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Windsor, Virginia

Windsor, Virginia

Windsor is a town located in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 916. However, due to recent annexation, the town of Windsor has a population of over 3000 people.

History, legend

Windsor was originally located in Warrosquyoake Shire created in 1634 in the Virginia Colony by the Virginia House of Burgesses and King Charles I of England. It was named for the friendly local Native Americans, who the European settlers called "Indians" mistakenly thinking they were near a short route to the west to India (which was really many thousands of miles away). Windsor's original name given to it by the Indians can be translated as "frog pond". Popular legend has it that a Southampton County native, William Mahone (1826-1895), builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (now Norfolk Southern), and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone (1837-1911), daughter of the late Dr. Robert Butler, who was raised in Smithfield, traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations. Otelia was reading Ivanhoe a book written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place name of Windsor, as well as those of Waverly and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor, a small town in neighboring Southampton County. When they could not agree, it is said that they invented a new name in honor of their dispute, which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was created. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858. William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and later, a Senator in the United States Congress. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named in his honor. Windsor sent seven brothers to fight the Yankees in the Civil War. All of the Roberts brothers returned alive.

Geography

Windsor is located at 36°48'40" North, 76°44'37" West (36.811175, -76.743658). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.2 km² (0.9 mi²). 2.2 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 916 people, 389 households, and 269 families residing in the town. The population density is 416.1/km² (1,077.2/mi²). There are 422 housing units at an average density of 191.7/km² (496.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 89.74% White, 9.06% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 389 households out of which 30.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% are married couples living together, 12.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% are non-families. 27.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.87. In the town the population is spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $36,528, and the median income for a family is $44,167. Males have a median income of $34,205 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,999. 8.8% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 13.4% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Isle of Wight County, Virginia Category:Towns in Virginia

Isle of Wight County, Virginia

Isle of Wight County is a county located in the South Hampton Roads region of state of Virginia in the United States. As of 2000, the population is 29,728. Its county seat is Isle of Wight ⁶.

History

Isle of Wight County is one of the original shires formed in 1634. The county's name was at first Warrascoyack, changed to Isle of Wight in 1637.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 940 km² (363 mi²). 818 km² (316 mi²) of it is land and 121 km² (47 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.93% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 29,728 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density is 36/km² (94/mi²). There are 12,066 housing units at an average density of 15/km² (38/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 71.08% White, 27.15% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 11,319 households out of which 34.00% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.40% are married couples living together, 12.20% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.40% are non-families. 20.00% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 2.99. In the county, the population is spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 29.60% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 12.20% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 95.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.70 males. The median income for a household in the county is $45,387, and the median income for a family is $52,597. Males have a median income of $37,853 versus $22,990 for females. The per capita income for the county is $20,235. 8.30% of the population and 6.60% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.80% of those under the age of 18 and 11.90% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

History

Towns & Communites

- Battery Park
- Benns Church
- Carrsville
- Central Hill
- Indika
- Isle of Wight
- Lawson
- Mogart's Beach
- Raynor
- Rescue
- Rushmere
- Smithfield
- Stott
- Walters
- Windsor
- Wills Corner
- Zuni Category:Virginia counties

Warrosquyoake Shire

Warroysoyaoke Shire was formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony. It was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637. During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of the Jamestown Settlement in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. By 1634, by order of the King of England, Charles I, eight shires or counties were formed with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Warrosquyoake Shire, the only shire given a native american name for the friendly tribes nearby, was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637, after the Isle of Wight, an island in the English channel. Land that was originally portions of the Warrosquyoake Shire and Isle of Wight County later formed many other counties to the immediate southwest in the region now defined as Southside Virginia.

References

- Category:Geography of Virginia Category:Virginia history

1634

Events

- February 24-25 - Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein
- March 1 - Battle at Smolensk, King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats Russian army.
- March 25 - The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.
- September 5 and September 6 - Battle of Nördlingen (1634) results in Catholic victory
- Moses Amyraut's Traite de la predestination is published
- Curaçao captured by the Dutch
- Treaty of Polianovska
- First meeting of the Académie française
- The witchcraft affair at Loudun
- Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin
- Opening of Covent Garden Market in London
- English establish a settlement at Cochin, now Kochi on Malabar coast
- First decennial performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays
- Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses

Births

- January 25 - Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman (d. 1688)
- March 18 - Marie-Madeleine de La Fayette, French novelist (d. 1693)
- June 20 - Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy (d. 1675)
- July 14 - Pasquier Quesnel, French Jansenist theologian (d. 1719)
- July 18 - Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1695)
- October 18 - Luca Giordano, Italian artist (d. 1705)
- December 15 - Thomas Kingo, Danish poet (d. 1703)
- Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer (d. 1704) See also :Category:1634 births.

