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Kim Hyŏng-jik

Kim Hyŏng-jik

Kim Hyong-jik (July 10 1894–June 5 1926) was the father of the late North Korean dictator Kim Il-sung and the grandfather of the present dictator of North Korea, Kim Jong-il. Not much is known about him. He was the son of Kim Bo-hyon, attended a school run by American missionaries, and became an herbal pharmacist. He was killed in a raid by Communists, but was later recast for propaganda purposes as an indefatigable Communist revolutionary fighter and a vanguard of the Communist movement who had been killed later. Kim and his wife are Christians. It was reported that his son Kim Il-sung attended church services during his teenage years. Kim later became an atheist. [http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/kim-il-sung.html] Kim and his family were active in opposition to the Japanese, who controlled Korea at the time, and in 1920, when Kim Il-sung was seven, they fled to China for safety.

External Links

- [http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/champion/65/pers_cult.htm Personality Cult in North Korea]
- [http://www.pitt.edu/~ctnst3/ronbun.html The Kim Jong Il succession problem (talks about his ancestry)]
- [http://www.korea-dpr.com/users/switzerland/coree_kim_famille/famille.htm Kim's family]
- [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/sherman.htm USS General Sherman Incident] Category:North Korean people Category:1894 births Category:1926 deaths ko:김형직

July 10

July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining.

Events

- 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- 1584 - William I of Orange was assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1789 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.
- 1821 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain.
- 1832 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
- 1850 - Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States.
- 1890 - Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.
- 1913 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2003).
- 1925 - The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), the official news agency of the Soviet Union , is established.
- 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- 1938 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- 1940 - World War II: Vichy France government established.
- 1940 - World War II: Battle of Britain - The German Luftwaffe begin to hit British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though).
- 1943 - World War II: The launching of Operation Husky begins the Italian Campaign.
- 1951 - Korean War: At Kaesong, armistice negotiations begin.
- 1951 - Randy Turpin becomes the middleweight boxing champion after defeating Sugar Ray Robinson.
- 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
- 1967 - Uruguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1968 - Maurice Couve de Murville becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1973 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- 1978 - ABC News World News Tonight premieres.
- 1985 - Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand Harbor by French DGSE agents.
- 1985 - In response to market demand, Coca-Cola re-introduces it's old formula cola as "Coca-Cola Classic" (see New Coke).
- 1991 - Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected President of Russia.
- 1992 - In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
- 1997 - London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
- 1998 - The remains of United States Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie are returned to his family in St. Louis, Missouri from the Tomb of the Unknowns upon identification through DNA analysis. The remains had been in the first tomb since 1984.
- 1998 - Catholic priests' sex abuse scandal: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by former priest Rudolph Kos.
- 2000 - A leaking southern Nigerian petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers scavenging gasoline.
- 2000 - EADS, the world's second largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
- 2002 - At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Kenneth Thomson.
- 2003 - A Neoplan bus, owned by Kowloon Motor Bus, collides with a truck, falls off a bridge on Tuen Mun Road, Hong Kong, and plunges into the underlying valley, killing 21 people. This is the deadliest bus accident to date in Hong Kong.

Births

- 1419 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
- 1452 - King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
- 1509 - John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)
- 1592 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
- 1614 - Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
- 1625 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
- 1638 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
- 1666 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711)
- 1682 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1723 - William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)
- 1830 - Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1832 - Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)
- 1834 - James McNeil Whistler, American painter (d. 1903)
- 1835 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)
- 1842 - Adolphus Busch, German-born brewer (d. 1913)
- 1856 - Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
- 1871 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- 1888 - Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- 1899 - John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)
- 1902 - Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- 1903 - John Wyndham, British author (d. 1969)
- 1914 - Joe Shuster, Canadian-born cartoonist
- 1920 - David Brinkley, American television reporter (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1921 - Harvey Ball, American inventor (d. 2001)
- 1921 - Jake LaMotta, American boxer
- 1921 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist
- 1923 - Earl Hamner Jr., American author and television producer
- 1923 - Jean Kerr, American author (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, Malaysian fourth Prime Minister
- 1926 - Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1928 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- 1931 - Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1931 - Alice Munro, Canadian writer
- 1934 - Olga Sebenik, Slovenian economist
- 1938 - Paul Andreu, French architect
- 1939 - Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish politician, journalist, and educator (d. 1999)
- 1940 - Helen Donath, American soprano
- 1942 - Ronnie James Dio, American musician
- 1942 - Pyotr Klimuk, cosmonaut
- 1943 - Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (d. 1993)
- 1945 - Virginia Wade, British tennis player
- 1946 - Sue Lyon, American actress
- 1947 - Arlo Guthrie, American musician
- 1951 - Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Neil Tennant, British musician
- 1959 - Janet Julian, American actress
- 1968 - Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- 1969 - Gale Harold, American actor
- 1980 - Thomas Ian Nicholas, American actor
- 1980 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- 1980 - Jessica Simpson, American singer
- 1982 - Alex Arrowsmith, American musician

