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Wilkes Land
Wilkes Land is the largest district of the Australian Antarctic Territory in Eastern Antarctica, fronting on the southern Indian Ocean between Queen Mary Coast and Adelie Land, extending from from Cape Hordern in 100°31'E to Pourquoi Pas Point, in 136°11E. The region extends as a sector about 2600 km towards the South Pole, with an estimated land area of 2,600,000 km2, mostly glaciated. It is further subdivided in the following coastal areas which can also be thought of as sectors extending to the South Pole:
#Knox Land 100°31' E to 109°16' E
#Budd Land 109°16' E to 115°33' E
#Sabrina Land 115°33' E to 122°05' E
#Banzare Land 122°05' E to 130°10'E
#Clarie Land (Wilkes Coast) 130°10'E to 136°11' E
In a wider sense, Wilkes Land extends further East to Point Alden in 142°02'E, thereby including Adelie Land, which is claimed by France.
Named for Rear Admiral (then-lieutenant) Charles Wilkes, American explorer who was in command of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838–42. The name has been applied over this extent in recognition of the fact that Wilkes recognized the phenomena of the continental margin over a distance of 1,500 miles of coast and thus first provided substantial proof that Antarctica is a continent. This definition of extent excludes the area east of 142°02'E, George V Land, which was sighted by Wilkes but has been shown by later expeditions to be farther south than the positions originally assigned by him.
Category:Geography of Antarctica
Australian Antarctic TerritoryThe Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia. It consists of all the islands and territory south of 60° S and between 44°38' E and 160° E, except for Adélie Land (136°11' E to 142°02' E), which divides the territory into Western AAT (the larger portion) and Eastern AAT. It is bounded by Dronning Maud Land in the West and by Ross Dependency in the East. The area is estimated at 6,119,818 km2. The territory is only inhabited by the staff of research stations. The main station is Mawson Station. However, since Australia's signature of the Antarctic Treaty, territorial claims are effectively suspended, and the Australian Antarctic Division administers the area primarily by supporting various research projects.
Subdivisions
The territory is divided into nine districts, which are from West to East:
Stations
Active and closed stations in the territory, from West to East:
History
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transfered territory south of 60° S and between meridans 160 W and 45 W to Australia. The borders with Adélie Land were fixed definitively in 1938. In 1947, Britain transferred Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island to the territory. On 11 February 1954, Mawson Station was established as the first Australian station on the continent proper.
Postage stamps
Mawson Station
Nevertheless, Australia issues postage stamps for the territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.
External links
- [http://www.aad.gov.au/ Australian Antarctic Division]
- [http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/database/mapcat/antarctica/v4_99_00.pdf PDF-Map of the AAT]
- [http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/search_names.cfm Australian Antarctic Gazetteer]
- [http://south.aari.nw.ru/default_en.html Russian stations]
Category:Geography of Antarctica
Category:Australian states and territories
Category:Philately by country
Antarctica
:For the Kim Stanley Robinson novel, see Antarctica (novel)
Antarctica (from Greek ἀνταρκτικός, "opposite the Arctic") is a continent surrounding the Earth's South Pole. It is the coldest place on Earth and is almost entirely covered by ice; however, it is also the world's largest desert.
Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") go back to antiquity, the first commonly accepted sighting of the continent occurred in 1820 and the first verified landing in 1821 by the Russian expedition of Mikhail Lazarev and Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. (See also History of Antarctica.)
With an area of 13,200,000 km², Antarctica is the fifth largest continent, after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. However, it is by far the smallest in population: indeed, it has no permanent population at all. It is also the continent with the highest average altitude, and the lowest average humidity of any continent on Earth, as well as the lowest average temperature.
It has been assigned the Internet ccTLD .aq.
Antarctic climate
.aq
Antarctica is the coldest place on earth. Temperatures reach a minimum of between -85 and -90 degrees Celsius in the winter and about 30 degrees higher in the summer months. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the center cold and dry. There is little precipitation over the central portion of the continent, but ice there can last for extended time periods. However, heavy snowfalls are not uncommon on the costal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 48 inches in 48 hours have been recorded. Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is, on average, 2.5 kilometers thick.
At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, however, windspeeds are often moderate.
Depending on the latitude, long periods of constant darkness, or constant sunlight, mean that climates familiar to humans are not generally available on the continent.