Deaths

- February 25 - Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (assassinated) (b. 1583)
- May 12 - George Chapman, English author
- May 15 - Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (b. 1585)
- June 22 - Johann Graf von Aldringen, Austrian soldier (b. 1588)
- June 25 - John Marston, English dramatist (b. 1576)
- August 9 - William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577)
- September 3 - Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552)
- December 29 - John Albert Vasa, Polish bishop (b. 1612)
- Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (b. 1568) See also :Category:1634 deaths. Category:1634 ko:1634년

Charles I

The name Charles I is used to refer to numerous persons in history:
- Kings:
- Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- Charles I of France (also known as Charles the Bald)
- Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V of the German Empire)
- Charles I of Romania
- Charles I of Sicily
- Charles I of Portugal
- Charles I of Hungary
- Other:
- Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
- Charles I, Duke of Lorraine
- Charles I, Emperor of Austria (also known as Charles IV, King of Hungary) ja:シャルル1世

India

The Republic of India is a country in South Asia which comprises of the majority of the Indian subcontinent. India has a coastline which stretches over seven thousand kilometres, and shares its borders with Pakistan to the west, the People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar on the east. On the Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to the island nations of the Maldives on the southwest, Sri Lanka on the south, and Indonesia on the southeast. India also claims a border with Afghanistan to the northwest. India is the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. It is home to some of the most ancient civilizations, and a centre of important historic trade routes. Four major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have originated from India. Formerly a major part of the British Empire as the British Raj before gaining independence in 1947, during the past twenty years the country has grown significantly, especially in its economic and military spheres, regionally as well as globally. The name India , is derived from the Old Persian version of Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the river Indus; see Origin of India's name. The Constitution of India and general usage also recognises Bharat ( ), which is derived from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Hindu king, whose story is to be found in the Mahabharata, as an official name of equal status. A third name, Hindustan ( ) , or Land of the Hindus in Persian, has been used since the twelfth century, though its contemporary use is unevenly applied due to domestic disputes over its representiveness as a national signifier.

History

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago and developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which peaked between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It was followed by the Vedic Civilisation. From around 550 BC onwards, many independent kingdoms came into being. In the north, the Maurya dynasty, which included Ashoka, contributed greatly to India's cultural landscape. From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, with the successive establishment in the northern Indian Subcontinent of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms, and finally the Kushan Empire. From the 3rd century AD onwards the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age". Gupta dynasty built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]] In the south, several dynasties including the Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas and Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. Following the Islamic invasions in the beginning of the second millennium, much of north and central India came to be ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, and later, much of the entire subcontinent by the Mughal dynasty. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms remained or rose to power, especially in the relatively sheltered south. Vijayanagara Empire was notable among such kingdoms. During the middle of the second millennium, several European countries, including the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British, who were initially interested in trade with India, took advantage of fractured kingdoms fighting each other to establish colonies in the country. After a failed insurrection in 1857 against the British East India Company, popularly known in India as the First War of Indian Independence and most commonly known in the West as the Indian Mutiny, most of India came under the direct administrative control of the crown of the British Empire. British Empire, Orissa built in the 13th century, is one of the most famous monuments of stone sculpture in the world.]] sculpture in the 10th century AD.]] In the early part of the 20th century, a prolonged and largely non-violent struggle for independence, the Indian independence movement, followed, to be eventually led by Mahatma Gandhi, regarded officially as the Father Of The Nation. The culmination of this path-breaking struggle was reached on 1947-08-15 when India gained full independence from British rule, later becoming a republic on 1950-01-26. As a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, India has had its share of sectarian violence and insurgencies in different parts of the country. Nonetheless, it has held itself together as a secular, liberal democracy barring a brief period from 1975 to 1977 during which the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a "state of emergency" with the suspension of civil rights. India has unresolved border disputes with China, which escalated into a brief war in 1962, and Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, and 1971, and a border altercation in the northern state of Kashmir in 1999. India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member of the "nuclear club", which was followed up with a series of five more tests in 1998. Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest growing economies in the world and added to its global clout.

Government

The Constitution of India states India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India is a federal republic, with a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has a three branch system of governance consisting of the legislature, executive and judiciary. The President, who is the head of state, has a largely ceremonial role. His roles include interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action, and issuing pardons. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President and Vice-President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms. The Prime Minister is the head of government and most executive powers are vested in this office. He (or she) is elected by legislators of the political party, or coalition, commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term incumbent upon enjoying this majority. The constitution does not provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time. The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament which consists of the upper house known as the Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, the lower house known as the Lok Sabha, or House of the People, and the President. The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college and has a staggered six year term. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected for a five year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. All Indian citizens above the age of eighteen are eligible to vote. The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In India's parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature. India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. There are eighteen appellate High Courts, having jurisdiction over a large state or a group of states. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President.

