William H. Crawford

:This is about the 19th century Georgia politician; for the 18th century U.S. military officer, see Colonel William Crawford. Colonel William Crawford William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an important American politician during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825, and was a serious candidate for President of the United States in 1824. Crawford was born in Amherst County, Virginia, but his family moved south to Appling County, Georgia when he was a boy. As a young man, he worked as a farmer and a schoolteacher for about 10 years, then began to practice law in Lexington, Georgia in 1799. In 1803, Crawford was elected to the Georgia state legislature as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. In 1807, that legislature elected him to fill a vacant United States Senate seat. Crawford soon became a respected and influential senator, and was elected president pro tempore in 1811. In recognition of his abilities, President James Madison appointed Crawford as the American minister to the First French Empire in 1812. Crawford held that important ministerial post throughout the War of 1812, and returned shortly after its end in 1815. Upon Crawford's return, Madison appointed him as Secretary of War. After slightly more than a year of satisfactory service in that post (and after disclaiming interest in the 1816 Democratic-Republican nomination for President, which he could have had), Crawford moved within the Cabinet to become Secretary of the Treasury. Crawford was again a leading candidate for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1824, but a massive stroke in 1823 ended his chances. The Democratic-Republican Party split apart that year, and one of the splinter groups nominated Crawford. Despite Crawford's improved health (and the support of former presidents Madison and Thomas Jefferson), he finished only third, behind John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Refusing Adams' request that he remain at the Treasury, Crawford then retired to Georgia, where he was appointed as a state superior court judge. Crawford remained an active judge until his death a decade later.

Trivia

The town of Crawfordsville, Indiana, as well as Crawford County, Illinois, Crawford County, Missouri, Crawford County, Arkansas, and Crawford County, Georgia are named for Crawford.

References

- Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes. American National Biography, vol. 5, "Crawford, William Harris". New York : Oxford University Press, 1999. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, William H.

Colonel William Crawford

.]] William Crawford (1732-1782) was an American soldier who fought Indians in the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolutionary War. He was tortured, scalped, and killed by Native Americans in a notorious incident near the end of that war. Born in Virginia, he was part of the army that in 1758 captured Fort Duquesne, where Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania now stands and later settled in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Crawford was a friend of George Washington. Like Washington, Crawford had been a junior officer under the British and a surveyor. Crawford was also a veteran of the Braddock Expedition, Pontiac's War, and Lord Dunmore's War. Crawford had led previous missions against the Native Americans, and atrocities had been committed on both sides. In 1782, Washington persuaded him to take command of an army to attack Indians north of the Ohio River. Taking the rank of colonel, he led an unsuccessful mission. While in retreat, Crawford and several other men were captured. Crawford was tied to a stake, burned, and scalped in retaliation for the patriot massacre of the neutral Natives at the Moravian mission at Gnadenhutten. British liaison Simon Girty was a witness to Crawford's execution, which took place in what is now Wyandot County, Ohio. In 1982 the site of Colonel Crawford's execution was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994 the Wyandot County Patriotic Citizens erected an 8.5 ft (2.6 m) Berea sandstone monument to commemorate the site. The Ohio Historical Society also has a historical marker nearby. Crawford County, Ohio and Crawford County, Pennsylvania are named for him. Crawford, William Crawford, William Crawford, William Crawford, William

February 24

February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 310 days remaining, 311 in leap years. By Roman custom February 24 is the day added to a leap year, and the occurrence of February 29 is merely a consequence of this.

