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William S. Sessions

William S. Sessions

right William Steele Sessions (b. May 27, 1930 in Fort Smith, Arkansas) is a civil servant who served as a judge and director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Sessions served as FBI director from 1987 to 1993, when he was fired by President Clinton. William Sessions was born in Fort Smith, Arkansas in 1930. He graduated from Northeast High School in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1948, and enlisted in the United States Air Force, receiving his commission October 1952. He served on active duty until October 1955. He attended Baylor University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1956 and an LL.B. degree in 1958. Sessions was an attorney for the firm of Haley, Fulbright, Winniford, Sessions, and Bice in Waco, Texas from 1958 until 1969. He was then appointed Chief of the Government Operations Section, Criminal Division of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., where he served until his appointment as United States Attorney for the Western District of Texas in 1971. In 1974 he was appointed United States District Judge for that district, becoming Chief Judge in 1980. He also served on the Board of the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, DC, and on committees of both the State Bar of Texas and the Judicial Conference of the United States. In 1987 Sessions was nominated to succeed William H. Webster as FBI Director by President Ronald Reagan and was sworn in November 2, 1987. Sessions was applauded for pursuing a policy of broadening the FBI to include more women and minorities. He was viewed as combining tough direction with fairness and was respected even by the Reagan administration’s critics, although he was sometimes ridiculed as straightlaced and dull. November 2 Sessions became associated with the phrase "Winners don't use drugs," which appeared on idle arcade game screens during demos or after a player finished playing a game. By law it had to be included on all imported arcade games and continued to appear long after Sessions left office. The quote normally appeared in gold against a blue background between the FBI seal and Sessions' name. Sessions was FBI director during the controversial 1992 confrontation at Ruby Ridge, Montana, at which the unarmed Vicky Weaver was shot dead by an FBI sniper. This incident provoked heavy criticism of the Bureau as did the deadly assault on the Branch Davidian compound February 28, 1993. These incidents were also related to the discovery of severe procedural shortcomings at the FBI's crime laboratory. Following the inauguration of William J. Clinton as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993, allegations of ethical improprieties were made against Sessions. A report presented to the Justice Department that month by the Office of Professional Responsibility included criticisms that he had used an FBI plane to travel to visit his daughter on several occasions and had had a security system installed in his home at government expense. Janet Reno, the 78th Attorney General of the United States, announced that Sessions had exhibited "serious deficiencies in judgment." Although Sessions denied that he had acted improperly, he was pressured to resign in early July and when he refused to do so he was fired on July 19. Clinton nominated Louis Freeh to the FBI directorship at a Rose Garden ceremony on July 20. Former Deputy Director Floyd I. Clarke served as Acting Director until September 1, 1993 when Freeh was sworn in. The ethical complaints against Sessions were widely criticized as politically motivated and he was cleared of any actual wrongdoing. He returned to Texas where on December 7, 1999 he was named the state chair of Texas Exile, a statewide initiative aimed at reducing gun crime. Judge Sessions is a member of the American Bar Association and has served as an officer or on the Board of Directors of the Federal Bar Association of San Antonio, the American Judicature Society, the San Antonio Bar Association, the Waco-McLennan County Bar Association, and the District Judges' Association of the Fifth Circuit. He was appointed by President Reagan as a Commissioner of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday Commission, and was a Delegate for the Americas to the Executive Committee of ICPO-Interpol. Sessions, William S. Sessions, William S. Sessions, William S.

May 27

May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining.

Events


- 1328 - Philip VI is crowned King of France.
- 1703 - Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg.
- 1813 - War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.
- 1849 - The Great Hall of Euston station, London opened.
- 1860 - Giuseppe Garibaldi begins his attack on Palermo, Sicily, as part of the Italian Unification.
- 1883 - Alexander III is crowned Tsar of Russia.
- 1895 - Oscar Wilde is sent to prison for sodomy.
- 1896 - The F4-strength St. Louis-East St. Louis Tornado hits in St. Louis, Missouri and East Saint Louis, Illinois, killing at least 255 people and incurring $2.9 billion in damages (1997USD).
- 1901 - In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.
- 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima begins.
- 1907 - A Bubonic plague outbreak begins in San Francisco, California.
- 1919 - The NC-4 aircraft arrives in Lisbon after completing the first transatlantic flight.
- 1923 - The first 24 hours of Le Mans race ends.
- 1924 - The Music Corporation of America (MCA) is founded.
- 1927 - The Ford Motor Company ceases manufacturing the Ford Model T and begins to retool plants to make Ford Model As.
- 1930 - The 1,046 feet (319 meters) tall Chrysler Building in New York (tallest man-made structure at the time) opens to the public.
- 1932 - The Sydney Harbour Bridge opens.
- 1933 - New Deal: The U.S. Federal Securities Act is signed into law requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.
- 1933 - The Walt Disney Company releases the cartoon The Three Little Pigs, with its hit song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"
- 1933 - The Century of Progress World's Fair opens in Chicago, Illinois.
- 1935 - New Deal: The Supreme Court of the United States declares the National Industrial Recovery Act to be unconstitutional in the case A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, (295 U.S. 495).
- 1936 - The RMS Queen Mary begins her maiden voyage.
- 1937 - In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic, creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County.
- 1939 - DC Comics publishes its second superhero in Detective Comics #27; he is Batman, one of the most topical comic book superheroes of all time.
- 1940 - World War II: 97 out of 99 members of a Royal Norfolk Regiment unit are massacred while trying to surrender at Dunkirk. The German commander, Captain Fritz Knochlein, is eventually hanged for war crimes.
- 1941 - World War II: U.S. President Roosevelt proclaims an "unlimited national emergency".
- 1941 - World War II: The German battleship Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic killing 2,300 men.
- 1942 - World War II: Operation Anthropoid - assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in Prague.
- 1960 - In Turkey, General Cemal Gürsel leads a military coup d'état removing President Celal Bayar and the rest of the democratic government.
- 1963 - Folk music singer Bob Dylan releases The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan album, which features "Blowin' in the Wind" and several other of his best-known songs.
- 1964 - Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru dies in office.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: United States warships begin bombardments of National Liberation Front targets within South Vietnam for the first time.
- 1968 - Future U.S. president George W. Bush enlists in the Texas Air National Guard.
- 1974 - Jacques Chirac becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1980 - The Gwangju Massacre: airborne and army troops of South Korea retake the city of Gwangju from civil militias, killing at least 207 and possibly many more.
- 1995 - In Charlottesville, Virginia, actor Christopher Reeve is paralyzed from the neck down after falling from his horse in a riding competition.
- 1996 - First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire in the war.
- 1997 - The F5-strength Jarrell Tornado slams into the small town of Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people.
- 1998 - Oklahoma City bombing: Michael Fortier is sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $200,000 for failing to warn authorities about the terrorist plot.
- 1999 - The International War Crimes Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.