Politics

Chief Justice of India For most of its independent history, India's national government has been controlled by the Indian National Congress Party. Following its position as the largest political organisation in pre-independence India, Congress, usually led by a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics for over forty years. In 1977, a united opposition, under the banner of the Janata Party, won the election and formed a non-Congress government for a short period after the unpopular 'emergency rule' imposed by Indira Gandhi in the previous Congress regime. In 1996, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party with a right wing nationalist ideology, became the largest single party, and established for the first time a serious opposition to the largely centre-left Congress. But power was held by two successive coalition governments, who stayed on with the support of the Congress. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along with smaller parties and became the first non-Congress government to sustain the full five year term after it returned to power in 1999. The decade prior to 1999 was marked by short-lasting governments, with seven separate governments formed within that period. One however, a Congress government formed in 1991, lasted the full five years and initiated significant economic reforms. In the 2004 Indian elections the Congress party returned to power after winning the largest number of seats, by a narrow margin. Congress formed a government in alliance with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and with several mostly-regional parties called the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA, led by the BJP, currently forms the main opposition. All governments formed since 1996 have required party coalitions, with no single majority party, due to the steady rise of regional parties at the national level.

States and union territories

India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. States have their own elected government, whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government, though some have elected governments. India has had two scientific bases in Antarctica – the Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, but has made no territorial claims so far.

Geography

Maitri in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the far east making up most of India's eastern borders]] India's entire north and northeast states are made up of the Himalayan Range. The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. Towards western India, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau. The plateau is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganga (Ganges), the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, and the Krishna. The rivers are responsible for the fertile plains in northern India which are conducive to farming. The Indian climate varies from a tropical climate in the south to a more temperate climate in the north. Parts of India which lie in the Himalaya have a tundra climate. India gets most of its rains through the monsoons.

Economy

monsoon India has an economy ranked as the tenth largest in the world in terms of currency conversion and fourth largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It recorded one of the fastest annual growth rates of 6.9% for the year ending March 2005. India's per-capita income by purchasing power parity is US$ 3,262, ranked 125th by the World Bank. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to over US$ 143 billion. Mumbai serves as the nation's financial capital and is also home to both the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India and the pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. While a quarter of Indians still live below the poverty line, a large middle class has now emerged along with the rapid growth of the IT industry. The Indian economy has shed much of its historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes to less than 25 % of GDP. Other important industries are mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, information technology services, and handicrafts. Most of India's industrial regions are centred around major cities. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest players in software and business process outsourcing services, with revenues of US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005. Many small-scale industries provide steady employment to workers in small towns and villages. business process outsourcing While India receives only around three million foreign visitors a year, tourism is still an important but under-developed source of national income. Tourism contributes 5.3 % of India's GDP. The actual employment generation, both direct and indirect, is estimated to be 42 million, or about 10 % of India's work force. In monetary terms, it contributes about US$4 billion in foreign exchange. India's major trading partners are the United States, Japan, China and the United Arab Emirates. India's main exports items include agricultural products, textile goods, gems and jewellry, software services and technology, engineering goods, chemicals and leather products while its main import commodities are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals. For the year 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion while the imports were worth at US $89.33 billion.

Demographics

India is the second most populous country in the world, with only China having a larger population. By 2030, India is expected to surpass China with the world's largest population, estimated at 1.6 billion. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse Indian population today. Its biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Chennai (formerly Madras). Chennai]] India's literacy rate is 64.8 % with 53.7 % of females and 75.3 % of males being literate. The sex ratio is 933 females for every 1000 males. Work Participation Rate (WPR) (the percentage of workers to total population) stands at 39.1 % with male WPR at 51.7 % and female WPR at 25.6 % inote|eu{inote|demostats{inote|religion{ref|languages{inote|tongues{see2|Christianity in India|Jews in India{seealso3|List of Indian languages by total speakers|List of cities in India|Religion in India{main|Culture of India{seealso4|List of World Heritage sites in India|Indian architecture|Indian family name|Cuisine of India{main|Sports in India{main|Holidays in India{Official Holidays of India{Topics related to India{portal{sisterlinks|India{wikitravel{wikicities|india|India{explain-inote{Web reference | title=India facts and figures | work=Embassy of India| URL= http://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/indiaprofile/profile.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Forex reserves up by $1bn | work=Economic Times| URL= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1093864.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India Economy | work=Travel Document Systems |URL= http://www.traveldocs.com/in/economy.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Services | work=India in Business| URL= http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/india-profile/ser-infotech.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Destination India: An Unpolished Diamond | work=Times of India | URL= http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/819309.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= US, UAE, UK, China, Japan among India's top trade partners | work=Indian Express| URL= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/business/20050102-0.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= CIA Factbook : India | work=CIA Factbook | URL= http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Provisional Population Totals 2001 Census| work=Census of India| URL=http://www.censusindia.net/results/resultsmain.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Debating India & India's literacy rate | work=Debating India | URL= http://india.eu.org/1963.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India – Country profiles | work=indexmundi.com | URL= http://www.indexmundi.com/India/ India | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work=Census of India | URL= http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Languages of India | work=India image | URL= http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm| date=August 14 | year=2005{Book reference | Author=K.M. Matthew | Title=Manorama Yearbook 2003 | Publisher= Malaya Manorama | Year=2003 | ID=ISBN 8190046187{mnb|afgh|1{mnb|LoC|2{South Asia{Asia{Commonwealth of Nations{SAARC{Life in India{Link FA|sv{Link FA|sv

Southampton County, Virginia

Southampton County is a county located in the state of Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 17,482. Its county seat is Courtland ⁶.