Deaths

- 138 - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (b. 76)
- 1099 - El Cid, of Castile (b. 1044)
- 1103 - King Eric I of Denmark
- 1298 - King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
- 1460 - Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
- 1480 - King René I of Naples (b. 1410)
- 1559 - King Henry II of France (b. 1519)
- 1584 - William I of Orange (b. 1533)
- 1590 - Archduke Charles II of Austria (b. 1540)
- 1594 - Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (b. 1554)
- 1621 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (b. 1571)
- 1653 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
- 1680 - Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)
- 1683 - François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (b. 1610)
- 1686 - John Fell, English churchman (b. 1625)
- 1776 - Richard Peters, English-born clergyman (b. 1704)
- 1806 - George Stubbs, British painter (b. 1724)
- 1884 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- 1908 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (b. 1839)
- 1920 - Jackie Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
- 1941 - Jelly Roll Morton, American musician (b. 1890)
- 1978 - John D Rockefeller III, American businessman (b. 1906)
- 1978 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (b. 1901)
- 1979 - Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)
- 1987 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- 1989 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. 1902)
- 2005 - A.J. Quinnell, English writer (b. 1940)
- 2005 - Freda Wright-Sorce, American radio performer (b. 1955)
- 2005 - Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor (b. 1970)

Holidays and observances

- Bahamas - Independence Day
- Silence Day - celebrated by followers of Meher Baba
- Mauritania - Armed Forces Day
- Ancient Latvia - Septinu Bralu Diena observed
- New Zealand - Rainbow Warrior Commemmoration

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 9 - July 11 - June 10 - August 10 -- listing of all days ko:7월 10일 ms:10 Julai ja:7月10日 simple:July 10 th:10 กรกฎาคม

1894

1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 7 - W.K. Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film.
- January 8 - A fire at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois causes a good deal of damage.
- January 9 - New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard (Lexington, Massachusetts).
- February 15 - 04:51 GMT, French anarchist Martial Bourdin attempts to destroy the Royal Greenwich Observatory, London, England with a bomb.
- March 1 - Thomas McGreevy, Canadian politician and contractor, is released from prison after serving time for defrauding the government
- March 12 - For the first time Coca-Cola is sold in bottles.
- March 15 - Anarchist Jean Pauwels dies in a Madeline church in Paris when his bomb explodes in his pocket
- March 25 - Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs Massillon, Ohio for Washington D.C.
- May - outbreak of bubonic plague in the Tai Ping Shan area of Hong Kong. The disease killed a total of 2,552 people in the territory that year
- May 1 - Coxey's Army arrives in Washington D.C.
- May 11 - Pullman Strike: Three thousand Pullman Palace Car Company workers go on a "wildcat" (without union approval) strike in Illinois.
- May 14 - Meteor shower in Southern France
- May 14 - Blackpool Tower opened in Blackpool, Lancashire, England
- June 22 - Dahomey becomes French colony
- June 23 - International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
- June 24 - Assassination of Sadi Carnot, president of France
- July 4 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
- August 1 - Declaration of war between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the first Sino-Japanese War.
- November 16 - Turkish troops kills 6000 Armenians in Kurdistan
- September 1 - Great Hinckley Fire: A forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota kills more than 400 people.
- September 4 - In New York City, 12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions.
- October 15 - Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying - Dreyfus affair begins
- 30 October - Domenico Menegatti obtains a patent for a procedure to be applied in producing pandoro industrially.
- November 1 - Russian Tsar Alexander III dies and is succeeded by his son Nicholas II.
- November 16 - Turks kill 16.000 Armenians in Kurdistan
- December 18 - Women in South Australia become the first in Australia to gain the right to vote and to be elected to Parliament.
- December 21 - Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.
- Western countries give up their extraterritorial rights in Japan
- Tower Bridge in London opened for traffic

Births

January-March

- January 1 - Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (d. 1974)
- January 20 - Walter Piston, American composer (d. 1976)
- January 30 - King Boris III of Bulgaria (d. 1943)
- January 31 - Isham Jones, American jazz musician (d. 1956)
- February 1 - John Ford, American director and producer (d. 1973)
- February 8 - Ludwig Marcuse, German philosopher (d. 1971)
- February 10 - Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1986)
- February 11 - Alfonso Leng, Chilean composer (d. 1974)
- February 11 - Isaac Kolthooff, chemist
- February 14 - Jack Benny, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)
- February 28 - Ben Hecht, American playwright, and film writer (d. 1964)
- March 17 - Paul Green, novelist and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright (d. 1981)
- March 19 - Moms Mabley, American comedienne (d. 1975)

