-commercial, all-reference site sponsored by the Collector's Club of Chicago. No:Filateli

Pen cancel

In philately, a pen cancel is a cancellation done with pen or marker. In the early, pre-ballpoint pen days of adhesive stamps it took longer to apply a pen cancel than a handstamp, which led to the development of handstamped cancellation devices. According to Linns.com, "A pen cancel may also indicate that a stamp was used as a fiscal". Sometimes philatelists may have trouble distinguishing between a pen cancel and a pen marking on a stamp for another reason. Pen cancels are sometimes seen today, as, in order not to lose revenue through stamp reuse, postal employees are instructed to obliterate (through use of pen-cancellation, among other possible methods), stamps missed by the cancelling machine. Depending on the type of pen or marker used, a pen cancel may destroy the value for stamp-collecting purposes of a used stamp, or the cover if it is saved on cover, and this has led to complaints by stamp collectors that postal employees accused of overzealousness have applied overly thick and enthusiastic marker cancels. A kind of pen cancel is the X-cancel. References:
- [http://www.stamp-one.com/gallery/hopkins/1847pen.htm 1847 Issue with Pen Cancel]
- [http://www.postmarks.org/covers/pen_canx.htm A Pen Cancel affixed by a Postal Employee to "kill" the stamps]
- [http://www.linns.com/reference/terms/terms.asp?firstletter=p Linns.com Glossary of Philatelic Terms] Category:Philately

Pencil

A pencil is a handheld instrument used to write and draw, usually on paper. The writing is done with graphite (except for colored pencils), which is typically covered by a wooden sheath. Pencils may also have an eraser or "rubber" attached to one end, typically by means of a metal ferrule. The pencil differs from most pens in that erasing is possible.

History

pen The prototypical pencil may have been the ancient Roman stylus, which was a thin metal stick used for scratching on papyrus, often made of lead. The word pencil comes from the Latin word penicillus which means "little tail". Some time prior to 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), an enormous deposit of graphite was discovered at the site of Seathwaite Fell near Borrowdale, Cumbria, England. The locals found that it was very useful for marking sheep. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid and it could easily be sawed into sticks. This was and remains the only deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form. Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently it was called plumbago (Latin for "acts like lead"). The black core of pencils is still called "lead", even though it does not contain the element lead. The value of plumbago was soon realised to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannon balls, and the mines were taken over by the Crown and guarded. Graphite had to be smuggled out for use in pencils. Because the plumbago was soft, it required some form of case. Plumbago sticks were at first wrapped in string or in sheepskin for stability. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attentions of artists all over the known world. Although deposits of graphite had been found in other parts of the world, they were not of the same purity and quality as the Borrowdale find, and had to be crushed to remove the impurities, leaving only graphite powder. England continued to enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found. The distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. Today, the town of Keswick, near the original findings of block graphite, has a pencil museum. The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662. They used a mixture of graphite, sulfur and antimony. Though usable they were inferior to the English pencils. antimony It was the Italians who first thought of wooden holders. An Italian couple in particular named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti were believed to be the the ones to create the first blueprints for the modern carpentry pencil for the cause of being able to mark their carpentry pieces, however, their version was instead a flat oval, more compact type of pencil. They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of juniper wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a plumbago stick inserted, and the two halves then glued together—essentially the same method that is in use to this day. English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic wars. It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795 Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods which were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied (the more clay, the harder the pencil, and the lighter the color of the mark). This method of manufacture remains in use today. America colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, and George Washington used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762. It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812. If so, this was not the only pencil-making in Concord. According to Henry Petroski, transcendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.