Births


- 1332 - Ibn Khaldun, Tunisian historian (d. 1406)
- 1519 - Girolamo Mei, Italian humanist historian (d. 1594)
- 1576 - Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (d. 1649)
- 1623 - William Petty, English scientist and philosopher (d. 1687)
- 1626 - William II, Prince of Orange (d. 1650)
- 1651 - Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles, French cardinal (d. 1729)
- 1652 - Liselotte von der Pfalz, Duchess of Orléans (d. 1722)
- 1738 - Nathaniel Gorham, American politician (d. 1796)
- 1756 - King Maximilian I of Bavaria (d. 1825)
- 1794 - Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1877)
- 1819 - Julia Ward Howe, American composer (d. 1910)
- 1836 - Jay Gould, American financier (d. 1892)
- 1837 - Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter (d. 1876)
- 1864 - Ante Trumbić, Croatian politician (d. 1938)
- 1867 - Arnold Bennett, British novelist (d. 1931)
- 1871 - Georges Rouault, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1958)
- 1877 - Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927)
- 1884 - Max Brod, Austrian author (d. 1968)
- 1888 - Louis Durey, French composer (d. 1979)
- 1894 - Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (d. 1961)
- 1894 - Dashiell Hammett, American author (d. 1961)
- 1897 - John Cockcroft, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- 1904 - Chuhei Nambu, Japanese athlete (b. 1997)
- 1907 - Rachel Carson, American ecologist (d. 1964)
- 1911 - Hubert H. Humphrey, Vice President of the United States (d. 1978)
- 1911 - Teddy Kollek, Mayor of Jerusalem
- 1911 - Vincent Price, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1912 - John Cheever, American author (d. 1982)
- 1912 - Sam Snead, American golfer (d. 2002)
- 1913 - Wols, German painter
- 1915 - Herman Wouk, American writer
- 1917 - Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan
- 1922 - Christopher Lee, English actor
- 1923 - Henry Kissinger, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1923 - Sumner Redstone, American entrepreneur
- 1925 - Tony Hillerman, American writer
- 1930 - John Barth, American novelist
- 1933 - Ted Rogers, Canadian entrepreneur
- 1934 - Harlan Ellison, American author
- 1935 - Lee Meriwether, American beauty queen and actress
- 1936 - Louis Gossett Jr., American actor
- 1937 - Allan Carr, American film producer and writer (d. 1999)
- 1943 - Cilla Black, English singer
- 1943 - Bruce Weitz, American actor
- 1945 - Bruce Cockburn, Canadian musician
- 1946 - Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish musician (d. 2005)
- 1947 - Branko Oblak, Slovenian football player
- 1955 - Eric Bischoff, American professional wrestling personality
- 1957 - Siouxsie Sioux, English musician (Siouxsie and the Banshees )
- 1958 - Neil Finn, New Zealand singer and songwriter
- 1958 - Linnea Quigley, American actress
- 1961 - Peri Gilpin, American actress
- 1964 - Adam Carolla, American comedian and radio/television personality
- 1968 - Jeff Bagwell, baseball player
- 1968 - Frank Thomas, baseball player
- 1970 - Tim Farron, British politician
- 1970 - Joseph Fiennes, English actor
- 1971 - Paul Bettany, English actor
- 1971 - Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes, American singer (d. 2002)
- 1974 - Derek Webb, American singer and songwriter (Caedmon's Call)
- 1974 - Danny Wuerffel, American football player
- 1975 - Andre 3000, American musician (OutKast)
- 1975 - Jamie Oliver, British chef and television personality

