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William Williams Pantycelyn

William Williams Pantycelyn

William Williams, Pantycelyn (also known as Williams Pantycelyn, and Pantycelyn) (1717 – January 11, 1791) is generally acknowledged as Wales's most important hymn writer. He was also one of the key leaders of the 18th century Welsh Methodist revival, along with Daniel Rowland and Howell Harris. As a poet and prose writer he is today considered to be one of Wales's greatest writers.

Life

Williams was born in the parish of Llanfair-ar-y-bryn, Carmarthenshire, early in 1717. His family were nonconformists. He was educated locally and intended to become a doctor. This changed when he had a religious conversion while listening to Howell Harris, the evangelical reformer, preaching in Talgarth in 1737. He took deacon's orders in the Church of England in 1740 and was appointed curate to Theophilus Evans (1693-1767) in the parishes of Llanwrtyd, Llanfihangel Abergwesyn and Llanddewi Abergwesyn. Because of his Methodist activities he was refused ordination as a priest and from then on he committed himself entirely to that movement. He travelled throughout the country preaching and establishing seiadau, local fellowships of Methodist people, for the converts he won. He died in 1791. In common with many other Welsh people whose names are less than unique, he was known by the nickname or bardic name of Pantycelyn, this being the name of the farm in the parish of Llanfair-ar-y-bryn where he lived for most of his life. His virtuosity as a hymnwriter also earned him another nickname Y pêr ganiedydd (The sweet singer).

Hymns

He wrote some of his work in English, but most of his work is written in Welsh. He published his first work in 1744, the first part of Aleluia, a collection of hymns. This was followed by further collections:
- Hosanna i Fab Dafydd (Hosannah to the Son of David), 1751;
- Rhai hymnau a chaniadau duwiol (Some godly hymns and songs), 1759;
- Caniadau y rhai sydd ar y môr o wydr (The songs of those on the crystal sea), 1762;
- Ffarwel weledig, groesaw anweledig bethau (Farwell seen, and welcome unseen things), 1763;
- Gloria in exelsis, 1771;
- Ychydig hymnau (A few hymns), 1774;
- Rhai hymnau newyddion (Some new hymns), 1782. He also published two collections of English hymns:
- Hosannah to the son of David, 1759;
- Gloria in exelsis, 1772. Possibly his best known hymn is Arglwydd, arwain trwy'r anialwch, usually sung to John Hughes' Cwm Rhondda .

Poetry

His hymns alone were not his only major contribution to the success of Calvinistic Methodism. He wrote two long poems on theological and religious themes. Golwg ar deyrnas Crist (A view of Christ's kingdom), 1756, deals with the whole history of salvation and God's grace in Christ. Bywyd a marwolaeth Theomemphus, 1764, deals with the religious experience of conversion and Christian living. He also wrote a series of elegies in memory of various Methodist and other Christian leaders, including Griffith Jones (Llanddowror), Howel Davies (Pembrokeshire), George Whitfield, and Daniel Rowland.

Prose works

Williams also wrote original prose works and translated others from English. They were mostly intended to be used by members of the Methodist fellowships he established. In 1762 he published Llythyr Martha Philopur at y Parchedig Philo Evangelius eu hathro (Martha Philopur's letter to the Reverend Philo Evangelius her teacher) followed by Atteb Philo-Evangelius i Martha Philopur (Philo-Evangelius's reply to Martha Philopur) in 1763. These works were intended to defend and teach the significance of the 1762 revival at Llangeitho. The 1762 revival was a very powerful one and which manifested its power physically. As a result, Methodists in Wales were very often known as 'Jumpers'. Works such as Doctor Nuptarum neu gyfarwyddwr priodas (Doctor Nupatrum or the marriage guide), 1777, and Drws y society profiad (An introduction to the experience meeting), 1777, were written as practical guides to Christian living for the converts who were members of the seiadau or societies.

Sources

- Hughes, Glyn Tegai (1983), Williams Pantycelyn. Writers of Wales series. Cardiff : University of Wales Press on behalf of the Welsh Arts Council. In English.
- Roberts, Gomer Morgan (1949,1958), Y pêr ganiedydd : Pantycelyn. 2 vols. Aberystwyth : Gwasg Aberystwyth. In Welsh.
- 'Williams, William (1717-1791)'. In Meic Stephens (Ed.) (1998), The new companion to the literature of Wales. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708313833.

External links

- [http://www.llgc.org.uk/drych/drych_s038.htm Williams Pantycelyn] at the National Library of Wales. Gives access to a digital version of a manuscript in Williams's hand, NLW MS 77A. Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William (Pantycelyn) Williams, William Williams, William Williams, William

1717

Events

- January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign Triple Alliance
- February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region.
- March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane The Loves of Mars and Venus
- March 31 - Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.
- June 24 — Anglo branch of Freemasonry ([http://www.grand-lodge.org/ UGLE]) founded in London.
- December 24/25 A disastrous storm flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Danmark. Thousands die or lose their houses. (German article on this flood)
- Voltaire is sentenced to Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings
- Spain unites its South American colonies as New Grenada
- Montevideo, Uruguay, founded by Portuguese
- A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700–1721)

