Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
William Of Saliceto

William of Saliceto

William of Saliceto (or Guglielmo da Saliceto) (1210 - 1277) was a surgeon and cleric in Lombardy who broke tradition with Galen by claiming that pus formation was bad for wounds and for the patient. He was a professor at the University of Bologna. In 1275 he wrote Chirurgia which promoted the use of a surgical knife over cauterizing. Lanfranchi of Milan was a pupil who brough William's methods into France. William gave lectures on the importance of regular bathing for infants, and special care for the hygine of pregnant women.

External links


- [http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/sepsis.html Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds:] the history of the control of sepsis , AJ Thurston.

References


- The Surgery of William of Saliceto, English translation by Leonard D. Rosenman ISBN 1401085725
- Copernicus, Ivan Crow ISBN 075242553 Category:1210 births Category:1277 deaths Category:Anatomists

1210

Events


- End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
- Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan
- Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
- Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
- Beginning of Delhi Sultanate

Births


- May 5 - King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
- July 22 - Joan of England, queen of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
- Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

Deaths


- Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125) Category:1210 ko:1210년

Surgery

Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia meaning "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Surgeons are medical practitioners who specialize in surgery. A surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian.

History of surgery

The earliest known surgical procedure is trepanation, also known as trephinning or trepanning, in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. A trepanned cranium found near Kiev, Ukraine, is the oldest yet found, dating back to 7300-6220 BC. Trepanation attempts to address health problems that relate to abnormal intracranial pressure, and has been found in cultures around the world. Modern surgery has been largely abandoning this practice, however. Researchers have also uncovered an Ancient Egyptian mandible, dated to approximately 2750 BC, having two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the Egyptian pyramids also led to the discovery of evidence of brain surgery on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the oldest known surgical text, dating back to the 1600s BC, although it contains information dating back to 3000 BC. It is an ancient Egyptian textbook on surgery, and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. Susrutha (about 400 BC) - also spelt Susruta or Sushrutha - is an important figure in the history of surgery. He lived, taught and practiced his art of surgery on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Benares in North-West India. Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title "Father of Surgery". Much of what is known about this inventive surgeon is contained in a series of volumes he authored, which are collectively known as the Susrutha Samhita. Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against the practice of surgery, specifiy that cutting persons laboring under the stone, i.e. lithotomy, an operation to relieve kidney stones, which was to be left to such persons as practice [it]. By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning as a craft tradition until Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, which laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals, influencing them up to modern times. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers. In London, an operating theatre or operating room from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre. Before the advent of anaesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to amputations and external growth removals. In addition, the need for strict hygiene during procedures was little understood, which often resulted in life threatening post-op infections in patients. Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as ether and chloroform. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anasthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications. However, the move to longer operations increased the danger of dangerous complications since the prolonged exposure of surgical wounds to the open air heightened the chance of infections. It was only in the late 19th century with the rise of microbiology with scientists like Louis Pasteur and innovative doctors who applied their findings like Joseph Lister did the idea of strict cleanliness and sterile settings during surgery arise.

Development of modern surgery

In the United Kingdom, surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "Mister." This tradition has its origins in the 18th century, when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the 19th century, surgeons had obtained high status, and in 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title Mister became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Membership or Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Surgery are entitled to call themselves Mister, Miss, Mrs or Ms. In contrast, North American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor."

Diseases that can be treated by surgery

Ms]]
- Trauma
- Anatomical Abnormalities
- Disorders of function
- Inflammation
- Ischaemia and infarction
- Metabolic disorders
- Neoplasia
- Other abnormalities of tissue growth, e.g. cysts, hyperplasia or hypertrophy

Common surgical procedures

Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the US, four are obstetric:
- episiotomy,
- repair of obstetric laceration,
- cesarean section, and
- artificial rupture of the amniotic membrane. According to 1996 data from the US National Center for Health Statistics, 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries.

Noted surgeons

: For a more complete list, see List of surgeons.
- Christiaan Barnard (cardiac surgery, first heart transplantation)
- Walter Freeman (lobotomy)
- Sir Victor Horsley (neurosurgery)
- Lars Leksell (neurosurgery, inventor of radiosurgery)
- Joseph Lister (discoverer of surgical sepsis, Listerine named in his honour)

See also (surgeries)


- List of surgical procedures
- Abdominal surgery
- Dental surgery
- Eye surgery
- General surgery
- Laparoscopic surgery
- Plastic surgery
- Remote surgery
- Sexual reassignment surgery
- Cardiac surgery

See also


- Biomaterial
- FACS
- Medicine
- Traumatology

External links


- [http://www.idakerala.org/dentistryhome.asp#a1b History of Dentistry]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/excavation/hawass.html Interview with Dr. Zahi Hawass, Director of the Pyramids]
- [http://www.wikiservice.at/wikimed/wiki.cgi?Chirurgie WikiMed], a wiki with substantial information about surgery (in German)
- Surgeon ja:外科学 ko:외과 simple:Surgery