Events

- 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
- 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.
- 1711 - The London premiere of Rinaldo by George Friderich Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
- 1739 - Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nadir Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah
- 1803 - The Supreme Court of the United States, in Marbury v. Madison, establishes the principle of judicial review.
- 1804 - London's Drury Lane Theatre burns to the ground, leaving owner Richard Brinsley Sheridan destitute,
- 1826 - The signing of the Treaty of Yandaboo marks the end of the First Burmese War.
- 1831 - The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed. The Choctaws in Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West.
- 1839 - William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel.
- 1848 - King Louis-Philippe of France abdicates the throne.
- 1863 - Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
- 1868 - The first parade to have floats is staged at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- 1868 - Andrew Johnson becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. He is later acquitted.
- 1881 - China and Russia sign the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty
- 1899 - Western Washington University Established.
- 1909 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded.
- 1917 - World War I: The U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany pledges to ensure the return of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico if that country declares war on the United States.
- 1918 - Estonia is independent from Imperial Russia.
- 1925 - A thermite (magnesium) bomb is used for the first time to break up a 250,000-ton ice jam clogging the St. Lawrence River near Waddington, New York.
- 1938 - A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product (DuPont) to be made with nylon yarn.
- 1942 - Propaganda: The Voice of America begins broadcasting.
- 1945 - Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.
- 1946 - Juan Perón is elected president of Argentina.
- 1948 - Cold War: The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
- 1970 - National Public Radio is founded.
- 1975 - Hard rock band Led Zeppelin release the classic double album Physical Graffiti.
- 1976 - Cuba : national Constitution proclaimed
- 1981 - Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of The Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer.
- 1981 - Jean Harris is convicted of murdering Dr. Herman Tarnower, the author of the bestselling The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet.
- 1983 - A special commission of the U.S. Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
- 1988 - The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation.
- 1989 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini offers a USD $3 million bounty for the death of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- 1989 - United Airlines Flight 811, bound forNew Zealand from Honolulu, Hawaii, rips open during flight, sucking 9 passengers out of the business-class section.
- 1992 - Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain marries Courtney Love.
- 1995 - The Corona reconnaissance satellite program, in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified.
- 1996 - The last occurrence of February 24 as a leap day in the European Union and for the Roman Catholic Church.
- 1999 - The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery, in spite of Germany's legal action to attempt to save him.
- 1999 - A China Southern Airlines Tupolev TU-154 airliner crashes on approach to Wenzhou airport in eastern China killing 61.
- 2002 - 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah ends.

Births

- 1103 - Emperor Toba of Japan (d. 1156)
- 1304 - Ibn Battuta, explorer
- 1463 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
- 1500 - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)
- 1547 - Don John of Austria, military leader (d. 1578)
- 1557 - Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)
- 1597 - Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648)
- 1619 - Charles Le Brun, French artist (d. 1690)
- 1622 - Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)
- 1684 - Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (d. 1738)
- 1693 - James Quin, English actor (d. 1766)
- 1709 - Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
- 1723 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. 1792)
- 1774 - Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
- 1786 - Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
- 1836 - Winslow Homer, American artist (d. 1910)
- 1842 - Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (d. 1918)
- 1846 - Luigi Denza, Italian composer (d. 1922)
- 1848 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
- 1852 - George Moore, English writer (d. 1933)
- 1874 - Honus Wagner, baseball player (d. 1955)
- 1877 - Ettie Rout, New Zealand activist (b. 1936)
- 1885 - Chester Nimitz, U.S. admiral (d. 1966)
- 1885 - Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1939)
- 1890 - Marjorie Main, American actress (d. 1975)
- 1909 - August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
- 1914 - Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
- 1921 - Abe Vigoda, American actor
- 1921 - Douglass Watson, American actor (d. 1989)
- 1922 - Richard Hamilton, English painter
- 1922 - Steven Hill, American actor
- 1923 - David Soyer, American cellist
- 1932 - Michel Legrand, French composer
- 1932 - John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
- 1931 - Dominic Chianese, American actor
- 1934 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- 1934 - Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- 1938 - Phil Knight, American sportswear manufacturer
- 1940 - Denis Law Scottish footballer
- 1942 - Joseph Lieberman, American politician and vice presidential candidate
- 1943 - Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer
- 1944 - Nicky Hopkins, British musician (d. 1994)
- 1945 - Barry Bostwick, American actor
- 1947 - Rupert Holmes, English musician
- 1947 - Edward James Olmos, American actor
- 1948 - J. Jayalalithaa, Indian politician
- 1948 - Walter Smith, Scottish football manager
- 1948 - Dennis Waterman, British actor
- 1950 - Pete Duel, American actor (d. 1971)
- 1951 - Debra Jo Rupp, American actress
- 1951 - Helen Shaver, Canadian actress
- 1955 - Steve Jobs, American computer pioneer
- 1955 - Alain Prost, French race car driver
- 1956 - Paula Zahn, American journalist
- 1958 - Sammy Kershaw, American musician
- 1962 - Michelle Shocked, American musician
- 1966 - Billy Zane, American actor
- 1968 - Mitch Hedberg, American comedian (d. 2005)
- 1970 - Jeff Garcia, American football player
- 1972 - Stewart Isbell, American photographer
- 1973 - Jordan Jovtchev, Bulgarian gymnast
- 1973 - Alexei Kovalev, Russian hockey player
- 1974 - Chad Hugo, American musician and producer (The Neptunes)
- 1975 - Ashley MacIsaac, Canadian fiddler
- 1977 - Jason Akermanis, Australian footballer
- 1981 - Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
- 1982 - Klára Koukalová, Czech tennis player