Births

- January 5 - William Wildman Shute Barrington, British statesman (d. 1793)
- January 28 - Mustafa III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1774)
- January 29 - Jeffrey Amherst, British soldier and conqueror of Quebec (d. 1797)
- February 2 - Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (d. 1790)
- February 19 - David Garrick, English actor (d. 1779)
- May 13 - Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (d. 1780)
- June 8 - John Collins, American politician (d. 1795)
- June 20 - Jacques Saly, French sculptor (d. 1776)
- June 27 - Louis Guillaume Lemonnier, French botanist (d. 1799)
- June 30 - Johann Stamitz, Czech-born composer (d. 1757)
- July 5 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)
- August 13 - Louis François I, Prince of Conti, French military leader (d. 1776)
- August 15 - Blind Jack, English roadbuilder (d. 1810)
- September 4 - Job Orton, English dissenting minister (d. 1783)
- September 7 - Martin Dobrizhoffer, Austrian Jesuit missionary (d. 1791)
- September 22 - Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer (d. 1783)
- September 24 - Horace Walpole, British writer (d. 1797)
- October 5 - Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchess de Châteauroux, French mistress of King Louis XV of France (d. 1744)
- November 9 - Johann Joachim Winckelmann, German classical scholar and archaeologist (d. 1768)
- November 16 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician and encyclopædist (d. 1783)
- December 16 - Elizabeth Carter, English writer (d. 1806)
- December 20 - Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, French statesman and diplomat (d. 1787)
- December 27 - Pope Pius VI (d. 1799)

Deaths

- March 3 - Pierre Allix, French protestant clergyman (b. 1641)
- March 19 - John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland, Scottish royalist
- April 3 - Jacques Ozanam, French mathematician (b. 1640)
- April 5 - Jean Jouvenet, French painter (b. 1647)
- May 10 - John Hathorne, American magistrate (b. 1641)
- May 20 - John Trevor, English Speaker of the House of Commons (b. 1637)
- June 9 - Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (b. 1648)
- October 6 - Catherine Sedley, English mistress of James II of England
- November 26 - Daniel Purcell, English composer (b. 1664)
- December 5 - Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow, English politician (b. 1654) Category:1717 ko:1717년 ms:1717

January 11

January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 354 days remaining (355 in leap years).

Events

- 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople.
- 1158 - Vladislav II becomes King of Bohemia.
- 1569 - First recorded lottery in England.
- 1571 - Austrian nobility is granted freedom of religion.
- 1693 - Eruption of Mt. Etna.
- 1759 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.
- 1787 - William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.
- 1805 - Michigan Territory is created.
- 1861 - Alabama secedes from the United States.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Arkansas Post - General John McClernand and Admiral David Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.
- 1867 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again.
- 1879 - Anglo-Zulu War begins.
- 1880 - Total solar eclipse blackens the sky of San Francisco one day after the funeral of Emperor Norton.
- 1908 - Grand Canyon National Monument is created.
- 1919 - Romania annexes Transylvania.
- 1922 - First use of insulin to treat diabetes in a human patient.
- 1923 - Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments.
- 1935 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California.
- 1938 - Frances Moulton is the first woman to become president of a US national bank.
- 1942 - Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Netherlands East Indies.
- The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.
- 1943 - The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.
- 1946 - Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania with himself as dictator.
- Porfirio Barba-Jacob's ashes go back to Colombia.
- 1949 - First recorded case of snowfall in Los Angeles, California.
- 1957 - The African Convention is founded in Dakar.
- 1962 - Eruption of the Huascaran volcano in Peru; 4,000 deaths.
- 1963 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened.
- 1964 - United States Surgeon General Luther Leonidas Terry reports smoking may be hazardous to health. First such statement from US government.
- 1972 - East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh.
- 1973 - Beginning of the Watergate burglars trial.
- 1974 - The world's first surviving set of sextuplets are born to Susan Rosenkowitz in Cape Town, South Africa.
- 1980 - Nigel Short, 14, is the youngest chess player to be awarded the degree of International Master.
- 1982 - A cold snap sends temperatures to record lows in dozens of cities throughout the Midwestern United States.
- 1990 - 300,000 march in favor of Lithuanian independence.
- 1991 - Ric Flair defeats Sting to become the first WCW Champion.
- 1992 - Paul Simon is the first major artist to tour South Africa after the end of the cultural boycott.
- 1994 - Irish Government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the IRA and its political arm Sinn Fein
- 1996 - Haiti becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1998 - Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria; over 100 people killed.
- 2001 - The Federal Trade Commission approved the merger of AOL and Time Warner to form AOL Time Warner.

Births

1322 to 1899

- 1322 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (d. 1380)
- 1359 - Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan (d. 1393)
- 1503 - Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola, Italian artist (d. 1540)
- 1591 - Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, English Civil War general (d. 1646)
- 1630 - John Rogers, American President of Harvard (b. 1684)
- 1671 - François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie, French military leader (d. 1745)
- 1757 - Samuel Bentham, English mechanical engineer (d. 1831)
- 1757 - Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1804)
- 1800 - Nat Turner, American slave (d. 1831)
- 1807 - Ezra Cornell, American businessman and university founder (d. 1874)
- 1815 - John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1891)
- 1856 - Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (d. 1941)
- 1858 - Harry Gordon Selfridge, American retailer (d. 1947)
- 1859 - Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, British statesman, Viceroy of India (d. 1925)
- 1860 - Marie Bashkirtseff, Ukrainian artist (d. 1884)
- 1875 - Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (d. 1956)
- 1876 - Elmer Flick, American baseball player (d. 1971)
- 1885 - Alice Paul, American women's rights activist (d. 1977)
- 1887 - Aldo Leopold, American ecologist (d. 1948)