Deaths


- 366 - Procopius, Roman usurper (executed)
- 866 - Ordoño I, King of Asturias
- 927 - Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria
- 1444 - John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (b. 1404)
- 1508 - Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1452)
- 1525 - Thomas Muentzer, German rebel leader
- 1541 - Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (executed) (b. 1473)
- 1564 - John Calvin, French religious reformer (b. 1509)
- 1610 - François Ravaillac, French assassin of Henry IV of France (b. 1578)
- 1661 - Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish religious dissident (executed) (b. 1607)
- 1675 - Gaspard Dughet, French painter (b. 1613)
- 1690 - Giovanni Legrenzi, Italian composer (b. 1626)
- 1702 - Dominique Bouhours, French critic (b. 1628)
- 1707 - Marquise de Montespan, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (b. 1641)
- 1781 - Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (b. 1716)
- 1797 - François-Noël Babeuf, French revolutionary and early socialist (b. 1760)
- 1831 - Jedediah Smith, American explorer (b. 1799)
- 1840 - Nicolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1782)
- 1910 - Robert Koch, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843)
- 1926 - Srečko Kosovel, Slovenian poet (b. 1904)
- 1960 - James Montgomery Flagg, American illustrator (b. 1877)
- 1964 - Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian politician (b. 1889)
- 1986 - Isma'il Raji' al-Faruqi, Palestinian-born philosopher and comparative religion scholar (b. 1921)
- 1987 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- 1989 - Arseny Tarkovsky, Russian poet (b. 1907)
- 1991 - Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (b. 1904)
- 1992 - Uncle Charlie Osborne, fiddler (b. 1890)
- 1993 - Mary Philbin, American actress (b. 1903
- 1993 - Werner Stocker, German actor (b. 1955)
- 2000 - Crawford Murray MacLehose of Beoch, British Governor of Hong Kong (b. 1917)
- 2000 - Maurice Richard, Canadian hockey player (b. 1921)
- 2001 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (b. 1929)
- 2003 - Luciano Berio, Italian composer (b. 1925)

Holidays and observances


- Lag Ba'omer in Judaism (2005)
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Venerable Bede
  - Julius
  - Pope John I
  - Hildebert
  - Bruno, Bishop of Würzburg
  - Eutropius

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27 BBC: On This Day] ---- May 26 - May 28 - April 27 - June 27 – listing of all days ko:5월 27일 ms:27 Mei ja:5月27日 simple:May 27 th:27 พฤษภาคม

Fort Smith, Arkansas

Fort Smith, situated at the junction of the Arkansas and Poteau rivers, is a city and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County, Arkansas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 80,268, making it the state's second most populous city behind Little Rock. There are only two high schools in the city of Fort Smith (leading to quite a rivalry), Northside High School (the Grizzlies) and Southside High School (the Rebels).

History

Fort Smith was founded in 1817 as a military settlement to patrol the neighboring Indian Territory. The Fort was abandoned in 1824 but a town founded by John Rogers had formed alongside the Fort by that time. In 1838 the Fort was re-occupied and expanded. In 1871 the Fort was again abandoned. The town continued to thrive despite the absence of the Fort, however.

Geography

Southside High School Fort Smith is located at 35°22'7" North, 94°23'55" West (35.368691, -94.398737). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 137.1 km² (52.9 mi²). 130.4 km² (50.3 mi²) of it is land and 6.7 km² (2.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.89% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 80,268 people, 32,398 households, and 20,637 families residing in the city. The population density is 615.5/km² (1,594.2/mi²). There are 35,341 housing units at an average density of 271.0/km² (701.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 76.99% White, 8.65% Black or African American, 1.69% Native American, 4.59% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.03% from other races, and 2.99% from two or more races. 8.78% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 32,398 households out of which 30.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 12.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% are non-families. 30.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.03. In the city the population is spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,157, and the median income for a family is $41,012. Males have a median income of $29,799 versus $22,276 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,994. 15.8% of the population and 12.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 22.2% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Other Information

poverty line
- Home of the Fort Smith campus of the University of Arkansas, which was formerly the WestArk Community College campus.
- Served by Fort Smith Regional Airport, having the FAA designation of FSM (from its former name: Fort Smith Municipal Airport).
- The historic downtown suffered major damage due to a tornado on April 21, 1996. Reconstruction went on over a span of five years (and in some cases, longer).
- During its days as a fort, Zachary Taylor was commander for a brief time.
- Fort Smith's Riverfront Hotel, popularly named "Miss Laura's" as the local brothel, became the city's Visitors Center in 1992. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, reportedly the only brothel so designated.
- Fort Smith National Historic Site is downtown near the confluence of the Poteau and Arkansas rivers.

