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William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan, (March 19, 1860–July 26, 1925) born in Salem, Illinois, was a gifted orator and three-time United States Democratic nominee for President. Bryan was trained as a lawyer at Northwestern University and received his bachelor's degree at Illinois College. He practiced law in Lincoln, Nebraska, and represented Nebraska in Congress. Bryan, a populist, held fast to his Midwestern values throughout his life; his deeply-held religious beliefs and his consistent defense of the ordinary American earned him the moniker "the Great Commoner". He was a tireless worker for women's suffrage and Prohibition, but is probably best known today for his outspoken criticism of evolution, which culminated in the Butler Act and the Scopes Trial.

Rise to fame

After serving just two terms in the United States House of Representatives, Bryan reached the pinnacle of his political career. In the presidential election of 1896, Bryan's silver forces defeated conservative Gold Democrats supported by incumbent President Grover Cleveland, who did not seek renomination, to win the Democratic Party nomination for President. Just 36, the youngest major-party presidential nominee in U.S. history, Bryan managed to attract the support of mainstream Democrats as well as disaffected third party Populists and Free Silverites. Bryan actually formally received the Populist Party nomination in 1896 in addition to the Democratic nomination. Free Silver His famous "Cross of Gold" speech, delivered prior to his nomination, lambasted Eastern monied classes for supporting the gold standard at the expense of the average worker. Bryan's stance, directly opposing the conservative Cleveland, largely united splintered Democrats and won the handsome "Boy Orator of the Platte" the nomination. Bryan was said to have enjoyed this colorful nickname, until opponents ridiculed it by saying it was appropriate thing to call Bryan since the Platte River was narrow, shallow and widest at the mouth. Bryan logged more than 18,000 miles while visiting 27 states in the campaign of 1896. The unpopularity of the incumbent party, combined with the Republican candidate's well-filled war chest, catapulted William McKinley into the White House by a margin of 271 to 176 in the electoral college. Still, Bryan's following was large enough to result in two additional runs for President. Bryan ran again and lost to McKinley and William Howard Taft in the 1900 and 1908 elections. 1908

Secretary of State

Although Bryan never won an election after 1892, he continued to wield considerable influence. He was deeply opposed to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines as a "Commonwealth" after the Spanish-American War and the resultant Philippine-American War; he is still regarded as something of a hero in some circles in the Philippines for this stance. After helping Woodrow Wilson secure the Democratic nomination in 1912, he served as Secretary of State. A committed pacifist, Bryan resigned on June 9, 1915 over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the push toward World War I. He was still physically active, even attempting to join the army when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917.

The Anti-Evolution Movement and the Scopes Trial

Although he moved to a large home in Florida, Bryan never retired. Always pious, during the final years of his life he was extremely active in religious organizations and devoted himself to the defense of fundamentalist Christianity. (His father, a judge, was a Baptist, and his mother converted to this faith from Methodism when Bryan was 12. He and his sister later became Presbyterians.) Presbyterians By the 1920s, Bryan was among America's most outspoken critics of the theory of evolution. Echoing his earlier support of Prohibition, Bryan actively supported a constitutional amendment banning public schools from teaching evolution and several state legislatures passed anti-evolution laws after Bryan addressed them. His participation in the famous 1925 Scopes Trial served as a capstone to his career. Bryan was asked by William Bell Riley to represent the World Christian Fundamentals Association to act as counsel for the association at the trial. Political author Thomas Frank writes that Bryan's anti-evolution views are a result of his Populist idealism.
Frank suggests that Bryan's fight was really against Social Darwinism, a theory that many unfamiliar with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection perceive to go hand in hand with social theories. Bryan's death on July 26, 1925, only five days after the trial ended, prompted differing opinions in the newspapers of the time. Those that supported fundamentalism tended to view Bryan as the victor in his interrogation by Clarence Darrow, whilst those which leant towards the modernist view awarded the contest to Darrow and the defense team, even though the verdict had gone against them. (The conviction was eventually set aside on appeal on the grounds that the jury should have set the amount of the fine.) Although Bryan was undoubtedly upset to some extent by Darrow's playing up of his comparative lack of scientific knowledge, his busy itinerary over the last five days of his life seems to contradict any suggestion that he was exhausted by the part he played in the trial in general or by Darrow's questioning in particular (Larson, 1997). In fact Bryan had been a diabetic for years, but had made little allowance for the fact in his energetic life style, and he made no significant attempt to control his weight, which virtually guaranteed a premature death. Whilst the trial was still in progress, local School Superintendent Walter White proposed that Dayton should create a Christian University as a lasting memorial to Bryan. The first classes of Bryan College, took place in 1930, in the Rhea County High School building, the site of Scopes' alleged infraction of the Anti-evolution Law, until facilities were available on the campus at its current location.