1900 to 1999

- 1902 - Maurice Duruflé, French composer (d. 1986)
- 1903 - Alan Paton, South African writer (d. 1988)
- 1906 - Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist
- 1908 - Lionel Stander, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1911 - Zenko Suzuki, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2004)
- 1921 - Juanita M. Kreps, former US Secretary of commerce
- 1923 - Carroll Shelby, American automobile designer
- 1924 - Roger Guillemin, French neuroendocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1924 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (d. 1994)
- 1924 - Slim Harpo, American musician (d. 1970)
- 1925 - Grant Tinker, American television executive
- 1926 - Lev Demin, cosmonaut (d. 1998)
- 1930 - Rod Taylor, Australian actor
- 1934 - Jean Chrétien, twentieth Prime Minister of Canada
- 1938 - Arthur Scargill British labor leader
- 1941 - Gérson, Brazilian football player
- 1942 - Clarence Clemons, American musician (E Street Band)
- 1943 - Jim Hightower, American radio host and author
- 1944 - John Piper, American theologian
- 1944 - Shibu Soren, Indian politician
- 1946 - Naomi Judd, American singer
- 1952 - Ben Crenshaw, American golfer
- 1952 - Lee Ritenour, musician and composer
- 1956 - Robert Earl Keen, American singer
- 1957 - Bryan Robson, English footballer and manager
- 1958 - Vicki Peterson, American musician
- 1960 - Stanley Tucci, American actor
- 1961 - Jasper Fforde, British author
- 1962 - Susan Lindauer, American peace activist and accused spy
- 1963 - Dean Reynolds, English snooker player
- 1966 - Marc Acito, American novelist and humorist
- 1966 - Kelley Law, Canadian curler
- 1968 - Tom Dumont, American musician, Alison Lewis. British Writer and Humanitist
- 1971 - Mary J. Blige, American singer
- 1972 - Marc Blucas, American actor
- 1972 - Amanda Peet, American actress
- 1973 - Rahul Dravid, Indian cricketer
- 1977 - Shomari Buchanan, American football player
- 1978 - Emile Heskey, English footballer
- 1980 - Mike Williams, American football player

Deaths

314 to 1899

- 314 - St. Miltiades
- 705 - John VI
- 812 - Stauracius, Byzantine Emperor
- 1055 - Constantine IX Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor
- 1494 - Domenico Ghirlandaio, Italian artist (b. 1449)
- 1495 - Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (b. 1428)
- 1641 - Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (b. 1583)
- 1696 - Charles Albanel, French missionary explorer in Canada (b. 1616)
- 1703 - Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic (b. 1632)
- 1713 - Pierre Jurieu, French protestant leader (b. 1637)
- 1762 - Louis-François Roubiliac, French sculptor (b. 1695)
- 1763 - Caspar Abel, German theologian, historian, and poet (b. 1676)
- 1771 - Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens, French writer (b. 1704)
- 1791 - William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymnist (b. 1717)
- 1801 - Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (b. 1749)
- 1843 - Francis Scott Key, American lawyer (b. 1779)
- 1882 - Theodor Schwann, German physiologist (b. 1810)

1900 to 1999

- 1901 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
- 1902 - Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (b. 1862)
- 1905 - Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter, Hasidic rabbi (b. 1847)
- 1923 - King Constantine I of Greece (b. 1868)
- 1928 - Thomas Hardy, English writer (b. 1840)
- 1941 - Emanuel Lasker, German chess player (b. 1868)
- 1958 - Edna Purviance, American actress (b. 1895)
- 1966 - Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (b. 1901)
- 1966 - Hannes Kolehmainen, Finnish runner (b. 1889)
- 1968 - Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898) Alison Lewis British Crystal Healer
- 1970 - Richmal Crompton, British author (b. 1890)
- 1980 - Barbara Pym, English novelist (b. 1913)
- 1981 - Beulah Bondi, American actress (b. 1888)
- 1983 - Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist and educator (b. 1894)
- 1988 - Pappy Boyington, American aviator (b. 1912)
- 1991 - Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- 1998 - Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (b. 1926)
- 1999 - Fabrizio de André, Italian singer (b. 1940)

2000 onwards

- 2000 - Ivan Combe, American inventor (b. 1911)
- 2000 - Bob Lemon, baseball player (b. 1920)
- 2001 - Sir Denys Lasdun, English architect (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Mickey Finn, English drummer (T. Rex)
- 2003 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (b. 1925)
- 2003 - Richard Simmons, American actor (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Spencer Dryden, American drummer (Jefferson Airplane) (b. 1938)
- 2005 - James Griffin, American musician (Bread) (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Miriam Hyde, Australian composer (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances

- Albania - Republic Day (1946)
- Japan - Kagami-Biraki (Rice Cakes Festival)
- Morocco - The Independence manifesto day
- Nepal - Unity Day
- Roman Empire - First day of Carmentalia in honor of Carmen
- Feast of the Baptism of Jesus

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/11 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 10 - January 12 - December 11 - February 11 — listing of all days ko:1월 11일 ms:11 Januari ja:1月11日 simple:January 11 th:11 มกราคม