Trivia


- Fort Smith is the native city of the Stouffer brothers, creators of the famous "Wild America" TV series.
- Rudy Ray Moore, aka "Dolemite" was born in Fort Smith in 1937.
- The Fort Smith Hiram Walker plant is the only facility outside of Mexico that bottles and distributes Kahlua.[http://www.1800arkansas.com/news_reports/index.cfm?page=news-article&article=60]

External links


- [http://www.fsark.com/ City of Fort Smith]
- [http://www.uafortsmith.edu/Home/Index University of Arkansas at Fort Smith]
- [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jeda/FortSmithTornado.html Collection of photographs and articles about the 1996 tornado]
- [http://www.fortsmithairport.com/ Fort Smith Regional Airport]
- [http://www.nps.gov/fosm/ Fort Smith National Historic Site]
- [http://www.swtimes.com/ Times Record newspaper] Category:Sebastian County, Arkansas Category:Cities in Arkansas

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force and intelligence agency which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). Title 28, United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect... crimes against the United States", and other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes. At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes and thus has the broadest investigative authority of any federal law enforcement agency. The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list has been used since 1949 to notify the public of wanted fugitives.

Mission

The mission of the FBI is to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the United States Constitution. Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S. Attorney or DOJ official, who decides if prosecution or other action is warranted. Top priority has been assigned to five areas: counterterrorism, foreign counterintelligence, combating drugs/organized crime and investigating violent crimes and white-collar crimes. The FBI has had a mixed history, both in upholding the law and sometimes in breaking it.

Personnel


- Special Agents - The force of Special Agents has grown over the years, and now exceeds 11,000 out of a total workforce of 17,000. Some of these Special Agents are stationed in foreign countries and work in U.S. Embassies as "Legal Attaches", or as they are known in the FBI: LEGATS. Both new and veteran agents are routinely trained at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia.
- The FBI Police - The FBI also maintains a force of 1,000 uniformed Security police officers in the FBI Police for protecting the J. Edgar Hoover Building, FBI Academy at MCB Quantico and the New York Field Office.

Present mission of the FBI

MCB Quantico As of June 2002, the FBI's official top priority is counterterrorism. The USA PATRIOT Act granted the FBI increased powers, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called "sneak and peek" provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those it suspected of terrorism, something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s. The bureau is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of The Act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the DEA in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. As of July 2005, the FBI's counterterrorism duties are to be consolidated in the new National Security Service, remotely similar to the UK's MI5.

History of the FBI

The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents created on July 26, 1908, by Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. At first it was named the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) and it did not become the FBI until 1935. Under J. Edgar Hoover, who became director of the Bureau on May 10, 1924, the agency spent much of its energy on investigating political activists who were not accused of any crime (e.g., Albert Einstein as a socialist). The FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opened on November 24, 1932. During the 1930s, the agency played a prominent role in apprehending a number of well-known criminals who had conducted kidnappings, robberies and murders throughout the nation. These included John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin Karpis and George "Machine Gun" Kelly. It also played a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Beginning with the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the agency investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested. Although Hoover initially doubted the existence of a close-knit organized crime network in the United States, the bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. Hoover's investigation of Martin Luther King was also notorious. The FBI found no evidence of any crime, but attempted to use tapes of King involved in sexual activity for blackmail. Further, the FBI sent anonymous letters to King encouraging him to commit suicide. In the 1990s, it turned out that the FBI's crime lab had repeatedly done shoddy work. In some cases, the technicians, given evidence that actually cleared a suspect, reported instead that it proved the suspect guilty. Many cases had to be reopened when this pattern of errors was discovered.

Bureau of Investigation (BOI) Directors (1908–35)


- Stanley Finch (1908–12)
- A. Bruce Bielaski (1912–19)
- Acting director: William E. Allen (1919)
- William J. Flynn (1919–21)
- William J. Burns (1921–24)
- J. Edgar Hoover (1924–72)

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Directors (1936–present)

On July 1, 1932, the Bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. One year later on July 1, 1933, it was linked with the Bureau of Prohibition and became known as the Division of Investigation. Finally, in 1935, the bureau was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). After J. Edgar Hoover's death, the FBI imposed a policy limiting the tenure of future FBI directors to a maximum of ten years. The FBI Directors from this period on are:
- J. Edgar Hoover (1924–72)
- Acting director: Clyde Tolson (May 2–3, 1972)
- Acting director: L. Patrick Gray (1972–3)
- Acting director: William D. Ruckelshaus (1973)
- Clarence M. Kelley (1973–78)
- Acting director: James B. Adams (1978)
- William H. Webster (1978–87)
- Acting Director: John Otto (1987)
- William S. Sessions (1987–93)
- Acting Director: Floyd I. Clarke (1993)
- Louis J. Freeh (1993–2001)
- Acting Director: Thomas J. Pickard (2001)
- Robert S. Mueller III (2001–present)

Publications of the FBI


- Uniform Crime Reports

Further reading

Books


- David Burnham, Above the Law: Secret Deals, Political Fixes, and Other Misadventures of the U.S. Department of Justice, Scribner, ISBN 0-684-80699-1, LoC KF5107.B87 1996
- Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, Agents of Repression, Updated Edition, The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement, Boston: Southend Press 2002
- Frank J. Donner, The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America's Political Intelligence System, Vintage, ISBN 0-194-74771-2, LoC JK468.I6D65 1981
- Ronald Kessler, The FBI, Pocket Books, 1993, ISBN 0-671-78658-X.
- Ronald Kessler, The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI, St. Martin's Press 2002 ISBN 0-312-30402-1
- Athan G. Theohris, The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief Critical History, University Press of Kansas 2004
- Watters and Gillers (eds), Investigating the FBI, Ballentine, 1973, ISBN 345-23831-1-195

World Wide Web sites


- [http://www.zpub.com/notes/znote-fbi.html The FBI ...Past, Present & Future]
- [http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnfbi.html Federal Bureau of Intimidation by Howard Zinn]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/fbi/gamal.html "Fixing the FBI: The Story of Gamal Abdel-Hafiz: Former Agent in the FBI's International Terrorism Squad", by Marlena Telvick PBS FRONTLINE October 16, 2003.]