Deaths

- 616 - King Ethelbert of Kent
- 1525 - Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier
- 1563 - Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
- 1588 - Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist
- 1666 - Nicholas Lanier, English composer (b. 1588)
- 1674 - Matthias Weckmann, German composer (b. 1616)
- 1685 - Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, English politician and military leader (b. 1629)
- 1704 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer (b. 1643)
- 1714 - Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (b. 1637)
- 1721 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648)
- 1777 - King Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
- 1779 - Paul Daniel Longolius, German encylopedist (b. 1704)
- 1781 - Edward Capell, English critic (b. 1713)
- 1799 - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (b. 1742)
- 1810 - Henry Cavendish, English scientist (b. 1756)
- 1815 - Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
- 1825 - Thomas Bowdler, English physician and editor (b. 1754)
- 1856 - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (b. 1792)
- 1925 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- 1970 - Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
- 1975 - Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
- 1984 - Helmut Schelsky, German sociologist (b. 1912)
- 1990 - Tony Conigliaro, baseball player (b. 1945)
- 1990 - Malcolm Forbes, American publisher (b. 1917)
- 1990 - Sandro Pertini, Italian politician (b. 1896)
- 1990 - Johnnie Ray, American singer (b. 1927)
- 1991 - John Daly, South African game show host (b. 1914)
- 1991 - George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
- 1993 - Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
- 1994 - Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
- 1998 - Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (b. 1921)
- 1998 - Henny Youngman, English-born comedian (b. 1906)
- 1999 - Andre Dubus, American writer (b. 1936)
- 2001 - Claude E. Shannon, American information theorist (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer and pianist (b. 1912)
- 2003 - John Edward Christopher Hill, English historian (b. 1912)
- 2003 - Bernard Loiseau, French chef (b. 1951)
- 2004 - John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances

- Regifugium, in the Roman calendar
- Independence Day in Estonia (1918)
- Flag Day in México
- Catholicism: Mardi Gras (aka Shrove Tuesday) (2004, 2009)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/24 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050224.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 23 - February 25 - January 24 - March 24 -- listing of all days ko:2월 24일 ms:24 Februari ja:2月24日 simple:February 24 th:24 กุมภาพันธ์

1772

1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- February 17 - First partition of Poland, by Russia and Prussia, later including Austria
- May - Watauga Association formed in East Tennessee as the first independent Anglo-American government.
- June 9 - British vessel Gaspee is burned off of Rhode Island.
- August 5 - First Partition of Poland begins.
- August 21 - The coup d'etat by King Gustav III is completed by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and making him an enlightened despot.
- September 1 - Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa founded in San Luis Obispo, California.
- November 2 - American Revolutionary War: Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren form the first Committee of Correspondence.

Births

- March 10 - Friedrich von Schlegel, German poet (d. 1829)
- April 7 - Charles Fourier, French philosopher (d. 1837)
- April 19 - David Ricardo, British economist (d. 1823)
- May 2 - Novalis, German poet (d. 1801)
- May 20 - William Congreve, British rocket pioneer (d. 1828)
- May 22 - Ram Mohan Roy, Hindu religious and social reformer (d. 1833)
- August 2 - Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien (d. 1804)
- August 15 - Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, German inventor (d. 1838)
- August 24 - King William I of the Netherlands (d. 1843)
- October 21 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet and philosopher, (d. 1834)
- Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Indonesian religious and military leader (d. 1864)