1791

1791 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

- Unknown date - First American ship reaches Japan
- January 25 - The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada
- March 4 - Vermont is admitted as the 14th U.S. state.
- May 3 - The Polish Sejm (Parliament) proclaims the Constitution of third May, the first modern codified constitution in Europe
- July 14 - The Priestley Riots in Birmingham, England.
- June 20 - The French Royal Family is captured when they try to flee in disguise
- August 26 - John Fitch is granted a patent for the steamboat in the United States.
- December 4 - The first issue of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published.
- December 15 - Ratification by the states of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is completed, creating the United States Bill of Rights. Two additional amendments remain pending, and one of these is finally ratified in 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment.
- Slave rebellion in Haiti has begun
- Brandenburg Gate in Berlin finished

Ongoing events

- French Revolution (1789-1799)

Births

- January 15 - Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer (d. 1872)
- January 28 - Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold, French composer (d. 1833)
- February 21 - Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (d. 1857)
- Feburary 21 - John Mercer, chemist and industrialist (d. 1866)
- April 23 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (d. 1868)
- April 27 - Samuel Morse, American inventor (d. 1872)
- July 26 - Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer and pianist (d. 1844)
- September 22 - Michael Faraday, British scientist (d. 1867)
- September 26 - Théodore Géricault, French writer (d. 1824)
- November 11 - Josef Munzinger, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1855)
- December 26 - Charles Babbage, British mathematician and inventor (d. 1871)

Deaths

- January 11 - William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymnist (b. 1717)
- March 2 - John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (b. 1703)
- March 14 - Johann Salomo Semler, German historian and Bible commentator (b. 1725)
- April 19 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
- May 9 - Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1737)
- June 5 - Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718)
- June 10 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1720)
- July 17 - Martin Dobrizhoffer, Austrian Jesuit missionary (b. 1717)
- July 25 - Isaac Low, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1735)
- August 16 - Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1719)
- September 25 - William Bradford, American printer (b. 1719)
- December 5 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1756) Category:1791 ko:1791년 ms:1791

18th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. European history scholars will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution.

Events

- 1701-14: War of the Spanish Succession
- 1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
- 1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline.
- 1715: Louis XIV dies
- 1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America
- 1720: The South Sea Bubble
- 1721: Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
- 1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
- 1722: Afghans conquer Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
- 1722: Kangxi Emperor of China dies.
- 1733-38: War of the Polish Succession
- 1735-99: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
- 1736: Nadir Shah assumes title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afsharid dynasty. Rules until his death in 1747.
- 1739: Nadir Shah defeats the Mughals and sacks Delhi.
- 1740: Frederick the Great crowned King of Prussia.
- 1740-48: War of the Austrian Succession
- 1741: Russians begin settling the Aleutian Islands.
- 1747: Ahmad Shah founds the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan.
- 1750: peak of the Little Ice Age
- 1755: The Lisbon earthquake
- 1756-63: Seven Years' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
- 1757: Battle of Plassey signals the beginning of British rule in India.
- 1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
- 1762-96: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
- 1763-66: Pontiac's Rebellion in North America
- 1766-99: Anglo-Mysore Wars
- 1767: Burmese conquer the Ayutthaya kingdom.
- 1768: Gurkhas conquer Nepal.
- 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War
- 1769: Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California.
- 1772-95: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
- 1775-82: First Anglo-Maratha War
- 1775-83: American Revolution
- 1779-1879: Cape Frontier Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South Africa
- 1785-95: Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans
- 1787: Freed slaves from London found Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone.
- 1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney.
- 1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Serves until 1797.
- 1789-99: The French Revolution
- 1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution
- 1792-1815: The Great French War starts as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars.
- 1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded.
- 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
- 1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the US.
- 1796: British eject Dutch from Ceylon.
- 1796-1804: White Lotus Rebellion in China.
- 1797: Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
- 1798: Irish Rebellion against British Rule
- 1798-1800: Quasi-War between the United States and France.
- 1799: Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes dictator of France.
- 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.

Significant people

- Ueda Akinari (Japanese writer)
- Queen Anne (British monarch)
- Marie Antoinette (French royalty and symbol of anti-Revolutionary ire)
- Benedict Arnold, considered a traitor by many people on both sides (United States and Britain) of the American Revolutionary War.
- Johann Sebastian Bach (composer)
- Pierre Beaumarchais (French writer)
- Jeremy Bentham (English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer)
- Napoleon Bonaparte (general and first consul of France)
- François Boucher (French painter)
- Edmund Burke (British statesman and philosopher who supported the American Revolution)
- Robert Burns (Scottish poet)
- Catherine the Great (Russian Tsaritsa)
- James Cook (British navigator)
- Denis Diderot (French writer and philosopher)
- Leonhard Euler (mathematician)
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard (French painter)
- Benjamin Franklin (American revolutionary, inventor, printer, and diplomat)
- Frederick the Great (Prussian monarch)
- Thomas Gainsborough (painter)
- King George III (British monarch)
- Christoph Willibald Gluck (German composer)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German writer)
- Thomas Gray (British writer)
- George Frideric Handel (German composer)
- Alexander Hamilton (American revolutionary, lawyer, and statesman)
- Joseph Haydn (Austrian composer)
- William Hogarth (painter and engraver)
- David Hume (philosopher)
- Thomas Jefferson (American revolutionary, philosopher, and statesman)
- Samuel Johnson (British writer and literary critic)
- Immanuel Kant (philosopher)
- Wolfgang von Kempelen (Hungarian scientist, pioneer in experimental phonetics)
- John Law (Scottish economist)
- Louis XIV of France (monarch)
- Louis XV of France (monarch)
- Louis XVI of France (monarch)
- James Madison (American revolutionary, writer, and statesman)
- Maria Theresa of Austria (Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia)
- Michikinikwa (Miami tribe chief and war leader)
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (composer)
- Thomas Paine (British intellectual and philosopher who advocated for the American Revolution)
- Philip II, Duke of Orléans (Regent of France)
- Alexander Pope (British poet)
- Francis II Rákóczi (prince of Hungary and Transylvania, leader of the Hungarian freedom war)
- Jean-Philippe Rameau (French composer and music theorist)
- Sir Joshua Reynolds (painter)
- Maximilien Robespierre (French Revolutionary leader and dictator)
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (French writer and philosopher)
- Friedrich Schiller (German writer)
- John Small, Sr (Hambledon cricketer; the first great batsman)
- Adam Smith (Scottish economist and philosopher)
- Laurence Sterne (British writer)
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens (Surrey cricketer; the first great bowler)
- Jonathan Swift (Anglo-Irish satirist)
- Tecumseh (Revolutionary)
- Voltaire (French writer and philosopher)
- George Washington (American revolutionary general and first president)
- John Wesley (Founder of Methodism, Anglican clergyman, English reformer, scholar, theologian and writer) See Founding Fathers of the United States