April-June

- April 10 - Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist, Gandhian, and educationist (d. 1983)
- April 13 - Arthur Fadden, thirteenth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1973)
- April 15 - Bessie Smith, American blues singer (d. 1937)
- April 17 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Soviet politician (d. 1971)
- April 26 - Rudolf Hess, Nazi official (d. 1987)
- May 11 - Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (d. 1991)
- May 16 - Walter Yust, American encyclopædia editor (d. 1960)
- May 27 - Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (d. 1961)
- May 27 - Dashiell Hammett, American author (d. 1961)
- May 31 - Fred Allen, American comedian (d. 1956)
- June 5 - Roy Thomson, Canadian publisher (d. 1976)
- June 9 - Nedo Nadi, Italian fencer
- June 14 - Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1924)
- June 23 - King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (d. 1972)

July-September

- July 9 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
- July 18 - Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (d. 1940)
- July 19 - Khawaja Nazimuddin, second Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1965)
- July 26 - Aldous Huxley, English author (d. 1963)
- August 3 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (d. 1951)
- August 28 - Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (d. 1981)
- September 2 - Joseph Roth, Austrian writer (d. 1939)
- September 13 - J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (d. 1984)
- September 13 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953)
- September 15 - Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979)
- September 24 - Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (d. 1968)

October-December

- October 5 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948)
- October 7 - Del Lord, Hollywood director (d. 1970)
- October 14 - E. E. Cummings, American poet (d. 1962)
- October 15 - Moshe Sharett, second Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1965)
- October 25 - Claude Cahun, French photographer and writer (d. 1954)
- November 2 - Alexander Lippisch, German aerodynamics engineer (d. 1976)
- November 24 - Herbert Sutcliffe, English cricketer (d. 1978)
- November 26 - Norbert Wiener, American mathematician (d. 1964)
- November 29 - Lucille Hegamin, American singer and entertainer (d. 1970)
- December 17 - Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (d. 1979)
- December 20 - Robert Menzies, twelfth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1978)

Unknown date

- Chaim Soutine, Russian-born painter (d. 1944)

Deaths

- January 1 - Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist (b. 1857)
- February 4 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (b. 1814)
- February 6 - Maria Deraismes, French feminist (b. 1928)
- February 11 - Pasqual Juan Emilio Arrieta y Corera, composer
- June 3 - Karl Eduard Zachariae, German jurist and expert on Byzantine law (b. 1812)
- October 24 - Tsar Alexander III of Russia (b. 1845)
- November 20 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1829)
- November 25 - Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-born orientalist (b. 1812)
- December 3 - Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish author (b. 1850)
- December 9 - Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician (b. 1821)
- December 12 - John Sparrow David Thompson, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1845)

Marriages

- January 21 - Lillian Russell & Giovanni Perugini
- May 31 - Joe Keaton & Myra Keaton
- June 7 - C. Oliver Iselin & Hope Goddard
- June 22 - Harry Houdini & Mrs. Harry Houdini
- July 9 - J.M. Barrie & Mary Ansell
- August 28 - Anna Larssen Bjørner & Jens Otto Gyntelberg Larssen
- September 11 - Richard Strauss & Pauline de Ahna
- September 13 - Decima Moore & Cecil Ainslie Walker-Leigh
- November 26 - Tsar Nicholas II & Tsarina Alexandra

Fictional events of the year

Sherlock Holmes returns to London from "The Great Hiatus". Category:1894 ko:1894년 ms:1894 simple:1894 th:พ.ศ. 2437

June 5

June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining.