Flim is avaible

PBS - National Geographic Special: The FBI, does provide important footage of the FBI's headquaters exspecially of the Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) [http://www.fbi.gov/hq/siocfs.htm]. There is information in this that is hard to get elsewhere. It does not have everything.

See also


- Carnivore
- COINTELPRO
- Critical Incident Response Group
- FBI Counterterrorism Division
- FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
- FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
- Fred Hampton
- Hostage Rescue Team
- Joseph L. Gormley
- List of FBI Field Offices
- National Security Service
- Special Intelligence Service (SIS)
- State Bureau of Investigation
- THERMCON
- W. Mark Felt

External links


- [http://www.fbi.gov Official FBI website]
  - [http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/topten/fugitives/fugitives.htm Official FBI ten most wanted list]
  - [http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/topten/tenfaq.htm Frequently asked questions] This has been used as a source.
  - [http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/topten/topten.pdf History of the Top Ten List]
  - [http://www.fbi.gov/fbihistory.htm The history of FBI]
  - [http://foia.fbi.gov/ FBI Disclosures under Freedom of Information Act]
- [http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/index.html Federal Bureau of Investigation] at fas.org
North:RCMP
West: N/A FBI East: Scotland Yard
South: N/A
Category:U.S. intelligence agencies Category:United States Federal law enforcement agencies Category:United States Department of Justice Category:Anti-communism Category:Political repression zh-min-nan:Liân-pang Tiāu-châ-kio̍k ja:連邦捜査局

1987

1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 1 - Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories, changes its name to Iqaluit. In 1999, it will become the capital of Nunavut.
- January 3 - Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- January 4 - An Amtrak train en route from Washington, DC to Boston collides with Conrail engines killing 16.
- January 5 - US President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery causing worries about his health.
- January 8 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 2,000 for the first time gaining 8.30 to close at 2,002.25.
- January 13 - New York mafiosi Anthony Salerno and Carmine Peruccia are sentenced for 100 years in prison for racketeering
- January 16 - Leon Cordero, president of Ecuador, is kidnapped by followers of imprisoned general Frank Vargas who successfully demand his release
- January 20 - Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut (released November 1991)
- January 22 - R. Budd Dwyer, Treasurer for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shoots himself dead at a press conference after being found guilty on charges of bribery, fraud, conspiracy, and racketeering.
- January 24 - In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
- January 29 - William J. Casey ends his term as a director of CIA
- January 31 - The last Ohrbach's department store closes in New York City after 64 years of operation.

February-May

May
- February 11 - British Airways is privatised and listed on the London Stock Exchange.
- February 11 - Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect.
- February 11 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
- February 12 - Unabomber bomb explodes in Salt Lake City, Utah
- February 20 - Second Unabomber bomb explodes at the Salt Lake City computer store - owner injured
- February 23 - Supernova 1987a is observed, the first "naked-eye" supernova since 1604.
- February 26 - Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes American President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.
- March 6 - A cross-channel ferry capsizes outside the harbor off Zeebrugge, Belgium - 180 drown
- April 13 - Portugal and China sign an agreement in which Macau would be returned to China in 1999.
- April 27 - US Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim as an undesirable alien
- May 5 - Assemblies of God defrocks Jim Bakker
- May 8 - Gary Hart drops out of the running for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election, amid allegations of an extra-marital affair with Donna Rice
- May 11 - The first heart-lung transplant takes place (Baltimore, Maryland)
- May 11 - Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II
- May 14 - Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka executes a bloodless coup on the island of Fiji.
- May 17 - Iran-Iraq War: The USS Stark (FFG-31), while patrolling the Persian Gulf, is struck by two exocet missiles from an Iraqi F-1 Mirage fighter killing 37 sailors and injuring 21 other crew members
- May 28 - 19-year-old West German pilot Mathias Rust evades Soviet air defense and lands a private plane on Red Square in Moscow. He is immediately detained and was later released on Wednesday, August 3, 1988.