History

Shire to County

During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of the Jamestown Settlement in 1607, English settlers and explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. By 1634, the English colony of Virginia consisted of eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Southampton County was originally part of the Warrosquyoake Shire. The shire was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637. In 1749, the portion of Isle of Wight County west of the Blackwater River became Southampton County. Later, part of Nansemond County, which is now the Independent City of Suffolk, was added to Southampton County. Southampton County may have been named for Southampton, a major city in England, or for one of the founders of the Virginia Company and a great supporter of the colonization of Virginia, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton.

Nat Turner

In 1831, Southampton County was the location of the most serious slave rebellion in United States history. On August 21-22, the infamous Southampton Insurrection, led by the slave Nat Turner, resulted in the deaths of 58 whites and an unknown number of blacks. Turner and his followers were captured, tried and 20 were hanged.

William Mahone, naming Ivor

William Mahone (1826-1895) was born in Southampton County, in the tiny community of Monroe, which was located on the Nottoway River about 8 miles south of present-day Courtland. His parents were Fielding and Martha Mahone. They moved to Courtland in 1840, where Fielding Mahone ran a hotel (tavern). Young Billy Mahone attended Virginia Military Institute (VMI), trained as a civil engineer, and graduated in the class of 1847. He worked as a school teacher before, in 1853, he was hired to build the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (Now Norfolk Southern). In 1855, he married Otelia Butler, the daughter of the late Dr. Robert Butler of Smithfield, who had been Virginia State Treasurer prior to his death in 1853. Popular legend has it that William Mahone and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone (1837-1911), traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations. Otelia was reading Ivanhoe a book written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. Otelia Mahone is said to have tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor. Later, when they could not agree, it is said that they became even more creative, and invented a new name, which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was created. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858. William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, while his wife Otelia served as a nurse in Richmond. He later led the state's Readjuster Party and became a Senator in the United States Congress. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named in honor of General William Mahone.

Geography

Suffolk According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,560 km² (602 mi²). 1,553 km² (600 mi²) of it is land and 7 km² (3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.46% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 17,482 people, 6,279 households, and 4,502 families residing in the county. The population density is 11/km² (29/mi²). There are 7,058 housing units at an average density of 5/km² (12/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 55.96% White, 42.87% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. 0.66% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,279 households out of which 30.80% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.10% are married couples living together, 13.50% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% are non-families. 24.90% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.10% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.53 and the average family size is 3.02. In the county, the population is spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 25.00% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 111.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 112.50 males. The median income for a household in the county is $33,995, and the median income for a family is $41,324. Males have a median income of $32,436 versus $20,831 for females. The per capita income for the county is $16,930. 14.60% of the population and 11.70% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 19.90% of those under the age of 18 and 14.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Towns

- Boykins
- Branchville
- Capron
- Courtland
- Ivor
- Newsoms

External links

- [http://photos.historical-markers.org/va-southampton/ Southampton County's Historical Markers] Category:Virginia counties [[pt:Condado de Southampton (Virgínia)

Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad

The Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad was built between Norfolk and Petersburg, Virginia and was completed by 1858. It played a role on the American Civil War (1861-1865), and became part of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (AM&O) in 1870. The AM&O became the Norfolk and Western (N&W) in 1881. About 100 years later, the Norfolk and Western was combined with the Southern Railway, another profitable carrier, to form the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982. In the 21st century, almost all of the original well-engineered N&P, including the corduroy roadbed through the Great Dismal Swamp and 52-mile tangent alignment is still in service. It forms part of a major coal export route terminating at Lambert's Point near Hampton Roads. In addition to coal, most of the route is in active use in the 20th century for intermodal container and automobile parts and completed vehicle shipments.

History

Although railroads emerged as a new transport technology in the 1830s, Norfolk was to wait 20 more years for a railroad line. In 1851, the authority to build the line was finally obtained followed many years of lobbying by Norfolk area politicians who were attempting to overcome opposition in the Virginia General Assembly. The representatives of inland port cities such as Richmond and Petersburg correctly foresaw that building the new railroad would lessen their role in export shipping trade. Dr. Francis Mallory (1807-1860) a former Representative in the United States Congress and later a member of the Virginia General Assembly was named the railroad's first president. In 1853, the new Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad hired as its chief engineer 26-year old William Mahone (1826-1895), of Southampton County, and construction began. A civil engineer and graduate of Virginia Military Institute, he is credited with the design and implementation of an innovative roadbed through the Great Dismal Swamp near Norfolk, Virginia, employed a log foundation laid at right angles beneath the surface of the swamp. Still in use today, Mahone's design withstands immense tonnages of coal traffic. He is also responsible for engineering and building the famous 52 mile-long tangent track between Suffolk and Petersburg which is a major artery of modern Norfolk Southern rail traffic. In 1855, Mahone married Otelia Butler (1837-1911). She was the daughter of the late Dr. Robert Butler from Smithfield, Virginia, who had been Treasurer of the State of Virginia. Otelia, who was said to have been a "cultured" lady, and William Mahone settled in Norfolk. A Yellow Fever Epidemic swept through Norfolk in 1855 and killed 2,000 of its 6,000 citizens. However, the Mahones went to stay with his mother in Southampton County until the epidemic passed. Construction of the new railroad was delayed for more than a year due to the many deaths and resulting financial hardships. Otelia Mahone became a well-known character of sorts in her own right. Popular legend has it that Otelia and William Mahone traveled along the newly completed railroad naming stations from Ivanhoe a book she was reading written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, she chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor, a small Southampton County town. When they reached a location in Prince George County not far from the end of the line in Petersburg, they could not agree. It is said that they invented a name based upon their "dispute", and that is how Disputanta was named. In 1858, the railroad was completed and William Mahone was named its president.