Deaths

- February 8 - Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales (b. 1719)
- February 18 - Johann Hartwig Ernst, Count von Bernstorff, Danish statesman (b. 1712)
- March 21 - Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, French cartographer (b. 1703)
- March 22 - John Canton, English physicist (b. 1718)
- March 26 - Charles Pinot Duclos, French writer (b. 1704)
- March 29 - Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher and mathematician (b. 1668)
- May 1 - Gottfried Achenwall, German statistician (b. 1719)
- May 22 - Durastante Natalucci, Italian historian (b. 1687)
- June 15 - Louis Claude Daquin, French composer (b. 1694)
- June 18 - Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German judge and philosopher (b. 1706)
- June 18 - Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (b. 1700)
- August 31 - William Borlase, English naturalist (b. 1695)
- September 30 - James Brindley, British canal builder (b. 1716)
- October 7 - John Woolman, American Quaker preacher and abolitionist (b. 1720)
- October 8 - Jean Joseph de Mondonville, French violinist and composer (b. 1711)
- November 10 - Pedro Antonio Joaquim Correa da Serra Garção, Portuguese poet (b. 1724)
- November 19 - William Nelson, American colonial governor of Virginia (b. 1711)
- Madhavrao Peshwa, ruler of India (b. 1745) Category:1772 ko:1772년

September 15

September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). There are 107 days remaining.