War and Pacifism

1930 Though already a national figure who had run for President, Bryan volunteered to serve in the Spanish-American War in 1898. However, he never saw combat, perhaps because Republican President William McKinley did not want to turn one of his strongest political adversaries into a war hero. Another Republican opponent of Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, would serve in combat and would receive much renown for his participation in the Battle of San Juan Hill. After the war, Bryan came to detest it, and the imperialism that resulted from it. Bryan would later become a pacifist, a position that made it politically impossible for him to be elected President. At the time, pacifists were generally regarded as cowards. However, Bryan became committed to pacifism only after he was too old to serve in the army and the position hurt him politically; as such, it could be seen as an act of courage. For this reason those who believe that L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is actually a populist allegory consider the Cowardly Lion to represent Bryan. (The Scarecrow represents agriculture, the Tin Man represents industry, and Dorothy's slippers were, after all, made of silver in the book.)

References

- Ray Ginger, William Jennings Bryan; Selections (1967)
- American Memory: [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar19.html Today in History: March 19]
- Summer for the Gods, Edward Larson. Harvard University Press (1997)

External links

-
- [http://www3.bradburyac/tenness9.html The Duel In the Shade - Darrow's examination of Bryan at the Scopes Trial]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_bryan.html "William Jennings Bryan"] at The American Experience on PBS
- [http://www.geocities.com/vachellindsaybryan Text of Vachel Lindsay's famous poem honoring Bryan.]
- [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=william+jennings+bryan&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 William Jennings Bryan cylinder recordings], from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library. See also:
- U.S. presidential elections: 1896, 1900, 1908 Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings

1860

1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday.

Events

January

- January 2 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.

March

- March 6 - Abraham Lincoln speaks against slavery in New Haven, Connecticut

April

- April 3 - The Pony Express begins its first run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California.
- April 4 – New uprising in Palermo

May

- May 1 - A chondrite type meteorite fell to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New Concord.
- May 5 - Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Questa on the Expedition of the Thousand
- May 8 - In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government in protest of the suggestion of increase of presidential powers. Magdalena and Bolivar join it
- May 9 - The Constitutional Union Party holds its convention and nominates John Bell for President of the United States.
- May 15 - Battle of Catalafimi; troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily, during the Second Italian independence war.
- May 18 - Abraham Lincoln is selected as the US presidential candidate for the Republican party.
- May 27 - Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.

June

- June 24 - First nursing school, based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened in St. Thomas Infirmary in England.

July

- July 2 - Vladivostok, Russia is founded.
- July 9 - Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad was executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.
- July 11 - Mutsuhito becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
- July 19 - Ioan Dimitrovich Kasatkin becomes an Eastern Orthodox monk under the name Nikolai.
- July 20 - The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces at the Battle of Milazzo, near Messina. Nearly all of Sicily was now under Garibaldi's control.
- July 24 - Monk Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as deacon.
- July 25 - Deacon Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as priest.

August

- August 22 - Assisted by the British navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland

September

- September 7 - Lady Elgin is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan, hundreds drown.
- September 7 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
- September 10 - Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples
- September 18 - Battle of Castelfidardo. The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory

October

- John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar to search for source of the Nile.
- October 1 - The Battle of the Volturno
- October 5 - Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate causes of clashes between Maronites and Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year
- October 19 - New Maori revolt begins in New Zealand
- October 26 - Battle of the Volturno. Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
- October 26 - Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to the king Victor Emmanuel II.

November

- November 3 - The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
- November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.

December

- December 20 - South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union.
- December 29 - The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior is launched.

Unknown Dates

- Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia seizes the whole of the Papal States besides Rome (see Vatican City) and unites Italy.
- Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium (see Discovery of the chemical elements)
- Buenos Aires leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores
- Augustana College is founded in Rock Island, Illinois, United States by Swedish immigrants.