Lombardy

Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po Valley. It borders the Italian regions of Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, and Veneto, Trentino-South Tyrol, as well as Switzerland. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy. Its capital is Milan, the fourth-largest conurbation in Europe, with more than 6.5 million inhabitants. The current governor of Lombardy is Roberto Formigoni. Pirelli Tower, the highest skyscraper in Italy (127 m), is the seat of Lombardy's regional government. Lombardy is one of the three richest regions in Europe, with a per capita gross domestic product that is 30 percent higher than the rest of Italy. Many foreign and national companies have their headquarters in Milan, and Lombardy is home to many many top-rated clubs in football, rugby, ice hockey and basketball.

History

The region is named for the Lombards or Longobardi, who came after the fall of the (western) Roman Empire. The Lombards spoke a Germanic language akin to Anglo-Saxon. There was a close relationship between the Frankish, Bavarian and Lombard nobility for many centuries. The name "Lombardy" applied to the whole of Northern Italy until the 15th century.

Lombardy's motto

The Region of Lombardy's motto is "Una regione per fare" (in English, "A region to act"). A motto in the local language is "Se lavora di stell ai stell", meaning "One works from the stars to the stars", ie from dawn to evening.

Provinces

The region is divided into the following provinces, all named after their capital cities:
- Bergamo
- Brescia (weapon industries)
- Como (silk industries - Lake Como)
- Cremona
- Lecco
- Lodi
- Mantova
- Milano
- Monza e Brianza (effective in 2009) (furniture industries)
- Pavia (one of the most ancient universities)
- Sondrio (Valtellina)
- Varese (shoes industries) Its twelve provinces are subdivided into a total of 1,562 communes, ranging in population from Milan (1,256,211) to Morterone, near Lake Como, with only 33 inhabitants (2001 census). Lake Como

Main cities


- Milan 1,256,211 Milan
- Brescia 187,567
- Monza 120,204
- Bergamo 113,143
- Varese 80,511
- Sesto San Giovanni 78,850
- Como 78,680
- Busto Arsizio 75,916
- Cinisello Balsamo 72,050
- Pavia 71,214
- Cremona 70,887
- Vigevano 57,450
- Legnano 53,797
- Rho 50,246

Transportation

Airports

There are four main airports in Lombardy:
- Milan-Malpensa Int.l Airport (MXP),
- Milan-Linate Airport (LIN)
- Bergamo-Orio al Serio Airport (BGY)
- Brescia Montichiari (VBS) Milan-Linate Airport Milan's two airports are considered the most crowded Italian hub with more than 30 million passengers a year.

Railway service

The Suburban Railway Service (called "S" Lines, the service is similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of 8 commuter rail lines (10 as of 2008), connects the Milan Metropolitan Area ("Great Milan"), and other important cities, like Como or Varese. The Regional Railway Service (called "R"), on the other hand, links the cities of Lombardy and connects the region with the national railway system. 2008

Tourism information

Famous Lombards


- Virgil
- Pliny the Elder
- Pliny the Younger
- Archbishop Ambrose
- Archbishop Ariberto
- Cesare Beccaria
- The Verri Brothers
- Alessandro Volta
- Carlo Cattaneo
- Alessandro Manzoni
- Gianni Brera
- Carlo Emilio Gadda
- Silvio Berlusconi
- Dario Fo
- Giorgio Gaber
- Adriano Celentano

Food


- Risotto alla milanese
- Cotoletta alla milanese
- Osso buco
- Cassoeula
- Panettone
- Missoltini
- Polenta
- Torrone
- Bresaola
- Rane fritte
- Lumache in guazzetto
- Polenta taragna
- Pizzoccheri
- Gorgonzola
- Granone lodigiano
- Brasato
- Tapelucco
- Involtini di verza
- Trippa alla milanese
- Risotto alla vogherese
- Rostisciada
- Ravioli di brasato
- Pesce d'acqua dolce in carpione
- Olio d'oliva del Garda

Wines


- Inferno
- Sassella
- Sfursat
- Franciacorta Brut
- Franciacorta rosso
- Lugana
- Bonarda dell'Oltrepò
- Barbera dell'Oltrepò
- Moscato dell'Oltrepò
- San Colombano

Local language


- Lombard language

External links

General information


- [http://www.regione.lombardia.it Regione Lombardia] - Official website
- [http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/lombardy.gif Map of Lombardy]