Events

- 70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem.
- 1305 - Pope Clement V is elected.
- 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon).
- 1798 - Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.
- 1817 - First Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.
- 1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
- 1832 - Student Uprisings of 1832 begin; General Lamarque dies.
- 1837 - Houston, Texas, is granted a city charter.
- 1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.
- 1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, Uncle Tom's Cabin or, Life Among the Lowly starts a ten-month run in the National Era abolitionist newspaper.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
- 1866 - Calculations indicate Pluto reached its most recent aphelion (furthest point from Sun) on this day. The next aphelion will occur in August 2113.
- 1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
- 1907 - BAPS Swaminarayan religion established.
- 1915 - Denmark amends its constitution to allow women's suffrage.
- 1916 - Stein's Dixie Jass Band plays its first gig under its new name, the Original Dixieland Jass Band.
- Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
- 1917 - World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as "Army registration day."
- 1924 - Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).
- 1933 - The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- 1944 - World War II: More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.
- 1945 - Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.
- 1946 - A fire in the LaSalle Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, kills 61 people.
- 1947 - Marshall Plan: At a speech at Harvard University, United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe.
- 1954 - The last new episode of the comic variety program, Your Show of Shows, airs.
- 1956 - Elvis Presley introduces his new single, Hound Dog, on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.
- 1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
- 1963 - British Secretary of State for War John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
- 1967 - Six-Day War begins: The Israeli air force launches simultaneous attacks on the air forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
- 1968 - U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Sirhan. (He dies on June 6).
- 1970 - Chile becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1975 - The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
- The UK holds its first and only UK-wide referendum, on remaining in the EEC
- 1976 - Collapse of the Teton Dam in Idaho, United States.
- 1977 - A coup takes place in Seychelles.
- The Apple II, the first practical personal computer, goes on sale.
- 1981 - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that five homosexual men in Los Angeles, California, have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems (these were the first recognized cases of AIDS).
- 1984 - Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden Temple, the holiest site of the Sikh relgion.
- 1986 - A 52-year old man in Auburn, Washington, United States, dies after taking an Excedrin capsule laced with cyanide; this is the first of two Excedrin deaths.
- 1987 - Ted Koppel hosts a "National Town Meeting on AIDS" on a special four-hour long live broadcast of Nightline.
- 1989 - The Unknown Rebel halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
- 1991 - Colo-Colo becomes the first Chilean soccer team to win the Copa Libertadores de América.
- 1995 - Bose-Einstein condensate is first created.
- 1998 - A strike begins at the General Motors parts factory in Flint, Michigan, that quickly spreads to five other assembly plants (the strike lasted seven weeks).
- Both Reuters and ABC news erroneously report the death of comedian Bob Hope after Arizona congressman Bob Stump announces the demise of Hope on the floor of the US Congress.
- 1999 - The Party of United Communists of Albania is formed, following the merger of the Communist Reconstruction Party and the New Albanian Party of Labour.
- 2001 - Senator Jim Jeffords leaves the Republican party, an act which changes control of the United States Senate from the Republican party to the Democratic party.
- 2002 - Elizabeth Smart is kidnapped from her Salt Lake City, Utah home.
- Mozilla 1.0, the first 'official' version, is released.
- 2004 - Smarty Jones loses at the Belmont Stakes to Birdstone and fails to bid the Triple Crown.

Births

1341 to 1899

- 1341 - Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of Edward III of England (d. 1402)
- 1493 - Justus Jonas, German protestant reformer (d. 1555)
- 1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
- 1656 - Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist (d. 1708)
- 1718 - Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
- 1723 - Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher (d. 1790)
- 1757 - Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
- 1771 - King Ernest I of Hanover (d. 1851)
- 1781 - Christian August Lobeck, German classical scholar (d. 1860)
- 1819 - John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
- 1850 - Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
- 1862 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
- 1876 - Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
- 1879 - Robert Mayer, German-born philanthropist (d. 1985)
- 1883 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
- 1884 - Ralph Benatzky, Czech composer (d. 1957)
- 1887 - Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923])
- 1894 - Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
- 1895 - William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
- 1898 - Federico García Lorca, Spanish lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)

1900 to 1999

- 1900 - Dennis Gabor, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- 1905 - John Abbott, British actor (d. 1996)
- 1919 - Richard Scarry, American children's author (d. 1994)
- 1925 - Art Donovan, American football star
- 1928 - Tony Richardson, British actor (d. 1991)
- 1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
- 1931 - Jacques Demy, French playwright
- 1932 - Christy Brown, Irish author (d. 1981)
- 1934 - Bill Moyers, American journalist
- 1938 - Karin Balzer, German hurdler
- 1939 - Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
- 1939 - Margaret Drabble, English novelist
- 1941 - Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
- 1941 - Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2004)
- 1944 - Tommie Smith, American athlete
- 1947 - Laurie Anderson, American actress and composer
- 1949 - Ken Follett, Welsh author
- 1954 - Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
- 1955 - Edinho, Brazilian football player
- 1962 - Princess Astrid of Belgium
- 1962 - Jeff Garlin, American comedian
- 1967 - Joe DeLoach, American athlete
- 1968 - Ron Livingston, American actor
- 1970 - Martin Gelinas, Canadian hockey player
- 1971 - Mark Wahlberg, American singer and actor
- 1972 - Justin Smith, American drummer (The Seeds)
- 1975 - Anna Nova, German erotic actress
- 1979 - David Bisbal, Spanish singer
- 1979 - Peter Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
- 1981 - Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician

Deaths

535 to 1899

- 535 - Epiphanius of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
- 1017 - Sanjo, Emperor of Japan (b. 976)
- 1118 - Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
- 1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
- 1316 - King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
- 1383 - Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
- 1568 - Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (b. 1522)
- 1625 - Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
- 1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
- 1688 - Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1667)
- 1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
- 1738 - Isaac de Beausobre, French protestant pastor (b. 1659)
- 1791 - Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718)
- 1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)

1900 to 1999

- 1900 - Stephen Crane, American author (b. 1871)
- 1910 - O. Henry, American author (b. 1862)
- 1913 - Chris von der Ahe, baseball pioneer (b. 1851)
- 1916 - Horatio Kitchener, Lord Kitchener, British field marshal (b. 1850)
- 1920 - Rhoda Broughton, Welsh author (b. 1840)
- 1921 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
- 1930 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)
- 1942 - Samuel Adams, American naval officer (b. 1912)
- 1975 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (b. 1916)
- 1993 - Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
- 1998 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1998 - Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles (b.1909)
- 1999 - Mel Tormé, American singer ("The Velvet Fog"), composer, and actor (b. 1925)

2000 onwards

- 2002 - Gwen Plumb, Australian actress (b. 1912)
- 2002 - Dee Dee Ramone, American bassist (The Ramones) (b. 1952)
- 2003 - Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (b. 1945)
- 2003 - Kathleen Hart, American Enginner (b. 1982)
- 2004 - Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (b. 1911)

Holidays and observances

- National holiday of Denmark (Constitution Day)
- Seychelles - Liberation Day
- Feast of Saint Boniface
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Núr (Light) - First day of the fifth month of the Bahá'í Calendar

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 4 - June 6 - May 5 - July 5 – listing of all days ko:6월 5일 ms:5 Jun ja:6月5日 simple:June 5 th:5 มิถุนายน

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, covering the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Locally, it is more commonly called Pukchosŏn (북조선, "North Chosŏn"). (See Names of Korea.) North Korea is bordered by three countries. To the south along the DMZ, it borders South Korea, with which it had formed a single nation until 1948. Its northern border is predominantly with the People's Republic of China. Russia shares a 19 km border along the Tumen River in the far northeast corner of the country.

History

Japanese rule of Korea ended after World War II in 1945. Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union north of the 38th Parallel and by the United States south of the 38th parallel, but the United States and the Soviet Union were unable to agree on implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea. This led in 1948 to the establishment of separate governments in the north and south, each claiming to be the legitimate government over all of Korea. Growing tensions between the governments in the north and south eventually led to the Korean War, when on June 25 1950 the (North) Korean People's Army crossed the 38th Parallel and attacked. The war continued until July 27 1953, when the United Nations Command and Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteers signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement. The demilitarized zone, or DMZ separated the two countries. North Korea was governed from 1948 by Kim Il Sung until his death on July 8, 1994. After his death, his son Kim Jong Il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party on October 8, 1997. In 1998, the legislature reconfirmed him as Chairman of the National Defence Commission and declared that position as the "highest office of state." International relations generally improved, and there was a historic North-South summit in June 2000. However, tensions with the United States recently increased when North Korea resumed its nuclear weapons program. During Kim Jong Il's rule in the mid to late 1990s, the country's economy declined significantly, and food shortages developed in many areas. According to aid groups, millions of people in rural areas starved to death due to famine, exacerbated by a collapse in the food distribution system [http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa240032004]. Large numbers of North Koreans illegally entered the People's Republic of China in search of food. Hwang Jang Yop, International Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party, defected to South Korea in 1997. See also: History of Korea, Division of Korea

Politics

North Korea's government is dominated by the Korean Workers' Party (KWP), to which 80 percent of government officials belong. The KWP follows and upholds the ideology of Juche (self-reliance), which originally grew out of Stalinism. Like the former Soviet Union, North Korea is dominated by a party bureaucracy that claims to represent the will of the people. The KWP replaced mentions of Marxism-Leninism in the North Korean constitution with Juche in 1977. Communist critics of the KWP deny that it is a communist state. Minor political parties exist, but they are subordinated to the KWP and do not oppose its rule. In practice the exact power structure of the country is somewhat unclear, although it is commonly accepted that the nation's regime is a totalitarian dictatorship. Nominally, the Premier is the head of government, but real power lies with Kim Jong Il (the son of the deceased Kim Il Sung), head of the KWP and the military. Kim holds several official titles, the most important being General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, Chairman of the National Defense Commission and Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. Within the country he is commonly known by the affectionate title of "Dear Leader". Similarly, his father, Kim Il Sung, held the title of "Great Leader." North Korea's 1972 constitution was amended in late 1992 and again in 1998. The 1998 constitution states that the late Kim Il Sung is "Eternal President of the Republic," and the post of president was abolished after his death. The Constitution gives much of the functions normally accorded to a head of state to the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium, whose president "represents the State" and receives credentials from foreign ambassadors. The government of the republic is led by the Prime Minister and, in theory, a super cabinet called the Central People's Committee (CPC), the government's top policymaking body. The CPC is headed by the President, who also nominates the other committee members. The CPC makes policy decisions and supervises the Cabinet, or State Administration Council (SAC). SAC is headed by a Premier and is the dominant administrative and executive agency. The parliament, the Supreme People's Assembly (Choego Inmin Hoeui), is the highest organ of state power. Its 687 members are elected every five years by popular vote. Usually it holds only two annual meetings, each lasting a few days, but it mostly ratifies decisions made by the ruling KWP (see rubberstamp (politics)). A standing committee elected by the Assembly performs legislative functions when the Assembly is not in session. See also: Foreign relations of North Korea, Military of North Korea, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