Births

January-April

- January 11 - Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (d. 1884)
- January 25 - Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
- January 29 - William Jacob Baer, American painter (d. 1941)
- January 29- Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
- February 11 - Rachilde, French author (d. 1953)
- February 29 - Herman Hollerith, American businessman and inventor (d. 1929)
- March 2 - Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961)
- March 5 - Sam Thompson, baseball player (d. 1922)
- March 13 - Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903)
- March 19 - William Jennings Bryan, American politician (d. 1925)
- March 22 - Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940)
- March 27 - Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (d. 1924)

May-August

- May 2 - Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904)
- May 9 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937)
- May 20 - Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
- May 21 - Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
- May 25 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
- May 29 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
- June 20 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937)
- July 3 - Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935)
- July 7 - Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
- July 19 - Lizzie Borden, American murder suspect (d. 1927)
- August 3 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
- August 7 - Alan Leo, British astrologer (d. 1917)
- August 16 - Jules Laforgue, French poet (d. 1887)

September-December

- September 5 - Andrew Volstead, American politician (d. 1947)
- September 6 - Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
- September 13 - John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948)
- November 1 - Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921)
- November 6 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1941)
- November 23 - Billy the Kid, American gunfighter (d. 1881)
- November 23 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
- December 7 - Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
- December 15 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904)
- John Coughlin, American politician (d. 1938)
- Frederick George Jackson, British Arctic explorer (d. 1938)
- Albert Giraud, Belgian poet (d. 1929)
- Lancelot Speed, British illustrator (d. 1931)

Deaths

- January 27 - János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1802)
- January 27 - Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer (b. 1883)
- January 29 - Stephanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1789)
- February 20 - Henry Drummond, Canadian poet (b. 1851)
- March 17 - Anna Jameson, German author
- March 25 - James Braid, Scottish surgeon (b. 1795)
- May 12 - Sir Charles Barry, English architect (b. 1795)
- May 16 - Anne Isabella Milbanke, wife of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (b. 1792)
- July 1 - Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
- October 31 - Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (b. 1775)
- December 14 - George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Aberdeen (b. 1784) Category:1860s Category:1860 ko:1860년 ms:1860 simple:1860 th:พ.ศ. 2403

July 26

July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining.

Events

- 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I is slain, his heir Stauracius is seriously wounded
- 1139 - Afonso, then a count, is proclaimed first king of Portugal and declares independence from Castile
- 1469 - Battle of Edgecote Moor
- 1581 - Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Oath of Abjuration). The declaration of independence of the northern Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.
- 1775 - The birth of what would later become the United States Post Office Department was established by the Second Continental Congress.
- 1788 - New York ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 11th state of the United States.
- 1803 - the Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London.
- 1822 - Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, Ecuador.
- 1847 - Liberia gains independence.
- 1861 - American Civil War: George McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends - At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
- 1878 - In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box will be found later with a taunting poem inside.
- 1887 - L. L. Zamenhof publishes "Dr. Esperanto's International Language".
- 1908 - United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation).
- 1936 - The Axis Powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War
- 1941 - World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
- 1945 - The Labour Party wins the United Kingdom General Election, removing Winston Churchill from power.
- 1945 - The Potsdam Declaration is signed in Potsdam, Germany.
- 1947 - Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.
- 1948 - U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981 desegregating the military of the United States.
- 1948 - André Marie becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1953 - Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution.
- 1953 - Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders a law enforcement crackdown on Short Creek, Arizona, home to a polygamous sect of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
- 1956 - Following the World Bank's decline to fund building the Aswan High Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.
- 1957 Carlos Castillo Armas dictator of Guatemala is assassinated
- 1958 - Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched.
- 1963 - Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster.
- 1963 - Earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia - 1100 dead
- 1963 - The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development votes to admit Japan.
- 1966 - Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
- 1971 - Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15.
- 1989 - A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing a computer worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
- 1991 - Paul Reubens, better known as Pee Wee Herman, is arrested for allegedly exposing himself at a Sarasota, Florida adult theatre.
- 1991 - Sonic the Hedgehog is released for the Sega Megadrive in Japan.
- 2005 - Launch of Space Shuttle Discovery, NASA's first scheduled flight mission (STS-114) after the Columbia Disaster in 2003.
- 2005 - Mumbai (f.k.a. Bombay) - the financial capital and most populated city of India - receives 995mm of rain within 24 hours, bringing the city to a halt for over 2 days. (See: 2005 Maharashtra floods.)