Manufacture

New Hampshire Today, pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long spaghetti-like strings, and firing them in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to make something called a slat, and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole thing is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils, particularly those used by artists, are labelled on the European system using a scale from "H" (for hardness) to "B" (for blackness), as well as "F" (for fine point). The standard writing pencil is "HB". However, artist's pencils can vary widely in order to provide a range of marks for different visual effects on the page. A set of art pencils ranging from a very hard, light-marking pencil to a very soft, black-marking pencil usually ranges from hardest to softest as follows: 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B The American system, using numbers only, developed simultaneously with the following approximate equivalents to the European system. U.S. Europe #1 = B #2 = HB (most common) #2 1/2 = F (also seen as 2 4/8, 2.5, 2 5/10, due to patent issues) #3 = H #4 = 2H Even though the natural deposits of pure graphite are tapped out, it is still possible to write the way Englishmen did centuries ago, without clay or wax additives leaving oily stains on paper. Chemical supply companies commonly sell 99.995% pure graphite rods in 3 mm and 6 mm diameters. The largest commonly available mechanical pencils ("lead holders") take 2 mm leads.

Pencils in space

A story in circulation since the 1970s tells of NASA spending large sums of money, typically in the millions of dollars, to develop an instrument that would write in space (a space pen). This task is not as simple as it seems, for standard ballpoints and fountain pens require gravity in order to function. The typical punch line is that either someone sends NASA a pencil, or that the Soviets used pencils. This second form appeared as a joke as high up as an episode of The West Wing. While humorous, it is not true (See [http://www.snopes.com/business/genius/spacepen.asp Snopes] for details). There are drawbacks to using pencils in space. The act of writing would cause graphite dust to come free from the lead and float about the cabin. From there it could become a health risk by being inhaled by the astronauts, clog filters in the ventilation system, or even cause short-circuits by getting into switches and other electrical equipment.

Carpenter's pencil

A carpenter's pencil is not round or square. It appears as though it were a flattened circle. This shape performs two functions; a flat pencil does not roll away from the user, and a flatter pencil marks a line closer to the cutting edge, allowing for a more precise cut.

Miscellaneous

The pencil is a common cause of minor puncture injuries in young children. The tip of the lead may leave a grey mark inside the skin for years. This led to the old-wife's tale that the lead bits could be passed through the blood vessels into the brain, causing retardation in those with such a wound. Of course, pencil lead is graphite (carbon) and does not contain the element lead, so it is not poisonous, despite what teachers have been telling school children for decades.

References

- Petroski, Henry (1990). The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394574222; ISBN 0679734155.
- Petroski, Henry. H. D. Thoreau, Engineer. American Heritage of Invention and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8-16.

External links

- [http://pencils.smoky.ca/ paper and pencil]
- [http://www.pencilpages.com/ The Pencil Pages] – A website containing history, numbering systems, and other pencil information
- [http://pencilrevolution.com/ Pencil Revolution]
- [http://www.dibujosparapintar.com/english_activities/drawing_course_pencil.html Pencil information] More information about the pencils.
- [http://www.pencils.co.uk/ The Cumberland Pencil Museum in Keswick]
- [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7942sci4.html History of pencils, pencil lead; details of modern pencil manufacture] – An article from the American Chemical Society Category:Art materials Category:Writing instruments Category:Stationery Category:Pencils ko:연필 ms:Pensil ja:鉛筆 simple:Pencil

X

X is the twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ex. In phonetics, [x] is the IPA and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless velar fricative. The IPA is used here. /ks/ was in Ancient Greece written as Chi 'Χ' (Western Greek) or Xi 'Ξ' (Eastern Greek). In the end, Chi was standardized as (/x/ in Modern Greek) as well as Xi for /ks/. But the Etruscans took over X from older Western Greek, therefore, it stood for /ks/ in Etruscan and Latin. In some languages as a result of assorted phonetic changes and handwriting adaptations it has other pronunciations:- : : usually [ks]; sometimes [gz] (e.g. "exhaust", "exam"); usually [z] at the beginnings of words (e.g. "xylophone". : : at the ends of words, silent (or [z] in sandhi if the next word starts with a vowel). This usage arose as a handwriting alteration of final -us. : and : as a spelling for [ʃ] or [š], including in spelling Mexican placenames. (In Spanish the sound has since changed to [x] and its usual spelling has changed to "j".) : In some recently invented Roman-alphabet spellings of languages, "x" represents [x]: Kurdish, Azeri, Uzbek, Tatar and Lojban. Some scholars claim that Latin X is not identical with Greek Χ. In Hanyu Pinyin, the official transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, the X denotes a /ɕ/ sound (voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative). It is also controversial whether Psi, Chi (Khi) and Xi are Greek inventions or whether they are ultimately of Semitic origin. The letter X is not used in the Italian language, except for words borrowed from other languages, or names of foreigners. No words in the Basic English vocabulary begin with X, but it occurs in words beginning with other letters.