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 18th century inventions
- Industrial Revolution begins
- The Encyclopédie by the Encyclopedists
- The English Dictionary by Samuel Johnson
- Economics by Adam Smith
- Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon's troops.
- Vitus Bering discovered Alaska.
- James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands.
- Wahhabism by Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab

Decades and years

- Category:Centuries Category:Industrial Revolution Category:Romanticism ko:18세기 ja:18世紀 th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18

Daniel Rowland

Daniel Rowland (1713-1790), was one of the foremost leaders of the Welsh Methodist revival along with William Williams and Howell Harris. For most of his life he served as curate in the parishes of Nantcwnlle and Llangeitho, Ceredigion. His name is usually associated with that of Llangeitho. He was renowed as preacher and he turned Llangeitho into a centre for Calvinistic Methodism in Wales. Due to the fact that his preaching caused turmoil, specifically the Welsh Methodist revival, the Anglican Church authorities threw him out. Following this, he established a Methodist cause in Llangeitho. His early preaching was known to be frightening as he gave much attention to God's judgment in his sermons. But as he matured in his ministry he gave more emphasis on the saving work of Jesus on the cross. His theology and character was seen as more consistent and stable than that of his counterpart Howel Harris during the revival.

External links

- [http://www.christian-bookshop.co.uk/free/biogs/row1.htm Daniel Rowland] by Rev. Dr Alan C. Clifford. Rowland, Daniel Rowland, Daniel Rowland, Daniel Rowland, Daniel Rowland, Daniel

Wales

:For alternate meanings, see Wales (disambiguation) :For an explanation of often confusing terms like (Great) Britain, United Kingdom and England see British Isles (terminology) . Wales (Welsh: Cymru; pronounced IPA: , approximately "CUM-ree") is a principality and one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom (along with England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland). Wales is located in the south-west of Great Britain, and is bordered by England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, St George's Channel in the west, and the Irish Sea to the north. The term Principality of Wales, in Welsh, Tywysogaeth Cymru, is often used, although the Prince of Wales has no role in the governance of Wales and this term is unpopular among some. Wales has not been politically independent since 1282, when it was conquered by King Edward I of England. The capital of Wales since 1955 has been Cardiff, although Caernarfon is the location where the Prince of Wales is invested, and Machynlleth was the home of a parliament called by Owain Glyndwr during his revolt at the start of the fifteenth century. In 1999, the National Assembly for Wales was formed, which has limited domestic powers and cannot make law.

History

Main article: History of Wales The Romans established a string of forts across what is now southern Wales, as far west as Carmarthen (Maridunum), and mined gold at Dolaucothi in Carmarthenshire. There is evidence that they progressed even further west. They also built the legionary fortress at Caerleon (Isca), whose magnificent amphitheatre is the best preserved in Britain. The Romans were also busy in northern Wales, and an old legend claims that Magnus Maximus, one of the last emperors, married Elen or Helen, the daughter of a Welsh chieftain from Segontium, near present-day Caernarfon. Wales was never conquered by the Anglo-Saxons, due to the fierce resistance of its people and its mountainous terrain. An Anglo-Saxon king, Offa of Mercia, is credited with having constructed a great earth wall, or dyke, along the border with his kingdom, to mark off a large part of Powys which he had conquered. Parts of Offa's Dyke can still be seen today. Wales remained a Celtic region, and its people kept speaking the Welsh language, even as the Celtic elements of England and Scotland gradually disappeared. The name Wales is evidence of this, as it comes from a Germanic root word meaning stranger or foreigner, and as such is related to the names of several other European regions where Germanic peoples came into contact with non-Germanic cultures including Wallonia in Belgium and Wallachia in Romania, as well as the "-wall" of Cornwall. Part of the word "Cymru" is evident in the "Cum-" of Cumberland and Cumbria. Wales continued to be Christian (see 1904–1905 Welsh Revival and Welsh Methodist revival) when England was overrun by pagan German and Scandinavian tribes, though many older beliefs and customs survived among its people. Thus, Saint David (Dewi Sant) went on a pilgrimage to Rome during the 6th century, and was serving as a bishop in Wales well before Augustine arrived to convert the king of Kent and found the diocese of Canterbury. Although the Druidic religion is alleged to have had its stronghold in Wales until the Roman invasion, many of the so-called traditions, such as the gorsedd, or assembly of bards, were the invention of eighteenth-century "historians." The traditional women's Welsh costume, incorporating a tall black hat, was devised in the nineteenth century by Lady Llanover, herself a prominent patron of the Welsh language and culture. The conquest of Wales by England did not take place in 1066, when England was conquered by the Normans, but was gradual, not being complete until 1282, when King Edward I of England defeated Llywelyn the Last, Wales's last independent prince, in battle. Edward constructed a series of great stone castles in order to keep the Welsh under control. The best known are at Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech. Wales was legally annexed by the Laws in Wales Act 1535, in the reign of Henry VIII of England. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 provided that all laws that applied to England would automatically apply to Wales (and Berwick, a town located on the Anglo-Scottish border) unless the law explicitly stated otherwise. This act, with regard to Wales, was repealed in 1967. See: Annales Cambriae