Administrative divisions

North Korea and weapons of mass destruction As of 2005, North Korea consists of two Directly-Governed Cities (Chikhalsi; 직할시; 直轄市), three special regions with various designations, and nine Provinces (See provinces of Korea). (Names are romanized according to the McCune-Reischauer system as officially used in North Korea; the editor was also guided by the spellings used on the 2003 National Geographic map of Korea). For historical information, see provinces of Korea and special cities of Korea.

Directly-governed cities

- P'yŏngyang Directly-governed City (P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi; 평양 직할시; 平壤直轄市)
- Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong) Chikhalsi (라선 (라진-선봉) 직할시; 羅先 (羅津-先鋒) 直轄市)

Special regions

- Kaesŏng Industrial Region (Kaesŏng Kong-ŏp Chigu; 개성 공업 지구; 開城工業地區)
- Kŭmgangsan Tourist Region (Kŭmgangsan Kwangwang Chigu; 금강산 관광 지구; 金剛山觀光地區)
- Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region (Sinŭiju T'ŭkbyŏl Haengjŏnggu; 신의주 특별 행정구; 新義州特別行政區)

Provinces

- Chagang Province (Chagang-do; 자강도; 慈江道)
- North Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-pukto; 함경 북도; 咸鏡北道)
- South Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-namdo; 함경 남도; 咸鏡南道)
- North Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-pukto; 황해 북도; 黃海北道)
- South Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-namdo; 황해 남도; 黃海南道)
- Kangwŏn Province (Kangwŏndo; 강원도; 江原道)
- North P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-pukto; 평안 북도; 平安北道)
- South P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-namdo; 평안 남도; 平安南道)
- Ryanggang Province (Ryanggang-do; 량강도; 兩江道--sometimes also spelled as 'Yanggang' in English)

Major cities

- Sinuiju
- Kaesong
- Nampho
- Chongjin
- Wonsan
- Hamhung - Hamnam
- Haeju
- Kanggye
- Hyesan See also Cities of North Korea

Geography

North Korea is on the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula that extends 1,100 km from the Asian mainland. North Korea shares its borders with three nations and two seas. To the west it borders the Yellow Sea and the Korea Bay and to the east it borders the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea). North Korea borders South Korea, China, and Russia. The highest point in Korea is the Paektu-san at 2,744 m and major rivers include the Tumen and the Yalu. The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold on occasion. North Korea's capital and largest city is P'yŏngyang; other major cities include Kaesŏng in the south, Sinŭiju in the northwest, Wŏnsan and Hamhŭng in the east and Ch'ŏngjin in the northeast. See also: Korean Peninsula

Economy

Korean Peninsula North Korea's economy has stagnated since the 1970s. The government refuses to release economic data, hence limiting the amount of reliable information available. Publicly owned industry produces nearly all manufactured goods. The government continues to focus on heavy military industry. The government is [http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnorthkorea.htm estimated] to spend around 25% (2005) of the nation's GDP on the military. The 1990s saw a series of natural disasters, political mismanagement crises and corruption scandals. This, along with the collapse of the Soviet bloc; has caused significant economic disruption. The agricultural outlook is poor, and some food products are deliberately diverted away from citizens and into the military. The combined effects of a reclusive regime, serious fertilizer shortages, and structural constraints — such as little arable land and a short growing season — have resulted in a shortfall of staple grain output of more than 1 million tons from what the country needs to meet internationally-accepted minimum requirements. [http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2005/s1479934.htm Recent evidence] suggests serious food shortages. North Korea has previously (and may in the future) received international food and fuel aid from China, South Korea, and the United States in exchange for promises not to develop nuclear weapons. In June 2005, the U.S. announced that it would give 50,000 metric tons of food aid to North Korea. The United States gave North Korea 50,000 tons in 2004 and 100,000 tons in 2003. On 19 September 2005, North Korea was promised food and fuel aid (among other things) from South Korea, the U.S., Japan, Russia, and China in exchange for abandoning its nuclear weapons program and rejoining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It remains to be seen if this exchange will actually occur. The agreement was less than one day old before issues arose with its implementation. In July 2002, North Korea started experimenting with capitalism in the Kaesŏng Industrial Region. A small number of other areas have been designated as Special Administrative Regions, including Sinŭiju along the China-North Korea border. Mainland China and South Korea are the biggest trade partners of North Korea, with trade with China increasing 38% to $1.02 billion in 2003, and trade with South Korea increasing 12% to $724 million in 2003. It is reported that the number of mobile phones in P'yŏngyang rose from only 3,000 in 2002 to approximately 20,000 during 2004. As of June 2004, however, mobile phones became forbidden again. A small amount of capitalistic elements are gradually spreading from the trial area, including a number of advertising billboards along certain highways. Recent visitors have reported that the amount of open-air farmer markets have increased in Kaesong, P'yŏngyang, as well as the China-North Korea border, bypassing the food rationing system. See also: List of North Korean companies, Communications in North Korea, Transportation in North Korea