Events

- 608 - Saint Boniface IV becomes Pope.
- 921 - Saint Ludmila is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin.
- 1514 - Thomas Wolsey is appointed Archbishop of York.
- 1556 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V returns to Spain.
- 1584 - San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid is finished.
- 1590 - Giambattista Catagna is elected as Pope Urban VII.
- 1644 - Giambattista Pamfili becomes Pope Innocent X, succeeding Pope Urban VIII.
- 1656 - England & France sign peace treaty.
- 1683 - Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. is founded by 13 immigrant families.
- 1749 - According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moves outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: British land at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
- 1789 - The United States Department of State is established (formerly known as Department of Foreign Affairs).
- 1812 - The French army under Napoleon reaches the Kremlin in Moscow.
- 1821 - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua jointly declare independence from Spain.
- 1830 - The Liverpool to Manchester railway line opens (see also deaths, below).
- 1831 - The locomotive John Bull operates for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
- 1835 - The HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reaches the Galápagos Islands.
- 1851 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1857 - Timothy Alder patents the typesetting machine.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Confederate forces capture Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
- 1873 - Franco-Prussian War: The last German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity.
- 1883 - The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in Bombay (now Mumbai), India.
- 1894 - First Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeats China in the Battle of Ping Yang.
- 1914 - World War I: The Battle of Aisne begins between Germany and France.
- 1916 - World War I: Tanks are used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somme.
- 1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.
- 1928 - Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an English cricket season.
- 1931 - In Scotland, the two-day Invergordon Mutiny against Royal Navy pay cuts begins.
- 1935 - Nuremberg Laws deprive German Jews of citizenship.
- 1935 - Nazi Germany adopts a new national flag with the swastika.
- 1940 - World War II: The Battle of Britain ends with a Royal Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe.
- 1941 - The U.S. Attorney General rules that the Neutrality Act is not violated when U.S. ships carry war materiel to British territories, opening the door for the Lend-Lease Act.
- 1942 - World War II: The U.S. aircraft carrier USS Wasp is torpedoed at Guadalcanal.
- 1944 - Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet in Quebec as part of the Octagon Conference to discuss strategy.
- 1945 - A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
- 1946 - Baseball: The Brooklyn Dodgers are beating the Chicago Cubs, 2-0, in the 5th inning when a swarm of gnats causes the game to be postponed.
- 1947 - RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
- 1948 - The F-86 Sabre sets the world aircraft speed record at 1080 km/h.
- 1949 - The television series The Lone Ranger premieres on the ABC.
- 1950 - Korean War: United States forces land at Incheon, Korea.
- 1951 - Gentlemen Prefer Blondes closes on Broadway in New York City after 740 performances.
- 1952 - United Nations gives Eritrea to Ethiopia.
- 1954 - The U.S. Postal Service issues its 2¢ Thomas Jefferson Liberty Series stamp.
- 1955 - The I Love Lucy episode featuring John Wayne premieres.
- 1957 - West Germany holds its third parliamentary election. Konrad Adenauer remains chancellor.
- 1958 - A New Jersey commuter train crashes through a drawbridge, killing 48.
- 1959 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first Soviet leader to visit the United States.
- 1961 - Hurricane Carla strikes Texas with winds of 175 miles per hour.
- 1962 - The Soviet ship Poltava heads toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- 1963 - The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing kills four children at an African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
- 1964 - The Beatles play at a public auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
- 1964 - The Sun newspaper launches, replacing the Daily Herald.
- 1965 - The television series Lost in Space premieres.
- 1966 - The spaceship Gemini XI, with astronauts Pete Conrad and Dick Gordon aboard, returns to earth.
- 1967 - Former U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas, writes a letter to the United States Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
- 1968 - The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship is launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere.
- 1969 - Baseball: St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Steve Carlton sets a record by striking out 19 New York Mets in a single game.
- 1971 - Baseball: In a game against the Houston Astros, Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves hit his 636th home run, tying Mickey Mantle for third spot on the career home runs list.
- 1972 - A magnitude 4.5 earthquake shakes Northern Illinois.
- 1973 - Secretariat wins the Marlboro Cup in world record time.
- 1974 - Air Vietnam flight 727 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.
- 1975 - The French department of Corse (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
- 1975 - Pink Floyd releases the album Wish You Were Here in the US and UK.
- 1976 - Soyuz 22 carries two cosmonauts into earth orbit for eight days.
- 1978 - Muhammad Ali beats Leon Spinks for the world heavyweight boxing title.
- 1980 - Paul McCartney releases "Temporary Secretary".
- 1981 - The United States Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O'Connor to the United States Supreme Court.
- 1981 - The John Bull becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, DC.
- 1982 - The first issue of USA Today is published by Gannett.
- 1983 - Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigns.
- 1985 - Willie Nelson's Farm Aid concert begins.
- 1986 - First broadcast of the TV show LA Law on NBC.
- 1987 - U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign a treaty to establish centers to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
- 1988 - Lillehammer, Norway, beats Anchorage, Alaska, United States, to host the 1994 Winter Olympics.
- 1989 - The U.S. Congress recognizes Terry Anderson's continued captivity in Beirut.
- 1990 - France announces it will send 4,000 troops to the Persian Gulf.
- 1993 - Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbands parliament.
- 1994 - Muslim fundamentalists kidnap & behead 16 people in Algeria.
- 1997 - Norwegian parliamentary election, 1997
- 1997 - Hastings Wise murders four at the R.E. Phelon Company lawn mower parts manufacturing factory in Aiken, South Carolina. The only possible motive for the murders was Hastings' dismissal from his job eleven weeks earlier.
- 1998 - WorldCom and MCI Communications finish their landmark merger, forming MCI WorldCom which would later be renamed WorldCom and become the largest bankruptcy in United States history.
- 2000 - The 27th Summer Olympics opens in Sydney, Australia.
- 2001 - Alex Zanardi, driving in a CART race is injured in Germany, resulting in both legs being amputated below the knee.
- 2004 - Davíð Oddsson the longest serving Prime Minister of Iceland, steps down after serving in office from 1991, and becomes minister for foreign affairs. At the time he was the longest serving PM in Europe
- 2005 - Kenny Chesney and Renee Zellwegger file for divorce after four months of marriage.