Politics

Main article: Politics of Wales; see also Politics of the United Kingdom Wales has been a principality since the 13th century, initially under the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great, and later under his grandson, Llywelyn the Last, who took the title Prince of Wales around 1258, and was recognised by the English Crown in 1277 by the Treaty of Aberconwy. Following his defeat by Edward I, however, Welsh independence in the 14th century was limited to a number of minor revolts. The greatest such revolt was that of Owain Glyndwr, who gained popular support in 1400, and defeated an English force at Pumlumon in 1401. In response, the English parliament passed repressive measures denying the Welsh the right of assembly. Glyndwr was proclaimed Prince of Wales, and sought assistance from the French, but by 1409 his forces were scattered under the attacks of King Henry IV of England and further measures imposed against the Welsh. The Laws in Wales Act 1535 abolished the remaining Marcher Lordships, leaving Wales with thirteen counties: Anglesey, Brecon, Caernarfon, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Monmouth, Montgomery, Pembroke, and Radnor, and applied the Law of England to both England and Wales, requiring the English language for official purposes. This excluded most native Welsh from any formal office. Wales continues to share a legal identity with England to a large degree as the joint entity of England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland retain separate legal systems. Wales was for centuries dwarfed by its larger neighbour, England. Indeed, one well-known British encyclopedia was said — perhaps apocryphally — to have had an entry reading "WALES. See under ENGLAND". In 1955 steps were taken to re-establish a sense of national identity for Wales when Cardiff was established as its capital. Before this, legislation passed by the UK parliament had simply referred to England, rather than England and Wales. Since 1993 and the passing of the Welsh Language Act it has been law for all documents produced by public bodies to be in both English and Welsh. Many private companies have followed suit, producing literature with similar bilingual qualities. The National Assembly for Wales, sitting in Cardiff, first elected in 1999, is elected by the Welsh people and has its powers defined by the Government of Wales Act 1998. The title of Prince of Wales is still given by the reigning British monarch to his or her eldest son, but in modern times the Prince does not live in Wales and has no direct involvement with administration or government. The Prince is, however, still symbolically linked to the principality; the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales took place at Caernarfon Castle in North Wales, a place traditionally associated with the creation of the title in the 13th century. The investiture was considered an insult by some Welsh people, and Welsh folk singer Dafydd Iwan released mocking singles called Croeso Chwedeg Nain (Welcome 69, although a literal translation would be Welcome Granny's 60th (birthday)) and Carlo (Charlie). Two members of "Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru" – MAC (Welsh Defence Movement) – George Taylor and Alwyn Jones, the "Abergele Martyrs", were killed by a home made bomb at Abergele the day before the investiture ceremony.

Geography

Abergele Main article: Geography of Wales Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west Great Britain. The entire area of Wales is about 20,779 km² (8,023 square miles). It is about 274 km (170 miles) long and 97 km (60 miles) wide. Wales borders by England to the east and by sea in the other three directions: the Bristol Channel to the south, St George's Channel to the west, and the Irish Sea to the north. Together, Wales has over 965 km (600 miles) of coastline. There are several islands off the Welsh mainland, the largest being Anglesey in the northwest. The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales, consisting of the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport and surrounding areas. Much of Wales's diverse landscape is mountainous, particularly in the north and central regions. The mountains were shaped during the last ice age, the Devensian glaciation. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia, and include Snowdon, which, at 1085 m (3,560 feet) is the highest peak in England and Wales. The 14 (or possibly 15) Welsh mountains over 3000 feet high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s. The Brecon Beacons are in the south and are joined by the Cambrian Mountains in mid-Wales, the latter being given to the earliest geological period of the Paleozoic (Cambrian). Consequently, the next two periods, Ordovician and Silurian were named after Welsh/Celtic tribes from this area. The modern border between Wales and England is highly arbitrary; it was largely defined in the 16th century, based on medieval feudal boundaries. It has apparently never been confirmed by referendum or reviewed by any Boundary Commission (except to confirm Monmouthshire as part of Wales in 1968). The boundary line follows Offa's Dyke only approximately. It separates Knighton from its railway station, virtually cuts off Church Stoke from the rest of Wales, and slices straight through the village of Llanymynech (where a pub actually straddles the line). The Seven Wonders of Wales is a traditional list of seven geographic and cultural landmarks in Wales: Snowdon (the highest mountain), the Gresford bells (the peal of bells in the medieval church of All Saints at Gresford), the Llangollen bridge (built in 1347 over the River Dee), St Winefride's Well (a pilgrimage site at Holywell in Flintshire) the Wrexham steeple (16th century tower of St. Giles Church in Wrexham), the Overton yew trees (ancient yew trees in the churchyard of St Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) and Pistyll Rhaeadr (Wales's tallest waterfall, at 240 feet or 75 m). The wonders are part of the traditional rhyme: :Pistyll Rhaeadr and Wrexham steeple, :Snowdon's mountain without its people, :Overton yew trees, St Winefride wells, :Llangollen bridge and Gresford bells. Highest maximum temperature: 35.2°C (95.4°F) at Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire on 2 August 1990. Lowest minimum temperature: -23.3°C (-10°F) at Rhayader, Radnorshire on 21 January 1940. [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/wales/#temperature] See also: List of towns in Wales