Human rights

[http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-prk/index Amnesty International] and other human rights organizations accuse North Korea of having one of the worst human rights records of any nation, severely restricting most freedoms, including freedom of speech and freedom of movement, both inside the country and abroad. Japanese television aired what it said was [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4397847/ footage of a prison camp]. The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea believes these camps hold between 150,000 and 200,000 inmates, and published a defector statement that pregnant women inside these camps reputedly either have forced abortions or the newborn child is killed ([http://ncafe.com/northkorea/SunOkLeeTestimony_w_llus.pdf] [PDF], [http://hrnk.org/hiddengulag/toc.html]). In some of the camps, former inmates say the annual mortality rate approaches 25% ([http://www.hrnk.org], [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3071466]). A former prison guard and army intelligence officer [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/this_world/3436701.stm told the BBC] that in one camp, chemical weapons were tested on prisoners in a gas chamber. None of these claims can be verified, as North Korea denies them and does not grant entry to independent human rights observers. Less often discussed are the human rights implications of North Korea's famine, which killed between 600,000 ([http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/11.13/13-koreaeat.html]) and 3.5 million people ([http://217.29.194.251/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=335007FE-29B7-4E69-B88BBDF0379FFE1A&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html&CFID=5514940&CFTOKEN=15148554] ), mostly during the 1990 s ([http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9808/19/nkorea.famine]). By 1999, food and development aid reduced famine deaths, but North Korea's continuing nuclear program led to a decline in foreign aid. In the spring of 2005, the World Food Program reported that famine conditions were in imminent danger of returning to North Korea ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4072280.stm]), and the government was reported to have mobilized millions of city-dwellers to help rice farmers ([http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810F6345D0C728CDDAF0894DD404482]).

Demographics

North Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogenous in the world, with very small Chinese and Japanese communities as the only non-Korean indigenous minorities. Most others are temporary residents, mostly being Russians and other East Europeans, Chinese, and Vietnamese. The Korean language is not a member of a wider linguistic family, though links to Japanese and Altaic languages are being considered. The Korean writing system, Hangul, was invented in the 15th century by King Se Jong the Great to replace the system of Chinese characters, known in Korea as Hanja, which are no longer officially in use in the North. North Korea continues to use the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean, in contrast to the South's revised version.

Religion

Religious activity is suppressed by the officially atheist state, especially Protestantism, which is seen as closely connected to the U.S. North Korea shares with South Korea a Buddhist and Confucianist heritage and recent history of Christian and Chondogyo ("Heavenly Way") movements. Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity before the Korean War. Today two state-sanctioned churches exist, which Christian advocates allege are mere show-cases for foreigners. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4431321.stm]

Culture

There is a vast personality cult around Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, and much of North Korea's literature, popular music, theater, and film glorify the two men. In July 2004, the Complex of Koguryo Tombs was the first site in North Korea to be included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage. See also: Culture of Korea, Korean cuisine, Music of Korea, Public holidays in North Korea

Tourism

In principle, any person is allowed to travel to North Korea, and among those who actually go through the complex application process, almost no one is refused entry by North Korea. Visitors are not allowed to travel outside designated tour areas without their Korean guides. Accounts of travels throughout the region can be found in the external links section. Tourists are not permitted on passports from the United States, although exceptions have been made in 1995, 2002 and 2005. Citizens of South Korea require special government permission from both governments to enter North Korea. In 2002, the area around Mount Kŭmgang, a scenic mountain close to the South Korea border, has been designated as a special tourist destination (Kŭmgangsan Tourist Region), where South Korean citizens do not need special permissions. Tours run by private companies bring thousands of South Koreans to Mount Kŭmgang every year. In July 2005 the South Korean company Hyundai Group came to an agreement with the North Korean government to open up more areas to tourism, including Mount Paektu and Kaesong.