Births

- 1030 - Stanislaus of Szczepanów, St. Stanislaw (d. 1079)
- 1678 - Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711)
- 1782 - John Field, Irish composer (d. 1837)
- 1791 - Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1844)
- 1802 - Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855)
- 1829 - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)
- 1855 - Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist (d. 1936)
- 1856 - George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
- 1865 - Philipp Scheidemann, German politician (d. 1939)
- 1874 - Serge Koussevitsky, Russian conductor (d. 1951)
- 1875 - Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1961)
- 1875 - Antonio Machado, Spanish poet (d. 1939)
- 1886 - Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (d. 1965)
- 1892 - Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (d. 1966)
- 1894 - Aldous Huxley, English-born author (d. 1963)
- 1897 - Paul Gallico, American author (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Estes Kefauver, U.S. Senator from Tennessee (d. 1963)
- 1908 - Salvador Allende, President of Chile (d. 1973)
- 1909 - Vivian Vance, American actress (d. 1979)
- 1920 - Bob Waterfield, American football player (d. 1983)
- 1921 - Jean Shepherd, American writer (d. 1999)
- 1922 - Blake Edwards, American film director
- 1922 - Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000)
- 1923 - Hoyt Wilhelm, baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1926 - James Best, American actor
- 1928 - Francesco Cossiga, eighth President of the Italian Republic
- 1928 - Stanley Kubrick, American film director (d. 1999)
- 1939 - John Howard, twenty-fifth Prime Minister of Australia
- 1939 - Bob Lilly, American football player
- 1940 - Mary Jo Kopechne, American aide to Robert F. Kennedy (d. 1969)
- 1942 - Vladimír Mečiar, Slovak president
- 1943 - Mick Jagger, English musician (The Rolling Stones)
- 1945 - Helen Mirren, English actress
- 1949 - Roger Taylor, English musician (Queen)
- 1950 - Nelinho, Brazilian football player
- 1956 - Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater
- 1957 - Nana Visitor, American actress
- 1959 - Kevin Spacey, American actor
- 1964 - Sandra Bullock, American actress
- 1965 - Jeremy Piven, American actor
- 1969 - Jonty Rhodes, South African cricketer
- 1973 - Kate Beckinsale, British actress
- 1976 - Chad Pennington, American football player
- 1977 - Martin Laursen, Danish footballer
- 1977 - Rebecca St. James, Australian-born musician
- 1980 - Dave Baksh, Canadian guitarist (Sum41)
- 1981 - Waqqas Amjad Rana, A Proud Pakistani
- 1985 - Gael Clichy, French footballer
- 1993 - Taylor Momsen, American actress
- 1980 - Aalo Chatterjee,Indian, Santhosh's wife

Deaths

- 456 - Offa, King of Mercia
- 811 - Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor (killed in battle)
- 1380 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (b. 1322)
- 1471 - Pope Paul II (b. 1417)
- 1592 - Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (b. 1524)
- 1611 - Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1542)
- 1680 - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English writer (b. 1647)
- 1712 - Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (b. 1631)
- 1723 - Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1660)
- 1863 - Sam Houston, President of the Republic of Texas (b. 1793)
- 1867 - King Otto of Greece (b. 1815)
- 1919 - Sir Edward Poynter, British painter (b. 1836)
- 1925 - Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and logician (b. 1848)
- 1925 - William Jennings Bryan, American politician (b. 1860)
- 1935 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist (b. 1871)
- 1942 - Roberto Arlt, Argentinian writer (b. 1900)
- 1952 - Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (b. 1919)
- 1953 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (b. 1883)
- 1969 - Frank Loesser, American composer (b. 1910)
- 1971 - Diane Arbus, American photographer (suicide) (b. 1923)
- 1984 - Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
- 1986 - Averell Harriman, American diplomat (b. 1891)
- 1988 - Fazlur Rahman, Pakistani scholar (b. 1919)
- 1992 - Mary Wells, American singer (b. 1943)
- 2001 - Peter von Zahn, German journalist (b. 1913)

Holidays and Observances

- Cuba - Anniversary of the Moncada Barracks Attack Day (1953), Revolution Day
- Liberia - Independence Day
- Maldives - Independence Day
- India - Vijay Divas (end of Kargil War)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 25 - July 27 - June 26 - August 26 -- listing of all days ko:7월 26일 ja:7月26日 ms:26 Julai simple:July 26 th:26 กรกฎาคม

1925

1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-May

- January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
- January 5 - Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor in the United States.
- January 27–February 1 - The 1925 serum run to Nome, or the "Great Race of Mercy", relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska to combat an epidemic
- February 21 - The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
- March 4 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcasted on radio.
- March 6 - Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded
- March 13 - Scopes Trial: A law in Tennessee prohibits the teaching of evolution.
- March 18 - The Tri-State Tornado raked through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana and killed 695 people.
- March 31 - WOWO radio station in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting.
- May 5 - Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
- May 25 - Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.
- May 25 - The National Forensics League is founded.
- May 29 - Last communication from the British explorer Percy Fawcett, a telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon

June-September

- June 1 - Percy and Florence Arrowsmith were married. Celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary June 1, 2005 - Percy is now 105, and wife Florence is 100. Guinness_Book_of_Records said the pair held records for the longest marriage for a living couple and the oldest aggregate age of a married couple
- June 6 - The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
- June 13 - Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images were viewed by representatives of the Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Commerce Department, and others. Jenkins called this "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
- July 10 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- July 18 - Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto Mein Kampf.
- July 21 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
- September 3 - US dirigible Shenandoah breaks up en route to Scottfield, St. Louis - 14 crewmen dead

October-December

- October - Major money forgery and fraud of Alves Reis exposed in Portugal
- October 30 - John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.
- November 28 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM (it would later become the longest-running live music show).

Unknown dates

- Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the Sears mail order catalog.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.
- Introduction of London's first double decker buses.
- The Royal Tweed Bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, is completed.
- The National Football League adds five teams: New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, and Pottsville Maroons

Births

January-April

- January 6 - John De Lorean, American car maker (d. 2005)
- January 7 - Gerald Durrell, British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. 1995)
- January 11 - Grant Tinker, American television executive
- January 25 - Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (d. 1995)
- January 26 - Paul Newman, American actor
- January 30 - Dorothy Malone, American actress
- February 8 - Jack Lemmon, American actor and film director (d. 2001)
- February 17 - Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (d. 2003)
- February 17 - Hal Holbrook, American actor
- February 18 - George Kennedy, American actor
- February 20 - Robert Altman, American film director
- February 21 - Sam Peckinpah, American director (d. 1984)
- February 27 - Samuel Dash, American Congressional counsel (d. 2004)
- March 12 - Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 23 - David Watkin, British cinematographer
- March 26 - Pierre Boulez, French composer
- April 14 - Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974)
- April 14 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
- April 25 - Kay E. Kuter, American actor (d. 2003)

May-July

- May 2 - Yogi Berra, baseball player
- May 19 - Pol Pot, Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. 1998)
- May 19 - Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
- May 22 - James King, American tenor (d. 2005)
- May 23 - Joshua Lederberg, American molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 25 - Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
- June 3 - Tony Curtis, American actor
- June 8 - Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States
- June 14 - Pierre Salinger, John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (d. 2004)
- July 1 - Farley Granger, American actor
- July 6 - Merv Griffin, American game show developer and host
- July 6 - Bill Haley, American musician (Bill Haley and the Comets) (d. 1981)
- July 10 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, fourth Prime Minister of Maylasia
- July 28 - Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

August-September

- August 3 - Dom Um Romão, Brazilian jazz drummer
- August 7 - M. S. Swaminathan, Indian scientist
- August 8 - Alija Izetbegović, President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. 2003)
- August 12 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 2004)
- August 12 - Ross McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 1975)
- August 21 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
- August 27 - Nat Lofthouse, English footballer
- August 28 - Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
- August 30 - Laurent de Brunhoff, French writer and illustrator
- September 8 - Peter Sellers, English comedian and actor (d. 1980)
- September 10 - Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1996)
- September 24 - Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004)
- September 28 - Arnold Stang, American actor

October-December

- October 13 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- October 16 - Angela Lansbury, American actress
- October 23 - Johnny Carson, American comedian and television host (d. 2005)
- October 24 - Luciano Berio, Italian composer (d. 2003)
- October 24 - Al Feldstein, American artist and comic book creator
- October 27 - Albert Medwin, American inventor
- October 31 - John Anthony Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- November 11 - Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian
- November 18 - Gene Mauch, baseball manager (d. 2005)
- November 20 - Robert Kennedy, American politician and Attorney General of the United States (d. 1968)
- November 24 - William F. Buckley, Jr., American author and commentator. Founder of National Review Magazine
- November 24 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 26 - Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003)
- November 27 - John Maddox, Welsh science writer
- December 1 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- December 3 - Kim Daejung, President of South Korea, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- December 8 - Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. 1990)
- December 11 - Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- December 13 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
- December 14 - Gloria Malgarini, American actress, spokesperson

Unknown

- Charles Mangin, French general (b. 1866)
- William H. Gates, Sr., American attorney, father of Bill Gates
- Gildo Massó, Puerto Rican housebuilder.