Civil War

By the time the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad was completed, the clouds of conflict which would become the American Civil War were already forming. In 1861, the railroad had 85.5 miles of track, 13 stations, 6 wood-burning steam locomotives, and 98 freight and passenger cars. William Mahone became a prominent officer in the Confederate Army, and Otelia worked as a nurse in Richmond. Early in the War, the N&P was valuable to the Confederacy and transported ordnance to the Norfolk area where it was used in during the Confederate occupation. In 1861, Mahone helped bluff the federal troops to abandon the Gosport Shipyard in Portsmouth by running a single passenger train into Norfolk with great noise and whistle-blowing, then much more quietly sending it back west, and then returning the same train again (again with much noise, etc.) creating the illusion in Portsmouth across the Elizabeth River just out of sight of large numbers of arriving troops. The ruse worked, and not a single Confederate soldier was lost as the Union authorities abandoned the are, and retreated to Fort Monroe across Hampton Roads. Later in the War, Union forces controlled most of the N&P and the City Point Railroad (which also ran east from Petersburg). Brigadier General Mahone became the hero of the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864, and was with Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the surrender at Appomattox Court House in April, 1865.

Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio Railroad

After the war, Mahone led the rebuilding of the N&P, and soon became involved in the South Side Railroad, which ran from Petersburg to Lynchburg, becoming its president as well. He was the driving force in the linkage of N&P, South Side Railroad and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad (AM&O), a new line extending from Norfolk to Bristol, Virginia which was formed in 1870 after several years of lobbying of the Virginia General Assembly by Mahone and his political allies. William and Otelia Mahone moved to Lynchburg, where headquarters were established. The letters A,M & O were said to stand for "All Mine and Otelia's." The A,M,& O operated successfully for several years, but fell behind in bond payments during the financial panic of 1873. The bondholders worked well with Mahone until 1976, when they had other receivers appointed. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahone's role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern interests purchased the A,M, & O and renamed it Norfolk and Western. Mahone was able to arrange for the proceeds of the sale of the AM&O (including the former N&P) to help found 2 schools for teachers. The Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute near Petersburg was forerunner of Virginia State College, which expanded to become Virginia State University. The other school he helped fund became Norfolk State College, which expanded to become Norfolk State University in Norfolk, Virginia. The former South Side Railroad was originally one of 3 A,M & O divisions, and was later consolidated with the former N&P into a single division. The A,M & O did well for several years, but fell on hard times in the financial panic of 1873 which negatively impacted almost all of the railroads. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahone's role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern interests purchased the A,M, & O and renamed it Norfolk and Western. Mahone was able to arrange for a portion of the State's proceeds of the sale to help found a school to prepare teachers to help educate black children and former slaves. The Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute near Petersburg was forerunner of Virginia State College, which expanded to become Virginia State University.

Norfolk and Western, Norfolk Southern

The Norfolk and Western itself grew into a great system, and the former Norfolk and Petersbburg Railroad formed a major piece of the line used to transport bituminous coal from the mines in southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia to port at Norfolk, where a huge transloading facility was built at Lambert's Point. The N&W merged with the smaller but also highly efficient Virginian Railway in 1959, facilitating a more favorable route for eastbound coal than offered by the former South Side Railroad west of Burkeville. However, from that point east, the combination brought an increase to the South Side Railroad alignment as former VGN traffic was rerouted through Crewe to connect with the former N & P on its way to Lambert's Point. Norfolk & Western Railway was combined with the Southern Railway, another profitable carrier, to form Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) in 1982. Over 150 years after completion, much of the former Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad route is still in active use and is a vital portion of Norfolk Southern Railway, a Class I railroad which has its headquarters in Norfolk, only a short distance from the coal piers at Lambert's Point.