Miscellaneous topics

- Korean friendship association
- Kimjongilia (national flower)

References

# Kang Chol-Hwan, The Aquariums of Pyongyang (New York: Basic Books, 2001) 146.

External links

-
- [http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=19 "Think Again: The Korea Crisis"] from Foreign Policy Magazine
- [http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-institutions_government/north_korea_2686.jsp A gulag with nukes: inside North Korea] by Jasper Becker
- [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fg-extreme11nov11,0,899396.story?track=hpmostemailedlink Bizarre Trip of a Lifetime] from the Los Angeles Times, about a group of American "extreme travelers" who visited North Korea in the fall of 2005

North Korean organizations

- Chongryon

Links associated with North Korean government

- [http://www.korea-dpr.com/library/201.pdf Kim Il Sung]: 10 Point programme for reunification of the country
- [http://www.korea-dpr.com/ korea-dpr.com] - Website officially associated with North Korea. (Maintained from a Texas server by the Korean Friendship Association.)
- [http://www.kcckp.net/en/ Naenara] ("My country," in Korean) DPRK's Official Web Portal
- [http://www.kcna.co.jp The Korean Central News Agency, The DPRK's news service.]

Web sites about North Korea

- [http://www.seoultrain.com "Seoul Train" documentary] A critically acclaimed PBS documentary on North Korean refugees (Incite Productions)
- [http://www.nkzone.org/nkzone North Korean Zone], a blog dealing with news related to North Korea]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/kn.html CIA World Factbook - North Korea]
- [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kptoc.html Library of Congress - Country Studies: North Korea] - data as of June 1993
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1131421.stm BBC News - Country Profile: North Korea]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/asia_pac_unseen_north_korea/html/1.stm BBC News - In pictures: Unseen North Korea]
- [http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/0,2759,331519,00.html Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: North and South Korea]
- [http://www.simonbone.com/myohyang.html Happy Birthday, North Korea] - detailed account of travel to 3 sanctioned areas
- [http://uk.geocities.com/hkgalbert/kpmap.htm Korean Tourist Map]
- [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317916/us559898/us559967/us559991/ LookSmart - North Korea] directory category
- [http://www.nkzone.org/nkzone NKzone] - discussions and information exchange on North Korea
- [http://mapage.noos.fr/jeejee/north_korea.html North Korea Resources] - background news and analysis of North Korea
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/North_Korea/ Open Directory Project - North Korea] directory category
- [http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/ Pyongyang Metro System Unofficial Web Site - 1]
- [http://www.koryogroup.com Tours / Tourism page of North Korea, with links to other North Korea related sites]
- [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fg-chongjin4jul04,1,1445590.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Trading Ideals for Sustenance] Second part of Los Angeles Times expose on changing North Korean life (July 4, 2005)
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Korea__North/ Yahoo! - North Korea] directory category
- [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?cid=34&tmpl=fc&in=World&cat=North_Korea Yahoo! News - Full Coverage: North Korea]
- [http://times.discovery.com/convergence/insidenorthkorea/video/video.html Children of a Secret State]: Human rights of children in North Korea (Discovery Channel)
- [http://www.voanews.com/english/north_korea_reporters_notebook.cfm North Korea: A Reporter's Notebook] — Luis Ramirez (Voice of America)

Web sites criticizing North Korea

- [http://freekorea.blogspot.com One Free Korea] - Blog focusing on human rights conditions in North Korea
- [http://times.hankooki.com/special/special_edition1_list.htm Another Korea] - Background stories on North Korea
- [http://www.soonoklee.org/freenk.cgi Soon Ok Lee project] - website calling for Christian solidarity with Korean refugees.
- [http://www.dailynk.com/english/index.php Daily NK] - North Korea focused daily online newspaper
- [http://www.chosunjournal.com/ ChosunJournal] - website focused on DPRK human rights
- [http://nkhumanrights.or.kr/NKHR_new/index_eng_new.htm Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights] - Witness accounts of refugees Category:East Asian countries zh-min-nan:Tiâu-sián ko:조선민주주의인민공화국 ms:Korea Utara ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 simple:North Korea th:ประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ

Dictator

In modern usage, Dictator refers to an absolutist or autocratic ruler who governs outside the rule of law. However unlike the Roman original, they rarely use it as a title, for it is generally used by their opponents as a term of abuse for totalitarian rule, just like despot and tyrant (also unlike Antiquity). Dictators often acquire power in a coup d'état, or

Kim Hyŏng-jik

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Dictator