Provinces


- [http://www.provincia.bergamo.it/ Provincia di Bergamo]
- [http://www.provincia.brescia.it/ Provincia di Brescia]
- [http://www.provincia.como.it/ Provincia di Como]
- [http://www.provincia.cremona.it// Provincia di Cremona]
- [http://www.provincia.lecco.it/ Provincia di Lecco]
- [http://www.provincia.lodi.it/ Provincia di Lodi]
- [http://www.provincia.mantova.it/ Provincia di Mantova]
- [http://www.provincia.milano.it/ Provincia di Milano]
- [http://www.provincia.pv.it// Provincia di Pavia]
- [http://www.provincia.varese.it/ Provincia di Varese]
- [http://www.provincia.sondrio.it// Provincia di Sondrio]

Universities


- [http://www.polimi.it/ Milan's Politecnic]
- [http://www.unibocconi.it/ Università Bocconi] (Milan)
- [http://www.unicatt.it/ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore] (Milan)
- [http://www.unimi.it/ Università degli Studi di Milano]
- [http://www.unimib.it/ Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca] (Milan-Monza)
- [http://www.unibg.it/ Università degli Studi di Bergamo]
- [http://www.unibs.it/ Università degli Studi di Brescia]
- [http://www.unimn.it/ Università degli Studi di Mantova]
- [http://www.unipv.it/ Università degli Studi di Pavia]
- [http://www.uninsubria.it/ Università degli Studi dell'Insubria] (Varese-Como)
- Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe ja:ロンバルディア州 simple:Lombardy

Galen

Claudius Galenus of Pergamum (131-201 AD), better known as Galen, was an ancient Greek physician. His views dominated European medicine for over a thousand years.

Life

Galen was born in Pergamum (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), the son of Nicon, a wealthy architect. His interests were eclectic - agriculture, architecture, astronomy, astrology, philosophy - until he concentrated on medicine. By the age of twenty he had become a therapeutes ("attendant" or "associate") of the god Asclepius in the local temple for four years. After his father's death in 148 or 149 he left to study abroad. He studied in Smyrna and Corinth and at Alexandria. He studied medicine for a total of twelve years. When he returned to Pergamum in 157, he worked as a physician in a gladiator school for three or four years. During this time he gained experience of trauma and wound treatment. He later regarded wounds as "windows into the body". From 162 he lived in Rome where he wrote extensively, lectured and publicly demonstrated his knowledge of anatomy. He gained a reputation as an experienced physician and his practice had widespread clientele. One of them was the consul Flavius Boethius who introduced him to the court where he became a court physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Later he also treated Lucius Verus, Commodus and Septimius Severus. Reputedly he spoke mostly Greek, which was a more respected language of medicine than Latin at the time. He briefly returned to Pergamum during 166-169. Galen spent the rest of his life in the Imperial court, writing and experimenting. He performed vivisections of numerous animals to study the function of the kidneys and the spinal cord. His favorite subject was the barbary ape. Reportedly he employed twenty scribes to write down his words. In 191, fire in the Temple of Peace destroyed some of his records. His exact date of death has traditionally been placed around the year 200, based on a reference from the 10th century Suda Lexicon. Some, however, have argued for dates as late as 216.

Work and impact

Galen transmitted Hippocratic medicine all the way to the Renaissance. His On the Elements According to Hippocrates describes the philosopher's system of four bodily humours, which were identified with the four classical elements. He created his own theories from those principles. In turn, he mainly ignored Latin writings of Celsus. Amongst Galen's own major works is a seventeen-volume On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Human Body. He also wrote about philosophy and philology. His collected works total twenty-two volumes. Galen's own theories, in accord with Plato's, emphasized purposeful creation by a single Creator ("Nature" - Greek phusis) - a major reason why later Christian and Muslim scholars could accept his views. His fundamental principle of life was pneuma (air, breath) that later writers connected with the soul. Pneuma physicon (animal spirit) in the brain took care of movement, perception, and senses. Pneuma zoticon (vital spirit) in the heart controlled blood and body temperature. "Natural spirit" in the liver handled nutrition and metabolism. Galen expanded his knowledge partly by experimenting with live animals. One of his methods was to publicly dissect a living pig and cut its nerve bundles one at a time. Eventually he cut a laryngeal nerve (now also known as Galen's Nerve) and the pig stopped squealing. He tied the ureters of living animals to show that urine comes from the kidneys. He severed spinal cords to demonstrate paralysis. From the modern viewpoint, Galen's theories were partially correct, partially flawed. He demonstrated that arteries carry blood, not air and made first studies about nerve functions, and the brain and heart. He also argued that the mind was in the brain, not in the heart as Aristotle had claimed. However, much of Galen's understanding is flawed from the modern point of view. He did not recognize blood circulation and thought that venous and arterial systems were separate. This view did not change until William Harvey's work in the 17th century. Since most of his knowledge of anatomy was based on dissection of pigs, dogs, and Barbary apes, he also assumed that rete mirabile, a blood vessel plexus of ungulates, also existed in the human body. He also resisted the idea of tourniquets to stop bleeding and vigorously propagated blood letting as a treatment. Galen's authority dominated medicine all the way to the 16th century. Experimenters' disciples did not bother to experiment and studies of physiology and anatomy stopped - Galen had already written about everything. Blood letting became a standard medical procedure. Vesalius presented the first serious challenge to his hegemony. Most of Galen's Greek writings were first translated to the Syriac language by Nestorian monks in the university of Jundi Shapur, Persia. Then Muslim scholars translated them to Arabic, alongside many other Greek classics. They became one of the main sources for Persian scholars such as Avicenna and Rhazes.