References

Books

- Blake, Nelson Morehouse, Phd. (1935) William Mahone of Virginia; Soldier and Political Insurgent, Garrett and Massie Publishers; Richmond, VA
- Dixon, Thomas W, Jr., (1994) Appalachian Coal Mines & Railroads. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-883089-08-5
- Huddleston, Eugene L, Ph.D. (2002) Appalachian Conquest, Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-883089-79-4
- Lambie, Joseph T. (1954) From Mine to Market: The History of Coal Transportation on the Norfolk and Western Railway New York: New York University Press
- Lewis, Lloyd D. (1992) The Virginian Era. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
- Lewis, Lloyd D. (1994) Norfolk & Western and Virginian Railways in Color by H. Reid. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-883089-09-3
- Prince, Richard E. (1980) Norfolk & Western Railway, Pocahontas Coal Carrier, R.E. Prince; Millard, NE
- Reid, H. (1961). The Virginian Railway (1st ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
- Reisweber, Kurt (1995) Virginian Rails 1953-1993 (1st ed.) Old Line Graphics. ISBN 1-879314-11-8
- Striplin, E. F. Pat. (1981) The Norfolk & Western : a history Roanoke, Va. : Norfolk and Western Railway Co. ISBN 0963325469
- Traser, Donald R. (1998) Virginia Railway Depots. Old Dominion Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. ISBN 0-9669906-0-9
- Wiley, Aubrey and Wallace, Conley (1985

Otelia Butler Mahone

Otelia Voinard Butler Mahone (August 1, 1837-February 21, 1911) was a nurse and the wife of Confederate Major General William Mahone, who was a civil engineer, teacher, railroad builder, and Senator in the United States Congress. A "character" in her own right, strong-willed Otelia Butler Mahone became almost as well-known in Virginia as her famous husband.

Parents and childhood

Otelia Voinard Butler was the daughter of the late Dr. Robert Butler (1784-1853) of the town of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia and the former Otelia Voinard (1803-1855), originally from Petersburg, Virginia. The Butler family was prominent, and Dr. Butler had been Treasurer of the State of Virginia when he died in 1853. She has been described in published accounts as a "lady of rare beauty with a strong, forceful personality." It was also said that young Otelia Butler came from "cultured" background.

William Mahone: young railroad builder

In the pre-Civil War era, William Mahone was hired in 1853 to build the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (N&P) through Isle of Wight County near her home. She married 29-year old Mahone on February 8, 1855. The couple settled in Norfolk, Virginia.

Naming stations together

Popular legend has it that Otelia and William Mahone traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations from Ivanhoe, a book she was reading written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor, a small Southampton County town. When they reached a point in Prince George County not far from the end of the line at Petersburg, the two could not agree. It is said that they invented a new word in honor of their "dispute", which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was named. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858, and William was named its president.

American Civil War: the Mahones serve the Confederacy

When he became an officer in the Confederate Army, Otelia served the cause in Richmond as a nurse. Small of stature (5 ft 5 in tall and weighing only 100 lb (45 kg) her husband was nicknamed "Little Billy". When Otelia was notified by Governor John Letcher that her husband had been injured in the Second Battle of Manassas, but had only received a "flesh wound", she replied "Now I know it is serious for William has no flesh whatsoever." Late in the War, during the Siege of Petersburg, Otelia and the children moved to Petersburg to be near him. Mahone himself became the hero of the Battle of the Crater in July, 1864, and was promoted to Major General.

Children and family Life

Otelia and William Mahone had 13 children. Only 3 of their children survived to adulthood, two sons, William and Robert, and a daughter, also named Otelia. :William Thomas Mahone Jr. (1856-1927) attended school at Hanover Academy. He was engaged in the tobacco trade for a time and later served as collector of customs at Petersburg. :Robert Butler Mahone (1859-1914) was assigned to his father as private secretary for a number of years and afterward was in the government service. In 1898, he was appointed by U.S. President William McKinley as Consul of the United States at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, across the U.S. border at Laredo, Texas. :Otelia (née Mahone) McGill traveled extensively in Europe and in 1895 married William L. McGill, from a prominent Petersburg, Virginia family. The Mahones lived in Norfolk after their marriage. Late in the Civil War, they relocated to Petersburg. They moved to Lynchburg for several years from 1868 to 1872, returning to Petersburg where they lived the rest of their lives. Their former home in Petersburg became part of the Petersburg Public Library.

Post-war, building the A,M & O

In a meeting at Appomattox about the time of the surrender, defeated Confederate General Robert E. Lee urged his generals to go home and start rebuilding. In the post-war period, William Mahone redirected his attention to railroading, quickly rebuilding the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He became president of the South Side Railroad in late 1865, and was instrumental in combining the N&P and South Side Railroad with the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad in 1870. Otelia and William moved to Lynchburg, Virginia, headquarters of the A,M & O, whose initials were said to stand for "All Mine and Otelia's". After the financial panic of 1873, the A,M & O fell behind on its bonds, and Mohone lost control in 1881 to northern financial interests who renamed it the Norfolk and Western Railway.

Politics

Willaim Mahone was also active in Virginia politics for almost 30 years. He was elected to the Virginia General Assembly in 1864 while still serving in the Confederate Army. After he failed in a bid to become governor in 1877, he organized Readjuster Party the following year. His chosen candidate William E. Cameron was elected as governor, serving from 1882-1886. Mahone himself served as one of Virginia's two Senators from 1881-1887 in the United States Congress.