Divisions

For administrative purposes, Wales has been divided since 1996 into 22 unitary authorities:
- 9 counties
- 10 county boroughs
- 3 cities^{1^{- Cardiff, Swansea and Newport.

For more details and recent history of the political divisions of Wales, see Subdivisions of Wales.

1: There are five cities in total in Wales — in addition to the three unitary authorities listed above, the communities of Bangor & St. David's also have the status of a city.

Economy

Parts of Wales have been heavily industrialised since the eighteenth century. Coal, copper, iron, lead, and gold have been mined in Wales, and slate has been quarried. Ironworks and tinplate works, along with the coal mines, attracted large numbers of immigrants during the nineteenth century, particularly to the valleys north of Cardiff. Due to the poor quality soil, much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing, and livestock farming has traditionally been the focus of agriculture. The Welsh landscape, protected by three National Parks, and the unique Welsh culture bring in tourism, which is especially vital for rural areas.

Light engineering is still an important activity in the main population areas of the South and extreme North-East, but the economy, as elsewhere in the UK, is now focused on the service sector.

Food

About 80% of the land surface of Wales is given over to agricultural use. Very little of this is arable land though as the vast majority consists of permanent grass or rough grazing for herd animals. Although both beef and dairy cattle are raised widely, especially in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Wales is more well-known for its sheep farming, and thus lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Welsh cooking.

Welsh food is usually made from local ingredients. Some traditional dishes include laverbread (made from seaweed), bara brith (fruit cake), cawl cennin (leek stew), Welsh cakes, Welsh rarebit, and Welsh lamb. A type of shellfish, cockles, is often served with breakfast.

Demographics
Demographics of Wales as at the 2001 Census:

- Population: 2,903,085, Male: 1,403,782 Female: 1,499,303

- Percentage of the population born in:

- England: 20.32%

- Wales: 75.39%

- Scotland: 0.84%

- Northern Ireland: 0.27%

- Republic of Ireland: 0.44%

- Ethnic groups:

- White: British: 95.99%

- White: Irish: 0.61%

- White: other: 1.28%

- Mixed: white and black: 0.29%

- Mixed: white and Asian: 0.17%

- Mixed: other: 0.15%

- Asian:

- Indian/British Indian: 0.28%

- Pakistani/British Pakistani: 0.29%

- Bangladeshi/British Bangladeshi: 0.19%

- Other Asian: 0.12%

- Black: 0.25%

- Chinese: 0.40%

- Percentage of the British population self-identifying as Welsh: 14.39% (controversially, there was no question on the Census form asking this — people had to write this in).

- Religion:

- Christian: 71.9%

- Buddhist: 0.19%

- Hindu: 0.19%

- Jewish: 0.08%

- Muslim: 0.75%

- Sikh: 0.07%

- Other religion: 0.24%

- No religion: 18.53%

- Not disclosed: 8.07%

- The largest single denomination of Wales is Calvinist Methodism, which by far is the largest single denomination, followed by the Roman Catholic Church (Eglwys Catholig Rufeinig) and the Episcopalian (Anglican) Church in Wales (Eglwys yng Nghymru) with 3% of the population each, and the Congregationalist Union of Welsh Independents (Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg) and the Presbyterian Church of Wales (Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Cymru) with 1% of the population each.

- Age structure of the population:

- 0-4: 167,903

- 5-7: 108,149

- 8-9: 77,176

- 10-14: 195,976

- 15: 37,951

- 16-17: 75,234

- 18-19: 71,519

- 20-24: 169,493

- 25-29: 166,348

- 30-44: 605,962

- 45-59: 569,676

- 60-64: 152,924

- 65-74: 264,191

- 75-84: 182,202

- 85-89: 38,977

- 90+: 19,404

- Knowledge of the Welsh language:

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more knowing spoken Welsh only: 4.93%

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more speaking Welsh but not reading or writing it: 2.83%

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more speaking and reading Welsh but not writing it: 1.37%

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more speaking, reading, and writing Welsh: 16.32%

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more with some other skills combination: 2.98%

- Percentage of the population aged 3 or more with no knowledge of Welsh: 71.57%

- In Gwynedd, Anglesey, Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, Welsh speakers are in the majority.

- Gwynedd has the highest proportion of Welsh speakers, but Carmarthenshire has the highest number of them in any one principal area.

- According to www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html], 26% of the population are knowledgeable of Cymraeg.