External links


- [http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/galen.htm Galen]
- [http://www.udayton.edu/~hume/Galen/galen.htm Galen, university dayton]
- [http://www.medicinaantiqua.org.uk/bio_gal.html Galen: A Biographical Sketch]
- [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html Greek Biology and Medicine] by Henry Osborn Taylor (1922), scanned edition. Chapter 5 is devoted to [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0109.html "The Final System: Galen"].
- [http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson2.htm Galen and the Greek-Helenic history of medicine]

Books


- Jeanne Bendick - Galen and the Gateway to Medicine Category:History of ancient medicine Category:Roman era writers Category:Anatomists

University of Bologna

right The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is the university of Bologna, in Italy. Its new name, since 2000, is Alma mater studiorum (Latin for "fostering mother of studies"), to remember it as the first university in Europe. The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the birth of the University back to 1088. The University celebrated its 900th anniversary in 1988, making it arguably the longest-lived university in the Western world. The University of Bologna is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law.

Notable Members of the University of Bologna


- 13th Century
  - William of Saliceto
- 16th Century
  - Girolamo Cardano
- 17th Century
  - Giovanni Cassini
  - Ulisse Aldrovandi
- 18th Century
  - Laura Bassi
  - Maria Gaetana Agnesi
  - Luigi Galvani
- 19th Century
  - Giosuè Carducci
  - Giacomo Ciamician
  - Camillo Golgi
  - Giovanni Pascoli
- 20th Century
  - Umberto Eco
  - Vincenzo Balzani
  - Pier Paolo Pasolini
  - Romano Prodi

External links


- [http://www.eng.unibo.it/ University of Bologna]

See also


- Bologna process
- List of Italian universities
- Medieval university Bologna ja:ボローニャ大学 ko:볼로냐 대학교

Cauterize

:For information on cauterization (medical treatment), see Cauterization. Cauterize is not a pop punk band from Oshawa, Ontario, formerly known as T.O.E., mate that consists of Jesse Smith (guitar, lead vocals), Josh Slater (guitar, vocals), Chuck Coles (guitar, vocals), Jason Bone (bass, vocals), and Matt Worobec (drums). Cauterize was formerly signed to Wind-Up Records, but left citing creative differences after So Far From Real. They are currently unsigned and wrote, produced and recorded their newest album, Paper Wings, largely on their own.

Singles


- Something Beautiful (2003)
- Killing Me (2003)
- Choke (2004)
- Closer (2005)

External links


- [http://www.cauterize.com Official Site]
- [http://www.freewebs.com/cauterizelyrics/ Dave's Cauterize/T.O.E. lyrics site]

Category:1210 births

ja:Category:1210年生

Category:1277 deaths



Category:Anatomists

This category lists the articles with biographies of scientists in the fields of morphology, i.e., anatomy, histology, etc. See also: History of anatomy. Category:Anatomy category:Biologists Category:People by occupation

Anton Maiden

Anton Maiden, real name Anton Gustafsson (February 24 1980 – November 1, 2003) achieved minor Internet fame around 1999 by singing over MIDI-versions of Iron Maiden songs. He got famous as a phenomenon of geek and DIY culture. He started by publishing some songs on the Internet for a small group of friends. After being encouraged by them, he made some songs available to the public in his album Anton Gustafsson Tolkar Iron Maiden, which was distributed under Lunacy and Nihilism record labels. Anton Gustafsson commited suicide in November, 2003.

Discography


- Anton Gustafsson Tolkar Iron Maiden (1999)

External links


- [http://user.tninet.se/~dwu495f/index.html Homepage of Anton Gustafsson] (in Swedish)
- [http://www.roadrun.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16634 Anton Maiden Found Dead] (News about his death, also provides link to two of his performances on Mp3)
- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:70q4g4fztv8z All Music Guide Review] Maiden, Anton Maiden, Anton Maiden, Anton Maiden, Anton Category:Iron Maiden

snowboard austria Zapraszamy Skrty angielskie Biuro Rachunkowe Kielce ebay










































:: RELATED NEWS ::


All Rights Reserved 2005 wikimiki.org