Heritage

William Mahone died in 1895 in Washington DC. Otelia lived for 11 more years, and died in Petersburg, Virginia on February 20, 1911 at the age of 74. They are buried in Blandford Cemetery in Petersburg. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk, parallels the 52 mile tangent line of the railroad William engineered. As the road passes through the towns he and Otelia are thought to have named, it is locally-known as General Mahone Boulevard and General Mahone Highway.

References

Books

- Blake, Nelson (1935) William Mahone of Virginia: Soldier and Political Insurgent Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie
- Striplin, E. F. Pat. (1981) The Norfolk & Western : a history Roanoke, Va. : Norfolk and Western Railway Co. ISBN 0963325469

Websites

- [http://hometown.aol.com/grc6431/myhomepage/heritage.html Mahones of Virginia: The Mahone Family Heritage]
- [http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/political/william_mahone.htm official site, Library of Virginia, William Mahone page] Mahone, Otelia B. Mahone, Otelia B. Mahone, Otelia B.

Smithfield, Virginia

Smithfield is a town located in Isle of Wight County, in the South Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 6,324. The town, originally founded in the 17th century as a seaport, is most famous for the curing and production of ham. The Virginia General Assembly passed a statute defining Smithfield ham by law in 1926. Today, Smithfield Foods, a Fortune 500 Company, is the world’s largest pork processor and hog producer. The company, based in Smithfield, processes 20 million hogs and raises 12 million annually. Smithfield also attracts tourists with its historic inn/tavern, antique shops, boutiques, and Bed & Breakfast establishments. Smithfield is also the location of the old Isle of Wight County courthouse, which was recently restored and opened to the public as a town visitor's center.

Geography

Smithfield is located at 36°58'44" North, 76°37'7" West (36.978767, -76.618578). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27.1 km² (10.4 mi²). 24.7 km² (9.5 mi²) of it is land and 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 8.80% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 6,324 people, 2,438 households, and 1,830 families residing in the town. The population density is 256.2/km² (663.8/mi²). There are 2,552 housing units at an average density of 103.4/km² (267.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 67.22% White, 30.87% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. 0.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,438 households out of which 37.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% are married couples living together, 17.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% are non-families. 21.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 2.95. In the town the population is spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.4 males. The median income for a household in the town is $43,224, and the median income for a family is $53,906. Males have a median income of $40,845 versus $24,419 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,301. 12.0% of the population and 11.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 12.7% of those under the age of 18 and 15.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://www.smithfieldfoods.com/Understand/Industry/ Smithfield Foods, official website] Category:Isle of Wight County, Virginia Category:Towns in Virginia

Waverly, Virginia

Waverly is a town located in Sussex County, Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,309. Popular legend has it that William Mahone (1826-1895), builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (now Norfolk Southern), and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone (1837-1911), traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations. Otelia was reading Ivanhoe a book written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Waverly, as well as Windsor and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor, a small town in neighboring Southampton County. When they could not agree, it is said that they invented a new name, which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was created. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858. William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and later, a Senator in the United States Congress. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named in his honor.

Geography

Suffolk Waverly is located at 37°2'2" North, 77°5'43" West (37.033914, -77.095355). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²). 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,309 people, 880 households, and 570 families residing in the town. The population density is 290.4/km² (752.6/mi²). There are 960 housing units at an average density of 120.7/km² (312.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 36.73% White, 61.76% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. 1.17% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 880 households out of which 29.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% are married couples living together, 20.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% are non-families. 31.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 3.09. In the town the population is spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.4 males. The median income for a household in the town is $33,698, and the median income for a family is $39,792. Males have a median income of $27,414 versus $21,279 for females. The per capita income for the town is $14,848. 15.7% of the population and 11.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.4% of those under the age of 18 and 17.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Towns in Virginia Category:Sussex County, Virginia

Ivor, Virginia

Ivor is a town located in Southampton County, Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 320. Popular legend has it that William Mahone (1826-1895), builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (now Norfolk Southern), and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone (1837-1911), who had been raised in Smithfield, traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations. Otelia was reading Ivanhoe a book written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. Otelia Mahone is said to have tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor. Later, when they could not agree, it is said that they became even more creative, and invented a new word in honor of their "dispute", which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was named. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858. William Mahone was born in Southampton County, in the tiny community of Monroe, which was located on the Nottoway River about 8 miles south of present-day Courtland. He attended Virginia Military Institute (VMI) and trained as a civil engineer. After building the N&P railroad, became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, while his wife Otelia served as a nurse in Richmond. Mahone headed the state's Readjuster Party after the War and later was elected as a Senator in the United States Congress. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named in honor of William Mahone.

Geography

Suffolk Ivor is located at 36°54'24" North, 76°53'52" West (36.906577, -76.897860). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²). 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 320 people, 135 households, and 100 families residing in the town. The population density is 113.4/km² (293.6/mi²). There are 152 housing units at an average density of 53.8/km² (139.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 76.25% White, 19.69% African American, 1.25% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 2.81% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 135 households out of which 25.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% are married couples living together, 10.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% are non-families. 24.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 2.78. In the town the population is spread out with 20.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $34,583, and the median income for a family is $44,688. Males have a median income of $40,938 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $18,033. 5.1% of the population and 4.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.7% of those under the age of 18 and 9.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Southampton County, Virginia Category:Towns in Virginia

Southampton County, Virginia

Southampton County is a county located in the state of Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 17,482. Its county seat is Courtland ⁶.