Births

- 973 - Al-Biruni, mathematician (d. 1048)
- 1254 - Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)
- 1580 - Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (d. 1659)
- 1613 - François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (d. 1680)
- 1649 - Titus Oates, English minister and plotter (d. 1705)
- 1715 - Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery specialist (d. 1789)
- 1789 - James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (d. 1851)
- 1828 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov, Russian chemist (d. 1886)
- 1857 - William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Supreme Court Justice (d. 1930)
- 1876 - Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962)
- 1879 - Joseph Lyons, tenth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1939)
- 1881 - Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile engineer and designer (d. 1947)
- 1883 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950)
- 1889 - Robert Benchley, American author (d. 1945)
- 1890 - Agatha Christie, English writer (d. 1976)
- 1890 - Frank Martin, Swiss composer (d. 1974)
- 1894 - Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979)
- 1898 - J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist (d. 1936)
- 1901 - Sir Donald Bailey, British engineer (d. 1985)
- 1903 - Roy Acuff, American musician (d. 1992)
- 1904 - King Umberto II of Italy (d. 1983)
- 1907 - Fay Wray, Canadian-born actress (d. 2004)
- 1908 - Penny Singleton, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1913 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
- 1914 - Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)
- 1922 - Jackie Cooper, American actor and director
- 1924 - Bobby Short, American musician (d. 2005)
- 1926 - Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
- 1928 - Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 1975)
- 1929 - Eva Burrows, Salvation Army general
- 1929 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1933 - Henry Darrow, American actor
- 1933 - Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor
- 1937 - Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1938 - Gaylord Perry, baseball player
- 1940 - Merlin Olsen, American football player and actor
- 1941 - Flórián Albert, Hungarian footballer
- 1946 - Tommy Lee Jones, American actor
- 1946 - Oliver Stone, American film director
- 1949 - Joe Barton, American politician
- 1951 - Johan Neeskens, Dutch football player
- 1961 - Dan Marino, American football player
- 1969 - Jim Curtiss, American writer
- 1976 - Paul Thomson, Scottish drummer (Franz Ferdinand)
- 1978 - Eidur Gudjohnsen, Icelandic footballer
- 1979 - Amy Davidson, American actress
- 1984 - Prince Harry of Wales

Deaths

- 1500 - John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1596 - Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535)
- 1613 - Thomas Overbury, English writer (murdered) (b. 1581)
- 1643 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)
- 1649 - John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)
- 1700 - André Le Nôtre, French landscape architect (b. 1613)
- 1701 - Edmé Boursault, French writer (b. 1638)
- 1707 - George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (b. 1663)
- 1712 - Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician
- 1750 - Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
- 1794 - Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1725)
- 1803 - Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719)
- 1830 - William Huskisson, first rail fatality
- 1842 - Pierre Baillot, French violinict and composer (b. 1771)
- 1859 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (b. 1806)
- 1864 - John Hanning Speke, British explorer (b. 1827)
- 1885 - Jumbo, P. T. Barnum's circus elephant (hit by a train)
- 1893 - Thomas Hawksley, English civil engineer (b. 1807)
- 1926 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
- 1930 - Milton Sills, American actor (b. 1882)
- 1945 - André Tardieu, Prime Minister of France (b. 1876)
- 1945 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (shot) (b. 1883)
- 1965 - Steve Brown, American musician (b. 1890)
- 1972 - Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887)
- 1973 - King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (b. 1882)
- 1980 - Bill Evans, American jazz pianist (b. 1929)
- 1989 - Robert Penn Warren, American writer (b. 1905)
- 2003 - Jack Brymer, English clarinetist (b. 1915)
- 2003 - Josef Hirsal, Czech novelist (b. 1920)
- 2004 - Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (prostate cancer) (b. 1948)

Holidays and observances

- In Slovakia - Holyday of the Seven sorrows of Virgin Maria
- In ancient Greece, the second day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the priests of Demeter declared the public start of the rites.
- Independence Day from Spain (1821) for Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, celebrated everywhere with marches from schoolchildren.
- RC Saints - Feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows.
- Also see September 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
- Britain - the British commemorate the Battle of Britain on the day of the last massive Luftwaffe attack in 1940.
- Japan - Respect for the Aged Day before 2003; beginning in 2003, Respect for the Aged Day is held on the third Monday of September.
- Bulgaria - The first day of school.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/15 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 14 · September 16 · August 15 · October 15 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 15일 ja:9月15日 simple:September 15 th:15 กันยายน