Deaths

- January 4 - Nellie Cashman, Irish-born actress (b. 1845)
- January 8 - George Bellows, American artist (b. 1882)
- January 14 - Camille Decoppet, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1852)
- January 31 - George Washington Cable, American writer (b. 1844)
- February 2 - Jaap Eden, Dutch speed skater (b. 1873)
- February 3 - Oliver Heaviside, English mathematician (b. 1850)
- February 4 - Robert Koldewey, German architect and archaeologist (b. 1855)
- February 10 - Aristide Bruant, French singer and nightclub owner (b. 1851)
- February 18 - James Lane Allen, American writer (b. 1849)
- February 24 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- February 25 - Louis Feuillade, French silent film director (b. 1873)
- February 28 - Friedrich Ebert, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1871)
- March 2 - Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian freedom fighter (assassinated) (b. 1879)
- March 4 - John Ward, baseball player (b. 1860)
- March 7 - Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1861)
- March 12 - Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1866)
- March 14 - Walter Camp, American football coach (b. 1859)
- March 20 - George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (b. 1859)
- March 25 - Tikhon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1865)
- March 28 - Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (b. 1864)
- April 14 - John Singer Sargent, American artist (b. 1856)
- April 15 - Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (b. 1879)
- April 19 - John Walter Smith, American politician (b. 1845)
- April 22 - André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878)
- April 23 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (b. 1887)
- May 2 - Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (b. 1848)
- May 2 - Antun Branko Simic, Croatian poet (b. 1898)
- May 10 - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1856)
- May 12 - Amy Lowell, American poet (b. 1874)
- May 14 - H. Rider Haggard, English writer (b. 1856)
- May 20 - Elias M. Ammons, Governor of Colorado (b. 1860)
- May 22 - John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British World War I field marshal (b. 1852)
- June 1 - Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (b. 1854)
- June 2 - James Ellsworth, American mine owner and banker (b. 1849)
- June 16 - Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornetist (b. 1903)
- June 18 - Robert M. La Follette, Sr., American politician (b. 1855)
- June 29 - Christian Michelsen, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1857)
- July 1 - Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
- July 26 - Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
- July 26 - William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician (b. 1860)
- July 26 - Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
- August 17 - Ioan Slavici, Romanian writer (b. 1848)
- August 25 - Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austrian field marshal (b. 1852)
- September 7 - René Viviani, Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)
- September 16 - Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian mathematician (b. 1888)
- September 29 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)
- October 7 - Christy Mathewson, baseball player (b. 1880)
- October 31 - Mikhail Frunze, Russian Bolshevik leader (b. 1885)
- October 31 - Max Linder, French silent film actor (b. 1883)
- November 20 - Alexandra of Denmark, queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)
- November 25 - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (b. 1880)
- December 5 - Wladyslaw Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
- December 9 - Pablo Iglesias, co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (b. 1850)
- December 15 - Battling Siki, Senegalese boxer (b. 1897)
- December 19 - Jose Ignacio Quinton, Puerto Rican composer and pianist (b. 1881)
- December 21 - Jules Méline, Prime Minister of France (b. 1838)
- December 22 - Alice Heine, American wife of Albert I of Monaco (b. 1858)
- December 25 - Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
- December 27 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet (b. 1895)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz
- Chemistry - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
- Physiology or Medicine - not awarded
- Literature - George Bernard Shaw
- Peace - Austen Chamberlain and Charles Gates Dawes
- ko:1925년 ms:1925 ja:1925年 simple:1925 th:พ.ศ. 2468

Salem, Illinois

Salem is a city located in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the county seat of Marion County. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 7,909. Salem is the birthplace of William Jennings Bryan, the G. I. Bill of Rights and Miracle Whip salad dressing.

Geography

Salem is located at 38°37'42" North, 88°56'53" West (38.628195, -88.948168). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.2 km² (6.3 mi²). 15.8 km² (6.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.56% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 7,909 people, 3,249 households, and 2,082 families residing in the city. The population density is 500.6/km² (1,296.5/mi²). There are 3,473 housing units at an average density of 219.8/km² (569.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.13% White, 0.72% African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. 0.72% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,249 households out of which 28.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% are married couples living together, 11.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% are non-families. 32.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.32 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $34,339, and the median income for a family is $42,070. Males have a median income of $31,811 versus $21,931 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,954. 9.2% of the population and 6.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 13.2% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Marion County, Illinois Category:Cities in Illinois

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded¹ from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berke