Culture
Main article: Culture of Wales

Music
Main article: Music of Wales

Wales is known as a the home of many musicians and musical styles. Wales is particularly famous for harpists, male voice choirs, and solo artists including Tom Jones, Charlotte Church, Bryn Terfel, Katherine Jenkins, and Shirley Bassey. Indie bands like Catatonia, Stereophonics, The Manic Street Preachers, and Super Furry Animals in the 1990s and later Goldie Lookin' Chain and Funeral for a Friend are also from Wales. The Welsh folk music scene, long overshadowed by its Irish and Scottish cousins, is in resurgence. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs throughout Wales and internationally.

Photos of Wales

image:Snowdon from Llyn Llydaw.jpg|The summit of Snowdon, Snowdonia, highest mountain in Wales
image:Caernarfon_castle_interior.jpg|Caernarfon castle
image:Tredegar-House.png|Tredegar House, Newport
image:HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg|Hall of the Mountain Kings, Ogof Craig a Ffynnon, a cave in the Brecon Beacons
image:Uwlsdb.jpg|The University of Wales, Lampeter, the oldest higher education institution in Wales
image:Aberstw.jpg|The Castle and Old College building, Aberystwyth
Image:Assemblybldg1.jpg|The National Assembly for Wales, Cardiff

Notable Welsh people
:see List of Welsh people

See also

- Angelystor

- Education in Wales

- List of not fully sovereign nations

- England and Wales

- List of public holidays in Wales

- List of Welsh people

- List of rulers of Wales

- List of United Kingdom-related topics

- Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch

- Seven Wonders of Wales

- Walh

- Welsh narrow gauge railways

- Madog ap Owain Gwynedd

- The size of Wales

- Wales national rugby union team

- Welsh national football team

External links

- [http://www.walesworldnation.com Wales. World Nation](General information about Wales, its government and its people)

- [http://www.famouswelsh.com Famous Welsh People]

- [http://www.butlinsbarryisland.com/ ButlinsBarryIsland.com : The history of the Barry Island Holiday Camp]

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/ BBC Wales]

- [http://www.wales.gov.uk National Assembly for Wales]

- [http://www.walesontheweb.org Wales on the Web] (Web directory)

- [http://www.google.com/Top/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Wales/ Google Directory: Wales ] (Web directory)

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations] (Brief history of Wales)

- [http://www.walesscreencommission.co.uk/ Wales Screen Commission] (Filming in Wales)

- [http://www.walesinfo.com/ Wales Tourist Information] (Tourist Information)

- [http://www.visitwales.com/ Visit Wales] (Official Tourist Information from the Wales Tourist Board)

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Carmarthenshire

Carmarthenshire (Welsh: Sir Gaerfyrddin) is a county in Wales. Its main towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford.

Traditional Carmarthenshire
The county is bounded to the north by Cardiganshire, to the east by Brecknockshire and Glamorganshire, to the south by the Bristol Channel and to the west by Pembrokeshire. Carmarthenshire is the largest county in Wales, with a population of approximately 170,000, 55% of whom are Welsh speakers. The surface generally is upland and mountainous. Fforest Fawr and Black Mountain extend into the east of the county and the Cambrian Mountains into the north. The south coast contains many fishing villages and sandy beaches. The highest point is Carmarthen Fan, 2,525 feet (770 m).

Principal towns are Ammanford, Burry Port, Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llanelli, Llandeilo, Newcastle Emlyn and Llandovery, Sandy, St. Clears, Whitland, Pendine. The main rivers are the Tywi, the Loughor (which forms the eastern boundary with Glamorgan), and the Gwendraeth Fawr. The principal industries are agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism.

Towns and villages

- Ammanford

- Bethlehem

- Carmarthen

- Kidwelly

- Llanelli

- Llwynhendy

Places of interest

- Aberglasney Garden

- Afon Cywyn

- Afon Taf

- Afon Teifi

- Brechfa Forest

- Carreg Cennen

- Dolaucothi Gold Mines

- Dylan Thomas Boathouse

- Gwili Railway

- Kidwelly Castle

- Kidwelly Industrial Museum

- Laugharne Castle

- Llansteffan Castle

- Museum of Speed (Pendine)

- National Botanic Garden of Wales

- Pembrey Country Park

- Pendine Sands

- Talley Abbey

- Teifi Valley Railway

- Usk Reservoir

- WWT National Wetlands Centre - a wildfowl reserve of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust

Category:Traditional counties of Wales
Category:Principal areas of Wales

Nonconformism
Nonconformism means to refuse to conform to common standards, conventions, rules, traditions, laws or the status quo.

A Nonconformist was a term used in England after the Act of Uniformity 1662 to refer to an English subject belonging to a non-Christian church or any non-Anglican church. It may also refer more narrowly to such a person who also advocated religious liberty.

The term is also applied retrospectively to earlier English Protestants (such as Puritans and Presbyterians) who violated the Act of Uniformity 1559, typically by practicing or advocating radical, sometimes separatist, dissent with respect to the established church.

Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and those less organized, were considered Nonconformists at the time of the 1662 Act of Uniformity. Later, as other groups formed, they were also considered nonconformists. These included Methodists, Quakers, Unitarians, and members of the Salvation Army.

The religious census of 1851 revealed that total nonconformist attendance was very close to that of Anglicans.

Nowadays, churches independent of the Anglican Church of England or the Presbyterian Church of Scotland are often called}}