June-September


- The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to "fairly" present controversial issues
- July 3 - In Soviet Union, Vladimir Nikolayev is sentenced to death for cannibalism
- July 4 - Court in Lyons sentences Klaus Barbie to life in prison
- July 11 - Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke's government is re-elected for a 3rd term
- July 17 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time at 2510.04.
- July 22 - Palestine cartoonist Naji Salim al-Ali is fatally shot in London. He dies August 28
- July 31 - 400 Iranian pilgrims die in clashes with Saudi Arabian security forces in Mecca
- August 9- 9 people die and 17 are injured when 19-year-old Julian Knight goes on a shooting rampage in Melbourne.
- August 16 - A McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying Northwest Airlines flight 255 crashes on takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport killing all but one of the 156 people on-board (sole survivor was four-year old Cecelia Cichan). The crew forgot to properly set the plane's flaps
- August 17 - The Harmonic Convergence is observed.
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess is found hanging in his cell in Spandau Prison
- August 19 - Order of the Garter opened to women
- August 19 - Hungerford Massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Robert Ryan kills 16 with an assault rifle and then commits suicide
- September 2 - In Moscow, the trial of 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May 1987, begins.
- September 7-September 21 - World's first conference on artificial life, Los Alamos National Laboratory

October

October
- Wednesday-Friday, October 14-October 16 - The US is caught up in a drama that unfolds on television as a young child, Jessica McClure, falls down a well and is later rescued.
- October 15- 16 - Great Storm of 1987: hurricane force winds hit much of the South of England killing 23 people.
- October 19 - Black Monday: stock market falls sharply around the world.
- October 22 - John Coolidge Adams's opera Nixon in China debuts at the Houston Grand Opera in Houston, Texas.
- October 23 - Champion English jockey Lester Piggott is jailed for 3 years after being convicted of tax evasion.
- October 23 - On a vote of 58-42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court.

November-December


- November 8 - Eleven people killed by an PIRA bomb at a Remembrance Day service at Enniskillen.
- November 18 - King's Cross fire on the London Underground kills 31.
- December 1 - NASA announces the names of four companies who were awarded contracts to help build Space Station Freedom: Boeing Aerospace, General Electric's Astro-Space Division, McDonnell Douglas, and the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell.
- December 1 - Channel Tunnel digging commences.
- December 1 - Queensland: Following a week of turmoil from his National Party of Australia colleagues, Joh Bjelke-Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland. He is replaced by Mike Ahern, the only premier never to contest an election as premier.
- December 7 - Delaware celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 7 - PSA Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.
- December 8 - First Intifada begins.
- December 8 - Queen Street Massacre in Melbourne, Australia. 22-year-old Frank Vitkovic kills 8 and injures another 5 in an Australia Post office building in Queen Street before committing suicide by jumping from the 11th floor.
- December 8 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
- December 12 - Pennsylvania celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 13 - Graz I was born.
- December 17 - Czechoslovakian leader Gustáv Husák resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party.
- December 18 - New Jersey celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 18 - Square Co., Ltd. releases Final Fantasy in Japan for the Famicom.
- December 21 - The ferry Doña Paz collides with the oil tanker Vector I - 1,500 confirmed deaths (reportedly closer to 4,000 due to unregistered passengers).
- December 24 - Japanese legendary rock band BOØWY declare their breakup at Shibuya Kokaido.
- December 29 - Prozac® makes its debut in the United States.

Environmental change


- Varroa destructor, an invasive parasite is found in the U.S.

Unknown dates


- Pendolino train in Italy
- Shoko Asahara founds Aum Shinrikyo
- Barry Minkow's ZZZZ Best fraud unravels

Births


- February 2 - Martin Spanjers, American actor
- April 10 - Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano
- April 11 - Joss Stone, English musician
- April 19 - Courtland Mead, American actor
- April 19 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
- May 2 - Nana Kitade, Japanese singer
- May 6 - Moon Geun Young, Korean actress
- May 15 - Andrew Murray, Scottish tennis player
- May 21 - Ashlie Brillault, American actress
- June 3 - Lalaine, American actress
- June 3 - Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress
- June 16 - Diana DeGarmo, American singer
- July 20 - Nicolas Dansereau, Canadian professional wrestler
- July 25 - Michael Welch, American actor
- August 7 - Sidney Crosby, Canadian hockey player
- August 25 - Blake Lively, American actress
- September 7 - Evan Rachel Wood, American actress and singer
- September 19 - Danielle Panabaker, American actress
- September 22 - Tom Felton, English actor
- September 28 - Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
- December 2 - Teairra Mari, American singer
- December 4 - Orlando Brown, American singer and comedian
- December 7 - Aaron Carter, American singer
- December 18 - Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater

Deaths


- January 15 - Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1904)
- January 21 - Charles Goodell, American politician (b. 1926)
- January 27 - Allan V. Cox, American geologist (b. 1926)
- February 2 - Alistair MacLean, British writer (heart attack) (b. 1922)
- February 4 - Liberace, American pianist (b. 1919)
- February 14 - Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904)
- February 22 - Andy Warhol, American artist, director, writer (b. 1928)
- March 2 - Randolph Scott, American actor (b. 1898)
- March 3 - Danny Kaye, American singer, actor, and comedian (b. 1918)
- March 11 - Woody Hayes, Football coach at Ohio State (b. 1913)
- March 19 - Louis-Victor de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- March 21 - Dean Paul Martin, American actor (b. 1951)
- March 21 - Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918)
- March 26 - Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902)
- March 28 - Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (b. 1905)
- March 28 - Patrick Troughton, British actor (b. 1920)
- April 2 - Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer (b. 1917)
- April 3 - Tom Sestak, American football player (b. 1936)
- April 4 - C. L. Moore, American writer (b. 1911)
- April 28 - Ben Linder, American engineer (murdered) (b. 1959)
- May 3 - Dalida, French singer (b. 1933)
- May 4 - Paul Butterfield, American musician (b. 1942)
- May 6 - William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (b. 1913)
- May 14 - Rita Hayworth, American actress (b. 1918)
- May 17 - Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- May 19 - James Tiptree, Jr, American author (b. 1915)
- May 27 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- June 2 - Andres Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b. 1893)
- June 6 - Fulton Mackay, Scottish actor (b. 1922)
- June 10 - Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (suicide) (b. 1943)
- June 22 - Fred Astaire, American actor and dancer (b. 1899)
- July 10 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess, Hitler's second-in-command (b. 1894)
- August 26 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- September 4 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (b. 1908)
- September 11 - Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (b. 1915)
- September 11 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (b. 1944)
- September 21 - Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (b. 1951)
- September 23 - Bob Fosse, American theater choreographer and director (b. 1927)
- October 2 - Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1915)
- October 3 - Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (b. 1910)
- October 3 - Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist (b. 1947)
- October 9 - William Parry Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1892)
- October 13 - Walter Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- October 19 - Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (b. 1945)
- October 20 - Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903)
- October 28 - André Masson, French artist (b. 1896)
- October 29 - Woody Herman, American jazz musician (b. 1913)
- October 31 - Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (b. 1904)
- December 2 - Luis Federico Leloir, French-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- December 2 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (b. 1914)
- December 10 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian-born violinist (b. 1901)

Fiction

On November 7, Events in the Doctor Who episode Father's Day take place. The animated internet cartoon series Homestar Runner frequently references 1987 as if the name of a year in the close past yet preceding 1999 is needed.

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
- Chemistry Donald J Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
- Medicine - Susumu Tonegawa
- Literature - Joseph Brodsky
- Peace- Oscar Arias Sanchez

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel


- Robert Solow

Templeton Prize


- Rev. Professor Stanley L. Jaki

Right Livelihood Award


- Johan Galtung, Chipko movement, Hans-Peter Dürr / Global Challenges Network, Institute for Food and Development Policy / Frances Moore-Lappé and Mordechai Vanunu
- als:1987 ko:1987년 ms:1987 ja:1987年 simple:1987 th:พ.ศ. 2530

Bill Clinton

William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Clinton served five terms as the Governor of Arkansas. His wife, former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the junior U.S. Senator from New York. Generally regarded as a moderate populist, and a member of the moderate New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, he headed the centrist Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991. During his tenure as president, his domestic priorities included efforts to create a universal healthcare system, upgrade education, to restrict handgun sales, to strengthen environmental regulations, to improve race relations, and to protect the jobs of workers during pregnancy or medical emergency. His domestic agenda also included more conservative themes such as reforming welfare programs, expanding the "War on Drugs", and increasing law enforcement funding. Internationally, his priorities included reducing trade barriers, preventing nuclear proliferation, and mediating the Northern Ireland peace process and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. Clinton was the third-youngest president, behind Theodore Roosevelt (the youngest president) and John F. Kennedy (the youngest to be elected president). He was the first baby boomer president.

Early Life

Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe, III in tiny Hope, Arkansas and raised in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He was named after his father, William Jefferson Blythe, Jr., a travelling salesman who had been killed in a car accident in Scott County, Missouri between the towns of Sikeston and Morley three months before his son was born. His mother, born Virginia Dell Cassidy (1923–1994), remarried in 1950 to Roger Clinton. Billy, as he was called, was raised by his mother and stepfather, assuming his last name "Clinton" throughout elementary school, but not formally changing it until he was 14. Clinton grew up in a traditional, albeit blended, family; however, according to Clinton, his stepfather was a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused Clinton's mother, and sometimes Clinton's half-brother Roger, Jr.. Clinton was an excellent student and talented saxophonist. He even thought of dedicating his life to music, but a visit to the White House of President John F. Kennedy following his election as a Boys' Nation Senator led him to pursue a career in politics.

Arkansas political career and education

Clinton received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (B.S.F.S.) degree from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington DC, where he became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega, worked for Senator J. William Fulbright, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and won a Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford (at the University College, Oxford) in England. After attending Oxford, Clinton obtained a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale Law School. While at Yale, he met a classmate who would eventually be his future wife, Hillary Rodham; the couple married in 1975. 1975 In 1974, his first year as a University of Arkansas law professor, Clinton ran for the House of Representatives. The incumbent, John Paul Hammerschmidt, defeated Clinton with 52% of the vote. In 1976, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas without opposition in the general election. In 1978, Bill Clinton was first elected governor of the state of Arkansas, the youngest to be elected governor since 1938. His first term was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax and popular anger over the escape of Cuban prisoners (from the Mariel boatlift) detained in Fort Chafee in 1980. In the 1980 election, Clinton was defeated in his bid for a second term by Republican challenger Frank D. White, becoming a victim of the Reagan Republican landslide. As he once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. But in 1982, Clinton won his old job back, and over the next decade helped Arkansas to transform its economy. He became a leading figure among the so-called New Democrats, who called for welfare reform, smaller government, and other Reagan-like ideas. Clinton's approach mollified conservative criticism during his terms as governor. However, one or two personal transactions made by the Clintons during this period became the basis of the Whitewater investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration. After very extensive investigation over several years no indictments or charges of any kind were made against either of the Clintons in respect of matters that took place in their Arkansas years..