Alternative representations

X-ray represents the letter X in the NATO phonetic alphabet. In international Morse code the letter X is DahDitDitDah: - · · - In Braille the letter X is represented as ⠭ (in Unicode), the dot pattern:

XX
..
XX

Computing

In Unicode the capital X is codepoint U+0058 and the lowercase x is U+0078. The ASCII code for capital X is 88 and for lowercase x is 120; or in binary 01011000 and 01111000, correspondingly. The EBCDIC code for capital X is 231 and for lowercase x is 167. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "X" and "x" for upper and lower case respectively.

Meanings for X

- In a general sense, X represents an unknown or secret variable, as in project X or mister X. This usage is borrowed from mathematics (see below) and acquired some specialized meanings, listed here.
- Members of the Nation of Islam change their surnames to "X" to symbolize that their African names were lost in slavery, an example is Malcolm X.
- In aeronautics, X is the designation given to an experimental aircraft of the US government, for instance, the X-1 rocketplane that first broke the sound barrier. It is also a prefix to experimental types of US military aircraft, for instance, the XB-70.
- In anime, X is a series produced by CLAMP based on the Japanese manga X (see X (anime)) which has also been adapted into a 1996 feature film and a 2001 television series.
- In art, X alludes to the infinite joy of creation.
- In astronomy, Planet X is a hypothetical planet in the Solar System beyond the orbit of Pluto.
- In beverages, X is a symbol for an alcoholic proof of 50; multiple Xes indicate multiples of 50.
- In cabalistic philosophy, X references both birth and death.
- In clothing, X is used as an abbreviation for extra, such as XXL for extra-extra-large or XM for extra-medium.
- In computing:
- X is the name of a free graphical windowing system developed at MIT and standard on Unix and Linux; see X Window System.
- In Windows, Ctrl-X, and in Mac OS, Command-X, removes the selected text, image or sound and places it on the clipboard. This is referred to as cutting.
- X is often used as a symbol of multiplication, as in denoting the spin (and, later, transfer) speed of CDs and DVDs compared to an original standard speed. This usage is a corruption of the multiplication symbol
- . The data transfer speed for 1X CDs is 153,600 bytes/second; for 1X DVDs it is 1,385,000 bytes/second (approximately 9.02 times faster).
- X is used as an abbreviation for the Apple operating system Mac OS X.
- X is an ITU-T series of recommendations on Data networks and open system communication and used in their names such as X.509. See ITU-T recommendations.
- x is the repetition operator in Perl programming language.
- In French education, X is a nickname for the École Polytechnique and its alumni.
- In electrical engineering, X is the symbol for reactance.
- In English:
- X is an abbreviation for Christ, as in Xmas (Christmas), X(t)ian (Christian), and Xianity (Christianity).
- X is a symbol for a kiss, as in love notes. (See Hugs and Kisses.)
- X is an abbreviation for cross in words like "Xing" (crossing) and "Kings X" (Kings Cross).
- X also appears in other jargon or trade abbreviations, such as "xtal" (Crystal), "xant" (chrysanthemum), "reXn" (reaction), "Xlation" (translation), "SXSW" (South by Southwest Festival), "Rx" (receive), "Tx" (transmit), "Dx" (distance).
- In American slang, X is often used as an abbreviation of ecstasy (MDMA), a synthetic drug.
- to sign with a cross (often for illiteracy).
- In film:
- X is a rating given to films suitable for an adult-only audience; see X-rated. NC-17 has replaced the X rating in the U.S.. The UK replaced the X rating with the 18 certificate. Australia retains the X rating.
- X is the title of a 1928 German film; see X (film)
- The X-Files was a popular 1990s American science fiction television series.
- In both JFK and The X-Files, X is the name of a mysterious informant who supplies the main character with information regarding a government conspiracy.
- In finance, X is the U.S. ticker symbol for United States Steel Corporation.
- In games, X is representation for a cross in games like tic tac toe (naughts and crosses)
- In genetics, X denotes the X chromosome.
- In sex, XX denotes female in the XY sex-determination system.
- In legal documents, X can stand for the signature of an illiterate signatory, as long as the document is countersigned by a literate witness.