1834

1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 - Abolition of customs charges at borders within Germany.
- January 3 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City
- January 13 - John Mason Cook, whom JMC Air is named after was born.
- January 25 - Hillsborough County was created by Florida's territorial legislature.
- March 6 - York, Upper Canada is incorporated as Toronto.
- March 18 - The Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorset farm labourers, are sentenced to be transported to a penal colony for forming a trade union
- March 28 - The United States Senate censures President Andrew Jackson for his actions in defunding the Second Bank of the United States
- June 7 - Greek independence general Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released next year)
- June 14 - Isaac Fischer, Jr. patents sandpaper
- July 16 - William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- July 24 - End of the Liberal Wars in Portugal
- August 1 - Slavery abolished in the British Empire
- August 14 - Poor Law Amendment Act states that no able-bodied British man can receive assistance unless he enters a workhouse
- August 15 - South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there
- October 16 - Much of the Palace of Westminster is destroyed by fire
- November 11 - The rare 1804 silver dollar coin is struck by the United States Mint
- November 24 - George Sand begins her journal to Alfred de Musset.
- December 10 - Sir Robert Peel succeeds Lord Melbourne as Prime Minister of the U.K.
- Abolition of slavery comes into effect in British Empire
- Failed pro-republic uprising in Piedmont – one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi
- New Poor Law in England
- Last hanging in chains upon a gibbet in England - James Cook for murder
- Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 13th century, was suppressed.
- British East India Company monopoly on China trade ended
- Sixth Kaffir War; severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony. Dutch speaking settlers colonize area north of Orange River
- The Hansom cab is patented
- Louis Braille perfects his Braille system
- The Exchequer was abolished as a revenue collecting department of the British government.
- Worcester Academy is founded as the Worcester County Manual Labor High School.
- Indian Trade and Intercourse Act renewed

Births

- January 7 - Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and inventor (d. 1874)
- February 8 - Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (d. 1907)
- February 9 - Felix Dahn, German author (d. 1912)
- February 16 - Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and philosopher (d. 1919)
- March 16 - James Hector, Scottish geologist (d. 1907)
- March 17 - Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and inventor (d. 1900)
- March 20 - Charles W. Eliot, American President of Harvard University (d. 1926)
- March 23 - Julius Reubke, German composer (d. 1858).
- March 24 - William Morris, English poet and artist (d. 1896)
- March 24 - John Wesley Powell, American explorer (d. 1902)
- April 1 - Big Jim Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)
- April 2 - Frédéric Bartholdi, French sculptor (d. 1904)
- May 23 - Carl Heinrich Bloch, Danish sculptor (d. 1890)
- June 19 - Charles Spurgeon, English Baptist preacher (d. 1892)
- July 10 - James McNeill Whistler, American painter and etcher (d. 1903)
- July 19 - Edgar Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
- August 4 - John Venn, British mathematician (d. 1923)
- August 22 - Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (d. 1906)
- August 31 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (d. 1886)
- October 8 - Walter Kittredge, American composer (d. 1905)

Deaths

- January 17 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)
- February 2 - Lorenzo Dow, American minister (b. 1777)
- February 12 - Friedrich Schleiermacher, German theologian (b. 1768)
- March 2 - José Cecilo del Valle, first President of Central America (b. 1780)
- April 10 - John 'Merino' MacArthur, Australian farmer (b. 1767)
- April 11 - John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, English philanthropist and patron of the arts and sciences (b. 1757)
- May 20 - Marquis de la Fayette, French nobleman and soldier (b. 1757)
- July 12 - David Douglas, Scottish botanist (b. 1799)
- July 14 - Edmond Charles Genêt, French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b. 1763)
- July 25 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English writer (b. 1772)
- August 7 - Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (b. 1752)
- August 17 - Husein Gradaščević, Bosniak rebel leader (b. 1802)
- September 2 - Thomas Telford, Scottish engineer (b. 1757)
- September 9 - James Weddell, Antarctic explorer (b. 1787)
- September 16 - William Blackwood, English writer (b. 1776)
- September 24 - Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1798)
- October 8 - François-Adrien Boieldieu, French composer (b. 1775)
- October 11 - William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier, British Navy officer, politician and diplomat (b. 1786)
- December 23 - Thomas Malthus, English economist and political philosopher (b. 1766)
- December 27 - Charles Lamb, English essayist (b. 1775) Category:1834 ko:1834년 ms:1834 simple:1834 th:พ.ศ. 2377

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded¹ from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dis