Presidency

Whitewater

Presidential campaign

Clinton's first foray into national politics occurred when he was enlisted to speak at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, introducing candidate Michael Dukakis. Clinton's address, scheduled to last 15 minutes, became a debacle as Clinton gave a notoriously long and uninspiring speech that lasted over half an hour [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/15/potus.speech/]. Four years later, Clinton prepared for a run in 1992 against incumbent President George H. W. Bush. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, Bush seemed unbeatable, and several potential Democratic candidates — notably New York Governor Mario Cuomo — passed on what seemed to be a lost cause. Clinton won the Democratic Party's nomination. Clinton chose U.S. Senator Albert A. Gore Jr. (D-Tennessee) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Initially this decision sparked criticism from strategists due to the fact that Gore was from Clinton's neighboring state of Tennessee which would go against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. In retrospect, many now view Gore as a helpful factor in the 1992 campaign. Many character issues were raised during the campaign, including allegations that Clinton had dodged the draft during the Vietnam War, and had used marijuana, which Clinton claimed he had smoked, but "didn't inhale". Allegations of extramarital affairs and shady business deals were also raised. While typically these types of allegations would have resulted in a candidate withdrawing from the race, Clinton displayed the resiliency in the face of scandal that would later be pivotal in his presidency. As the candidate with the most money and the best-articulated campaign strategy — creating more jobs — Clinton was able to stay in the race the longest, fending off all rivals long before the Democratic convention. [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/campaign.96/index2.html] Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (43.01% of the vote) against Republican George H. W. Bush (37.4% of the vote) and billionaire populist H. Ross Perot who ran as an independent (18.9% of the vote), largely on a platform focusing on domestic issues; a large part of his success was due to George H.W. Bush's steep decline in public approval. Previously described as "unbeatable" due to his approval ratings in the 80 percent range during the Persian Gulf conflict, Bush's public approval rating dropped to just over 40% by election time. Three factors made this possible. First, the campaign came in the midst of the recession of 1992. While in historical terms the recession was mild and actually ended before the election, the resulting job loss (especially among middle managers not yet accustomed to white collar downsizing) fueled strong discontent with Bush, who was successfully portrayed as aloof, out of touch, and overly focused on foreign affairs. Highly telegenic, Clinton was perceived as sympathetic, concerned, and more in touch with ordinary families. Second was the decision by Bush to accept a tax increase. Pressured by rising budget deficits, increased demand for entitlement spending and reduced tax revenues (each a consequence of the recession) Bush agreed to a budget compromise with Congress (where rival Democrats held the majority). Not having been in Congress at the time, Clinton was able to effectivley condemn the tax increase on both its own merits and as a reflection of Bush's honesty. Effective Democratic TV ads were aired showing a clip of Bush's infamous 1988 campaign speech in which he promised "Read my lips ... No new taxes." Finally, Bush's coalition was in disarray. Ross Perot's independent campaign played to moderates' concerns about the budget deficit, siphoning crucial swing votes from Bush. Meanwhile, conservative voters — especially social conservatives-- lacked confidence in Bush, an avowed moderate. Previously, conservatives had been united by anti-communism; with the end of the Cold War, old rivalries re-emerged. Meanwhile, despite a fractious and ideologically diverse party, Clinton was able to successfully court all wings of the Democratic party, even where they conflicted. To garner the support of moderates and conservative Democrats, he cannily attacked Sista Souljah, a rap musician whose lyrics Clinton condemned. Clinton could also point to his moderate, New Democrat record as Governor of Arkansas. More liberal Democrats were impressed by Clinton's academic credentials, 60's-era protest record, and support for social causes such as a woman's right to abortion. Supporters remained energized and confident, even in times of scandal or missteps.

Significant events

Clinton was the first Democrat to serve two full terms as president since Franklin D. Roosevelt. His election ended an era in which the Republican party had controlled the White House for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. That election also brought the Democrats full control of the political branches of the federal government, including both houses of U.S. Congress as well as the presidency, for the first time since the administration of the last Democratic president, Jimmy Carter. Clinton's first act as president was to sign executive order 12834 (entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees"), which placed substantial restrictions upon the ability of his senior political appointees to lobby their colleagues after they leave office. Clinton rescinded the order shortly before he left office in executive order 13184 of December 28, 2000. 2000 Shortly after taking office, Clinton fulfilled a campaign promise by signing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of pregnancy or serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clinton's initial reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly homosexual members of the military garnered criticism from both the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and the right (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Clinton implemented the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, which remains official military policy. The most important item on Clinton's legislative agenda, however, was a complex health care reform plan, the result of a taskforce headed by Hillary Clinton, aimed at achieving universal coverage. Though initially well-received, it was ultimately doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives and the health insurance industry. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration. After two years of Democratic party control under Clinton's leadership, the mid-term elections in 1994 proved disastrous for the Democrats. They lost control of both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years, in large part due to stalled legislation, including the failed attempt to create a comprehensive health care system. mid-term elections in 1994 during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993.]] After the 1994 election, the spotlight shifted to the