- In mathematics:
- x commonly represents an unknown variable. Even though any letter can be used, x is the most common by far. This usage can be traced back to the Arabic word šay شيء = "thing", which in translated algebra texts and similar was taken into Old Spanish with the pronunciation "šei", which was written xei, which was soon habitually abbreviated to x. But some sources say that this x is an abbreviation of Latin causa which was a translation of Arabic شيء. (Spanish pronunciation of "x" has changed since.) That started the habit of using letters to represent quantities in algebra.
- x is the usual symbol for the variable represented on the horizontal axis (ordinate) in analytic geometry.
- X means 10 in Roman numbers.
- The symbol ×, similar to the lowercase x, denotes multiplication.
- In military science, X is the US Navy hull classification symbol for Submersible Craft.
- In philosophy, X may mean the supreme singular guiding principle, the logos, for some people. Especially for skeptics, some of whom have a principle which they don't want to name or are unsure of, or want to be neutral and not to take any side, they use the general letter X to denote their principle.
- In photography, X denotes exact time in flash synchronization.
- In physics, the X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
- In popular music:
- X is a song by System of a Down.
- X is the name of a Los Angeles punk rock band (see X (US band)).
- X is the name of an Australian punk rock band (see X (Australian band)).
- X was the initial name of the Japanese visual kei rock band X Japan.
- X is the name of several albums by various artists (see X (album)).
- As the first letter of a postal code:
- In Canada, X stands for Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
- In U.S. politics, X is the pseudonym of the person who blew the whistle on the Watergate crisis.
- In U.S. public policy, X is the author (George F. Kennan) of the X article published in Foreign Affairs.
- In Roman numerals, X denotes ten (there are also separate Unicode characters for this number, 0x2169 "Ⅹ" and 0x2179 "ⅹ").
- In semiotics, an X over something denotes elimination, prohibition or erasure.
- In sociology, X denotes Generation X.
- X is a symbol worn on the hand to denote that someone is straight edge. It is also frequently tattooed on other parts of the body, or worn on clothing, sometimes in triplicate (XXX). Straight-edgers frequently also append Xs to their names, i.e. write their names with Xs, such that 'Jack' would be written XjackX. Straight edge itself is commonly abbreviated to 'sxe' (S.E. with an X in the middle).
- In superhero comic books, an X usually denotes a connection to the popular X-Men franchise, especially when used as a prefix.
- In treasure-hunting, X is used to designate the location of treasure, i.e. X marks the spot.
- In video games:
- X is the bottom of the four face buttons on the original Sony PlayStation controller and the DualShock series of controllers.
- X is the name of the main character in the Mega Man spinoff series, Mega Man X.
- X is a roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain.
- In economics, X is usually used to represent exports.
- X is a common nickname for St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. The school is also famous for the X-Ring, a gold ring with a large black X, worn by its graduates.
See also
XXXX, XXX, XX, Rx, Tx Similar non-Latin letters:
- Χ : Greek letter Chi
- Х : Cyrillic Kha
- メ : Me (Japanese katakana character)
- א (Hebrew aleph) sometimes looks like X when handwritten. Unicode has also several similar non-letter symbols:
- × : multiplication sign
- ╳ : box drawings left diagonal cross
- : multiplication x
- : ballot x
- : heavy ballot x
- : vector or cross product Category:Latin letters Category:Placeholder variables als:X ja:X simple:X

Category:Philately

This is the category of articles relating to philately, the study of postage stamps. Category:History by topic Category:Collecting th:Category:แสตมป์

Additive Farbmischung

Die Additive Farbsynthese (auch Additive Farbmischung, Additives Verfahren oder Additionsverfahren) ist ein optisches Modell, welches das Mischverhalten von Lichtfarben beschreibt. Im Gegensatz zur Subtraktiven Farbsynthese entstehen die Mischfarben nicht durch wiederholte Einschränkung des Spektrums, sondern durch das Hinzufügen neuer Spektralbereiche. Das additive Verfahren arbeitet nach der Dreifarbentheorie von Young und Helmholtz.