History

Shire to County

Nat Turner

William Mahone, naming Ivor

Geography

Demographics

Towns

- Boykins
- Branchville
- Capron
- Courtland
- Ivor
- Newsoms

External links

- [http://photos.historical-markers.org/va-southampton/ Southampton County's Historical Markers] Category:Virginia counties [[pt:Condado de Southampton (Virgínia)

Disputanta, Virginia

Disputanta, Virginia is an unincorporated town located in Prince George County, Virginia in the Richmond-Petersburg region and is a portion of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The postal ZIP Code of Disputanta, Virginia is 23842. Popular legend has it that William Mahone (1826-1895), builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (now Norfolk Southern), and his cultured wife, Otelia Butler Mahone (1837-1911), traveled along the newly completed Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad naming stations. Otelia was reading Ivanhoe a book written by Sir Walter Scott. From his historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Wakefield as well as Windsor and Waverley. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of Ivor, a small town in neighboring Southampton County. As they continued, west, they reached a station in Prince George County where they could not agree on a suitable name from the books. Instead, they became creative, and invented a new name in honor of their dispute. This is how the tiny community of Disputanta was named. The N&P railroad was completed in 1858. William Mahone became a Major General in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and later, a Senator in the United States Congress. A large portion of U.S. Highway 460 between Petersburg and Suffolk is named General Mahone Boulevard in his honor. Category:Prince George County, Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia

Major General

Major General is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of Sergeant Major General. A major general is a high-ranking officer normally subordinate to a Lieutenant General and senior to a Brigadier General. In countries which do not maintain the rank of Brigadier General, including much of Eastern Europe, Major General normally serves as the lowest General Officer rank.

Germany

Eastern Europe The German Army and Luftwaffe refer to the rank as as Generalmajor. It was the lowest general officer rank until 1950, when the rank of Brigadegeneral was introduced below it. Before that time, it was often equated with Brigadier General, and Generalleutnant was considered to be equivalent to Major General..

Israel

In the Israeli Defence Forces a Major General is called an Aluf and is the second highest rank, only outranked by Rav Aluf (Lieutenant General or General).

Korea

General The rank of Major General is known as Sojang in South Korea. The rank of Sojang is also used in North Korea, where it is the lowest general officer and flag officer rank, equivalent to both Brigadier General and Rear Admiral. The actual equivalent to Major General is Jungjang, which roughly translates as Lieutenant General.

United Kingdom

right In the British Army and Royal Marines, Major-General ranks below Lieutenant-General and above Brigadier, and is thus the lowest of the general officer ranks, although always considered equivalent to Major General in other countries. Major-General is equivalent to Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy, and in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries to Air Vice-Marshal.

United States

Air Vice-Marshal In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps and United States Air Force, a Major General ranks immediately below a Lieutenant General and above a Brigadier General. An American Major General is also called a two-star general because of the insignia. A Major General is equivalent to a Rear Admiral (upper half) in the United States Navy. An Army or Marine Corps Major General typically commands a division-sized unit (10,000 to 15,000 soldiers). In the Civil Air Patrol, the National Commander is also given the rank of Major General. He or she has the distinction of holding the highest rank in the organization. A CAP Major General is demoted to Brigadier General when they vacate the position of National Commander.

Fictional references

- In fiction, the best-known Major General is probably Major-General Stanley, the "modern major general" from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 operetta, The Pirates of Penzance. Stanley satirizes the aristocratic, learned officers in the British army of the day. He sings the immortal Major General's Song. Also, in the science-fiction television series Stargate SG-1, the commanding officer of Stargate Command from seasons 1 to 7 is Major General George Hammond (played by Don S. Davis).
- In the anime movie Robotech II: The Sentinels, the lead character, Rick Hunter maintains the rank of Major General.

Confederate Army

The Confederate States Army (CSA) was formed in February, 1861, to defend the Confederate States of America, which had itself been formed that same year when seven southern states seceded from the United States (with four more to follow). The army was formed around a core of 313 officers who left the United States Army, and had an initial enlistment of 82,000 volunteers. In August of 1861, the Congress of the Confederacy authorized the recruitment of 400,000 men. In April of 1862, The Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act, which drafted all white men aged 18 to 35. In total, 1,406,180 men enlisted or were drafted into the Confederate States Army. The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers resented it when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam Campaign. As many as 50,000 men deserted during the start of the campaign, claiming that their enlistments were for defense of their homeland, not invasion. After the losses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the number rose to 100,000. The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but war time difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state.

Organization

1862

Command

The army did not have an overall military commander until late in the War. Confederate President Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War, provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. General Robert E. Lee, who served as Davis' military advisor and then as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was promoted on