Funktionsweise

Helmholtz Häufig – beispielsweise bei Bildschirmen oder Videoprojektoren – werden hierfür die drei Grundfarben Rot, Grün und Blau eingesetzt (so genanntes RGB-Modell), durch deren Kombination sich ein großer Teil des von Menschen wahrnehmbaren Farbraums erzeugen lässt. Bei der additiven Farbsynthese ergibt sich Weiß als Summe aller eingesetzten Grundfarben, Schwarz als Abwesenheit von Licht.

Einsatzgebiete

- Kornraster-Verfahren
- Linienraster-Verfahren
- Linsenraster-Verfahren
- Spreizverfahren
- Farbfernsehen
- Bildschirme In der Fotografie dominiert dagegen das Subtraktionsverfahren.

Siehe auch

- Farbe
- Grundfarbe
- Farbfotografie
- Farbtheorie
- Farbige Schatten
- Filter (Optik) Kategorie:Optik Kategorie:Farbe

Odszkodowanie Lektury apartments in Nice online casinos cytaty

pobierz programy autodata download 0programowanie dla d900i odkurzacz dla win 98 syncCell 2.1.41 program trojan downloads opracowania Studio nagrań Szczecin obrazy

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Berric
Catégorie:Commune du Morbihan Berric est une commune du département du Morbihan, dans la région Bretagne, en France.

Géographie

Histoire

Monuments

Read More...

Bieuzy
Catégorie:Commune du Morbihan Bieuzy est une commune du département du Morbihan, dans la région Bretagne, en France. Ses habitan

Bussy-Saint-Georges
Catégorie:Commune de Seine-et-Marne Bussy-Saint-Georges est une commune française, située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne et la région Île-de-France. Ses

Bussy-Saint-Georges (Seine et Marne)
Catégorie:Commune de Seine-et-Marne Bussy-Saint-Georges est une commune française, située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne et la région Île-de-France. Ses

Bignan
Catégorie:Commune du Morbihan Bignan est une commune du département du Morbihan, dans la région Bretagne, en France. Le nom en breton

Metallica (album)
L'album Metallica sort en 1991. Cet album du groupe de métal Metallica devient vite le favori des fans du groupe, qui le rebaptisent Black Album. Cet album est un de ceux composés par ce groupe qui a eu le plus de succès (plus de 25 millions de copies vendues à travers le monde), avec Master of Puppets. Les morceaux les plus connus sont "Enter sandman", " Sad but true", "The unforgiven " et

Billiers
Catégorie:Commune du Morbihan Billiers est une commune du département du Morbihan, dans la région Bretagne, en France.

Géographie

Histoire

Monument

Read More...

Pokemon
right Pokémon, abréviation de Pocket Monster (monstre de poche) est une série de jeux vidéo créée par Satoshi Tajiri et éditée par Nintendo, où apparaissent des créatures imaginaires du même nom. La franchise est aussi exploitée sous forme d'animes, de mangas, et de jeux de cart

Outlaws
Outlaws est un jeu de tir à la première personne développé par LucasArts, sorti en 1997 et se déroulant dans un univers de western. L'ambiance du jeu est clairement inspirée des western italiens et l'influence de références telles que Le Bon, la brute et le truand,

Read More...

Billio
Catégorie:Commune du Morbihan Billio est une commune du département du Morbihan, dans la région Bretagne, en France.

X-cancel

References

Philately

Types of philately

See also

Organizations

Reference

External links

Pen cancel

Pencil

History

Manufacture

Pencils in space

Carpenter's pencil

Miscellaneous

See also

References

External links

X

Alternative representations

Computing

Meanings for X

See also

Category:Philately

Additive Farbmischung

Funktionsweise

Einsatzgebiete

Siehe auch

Géographie

Histoire

Monuments Read More...

Géographie

Histoire

Monument Read More...

Géographie

Histoire

Monuments Read More...

Monuments

Read More...

Monument

Read More...

Monuments

Read More...