Geography
katabatic wind
The continent of Antarctica is located mostly south of the Antarctic Circle, surrounded by the Southern Ocean. Physically Antarctica is divided in two by mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion of the continent west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called Western Antarctica and the remainder Eastern Antarctica, since they correspond roughly to the eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian. Western Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
See also: Extreme points of Antarctica, Antarctic territories.
Population
It is usually estimated that at a given time there are at least 1,000 people living in Antarctica. This varies considerably with season.
Generally, stations use their home country's time zone, but not always; where known, a base's UTC offset is listed. Although Antarctica has no permanent residents, a number of governments maintain permanent research stations throughout the continent. Many of the stations are staffed around the year. These include:
staffed
- Akademik Vernadsky Station, Galindez Island, (), ( UKR)
- Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, South Pole United States Antarctic Program
- Belgrano II, () Laboratory and meteorological station Argentine southernmost base (since 1979).
- Bellingshausen Station, King George Island ()
- Bernardo O'Higgins Station, Antarctic Peninsula, Chilean Army.
- Casey, Vincennes Bay ( Australian Antarctic Division) (UTC+8)
- Comandante Ferraz Station, King George Island ()
- Concordia Research Station, (75° S 123° E),
- Dakshin Gangotri Station, Indian Antarctic Program
- Davis, Princess Elizabeth Land ( Australian Antarctic Division) (UTC+7)
- Dumont d'Urville Station () (UTC+10)
- Eduardo Frei Montalva Station and Villa Las Estrellas, King George Island, Chilean Air Force.
- Esperanza () Laboratory and meteorological station (since 1952). Radio LRA Arcángel, School #38 Julio A. Roca (since 1978), tourist facilities.
- General Artigas Station ()
- Georg von Neumayer Station, () (Atka-Bay) (Alfred Wegener Institute )
- Great Wall Station (), King George Island ()
- Halley Research Station () British Antarctic Survey
- Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (), King George Island
- Jubany, (), since 1953 ()
- King Sejong Station (), King George Island, since 1988 ()
- Machu Picchu Research Station, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, summer base established in 1989.
- Macquarie Island ( Australian Antarctic Division)
- Maitri Station, () near Schirmacher Region ( Indian Antarctic Program)
- Marambio Base, () Seymour-Marambio Island. Laboratory, meteorological station, 1.2 km long, 30 m wide landing track (since 1969) () [http://www.marambio.aq website]
- Mawson Station, Mac Robertson Land ( Australian Antarctic Division) (UTC+6)
- McMurdo Station, Ross Island () (UTC+12, follows New Zealand DST)
- Mirny Station () ()
- Mizuho Station () (National Institute of Polar Research )
- Molodezhnaya Station () ()
- Novolazarevskaya Station, Dronning Maud Land () ()
- Orcadas () Orcadas Islands (since 1904)()
- Palmer Station, Anvers Island () (UTC-4, follows Chilean DST)
- Professor Julio Escudero base, King George Island.
- Progress Station () ()
- Rothera Research Station () British Antarctic Survey (UTC-3)
- San Martín Station () (since 1951) Laboratory and Meteorological measurements ()
- SANAE (South African National Antarctic Expeditions), on the Fimbul Coastal Ice Shelf in Queen Maud Land
- Saint Climent Ohridski () (since 1988) Biology Research, Laboratory and Meteorological measurements. First Orthodox Church - St. Ivan Rilski ()
- Scott Base, () Ross Island () (UTC+12, follows New Zealand DST)
- Showa Station () (National Institute of Polar Research ) (GMT+3)
- Troll Station (Norwegian Polar Institute), () Queen Maud Land ()
- Vostok, Antarctica () () (UTC+6)
- Zhongshan (Sun Yet-Sen) Station () ()
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born in Antarctica (Base Esperanza) in 1978, his parents being sent there along with seven other families.
Emilio Marcos Palma
Communications
The international dialing code for Antarctica is +672.
Antarctica has wireless telephone services. There is a single cell tower using AMPS technology at Argentina's Marambio Base and an Entel Chile GSM tower on King George Island. Communications are otherwise limited to satellite connections.
Radio frequencies that can be used are FM2 and shortwave 1.
Military
The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature in Antarctica, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon. It permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes.
The United States military issues the Antarctica Service Medal to those members of the military or civilians who perform research duty on the Antarctica continent. The medal, including the winter-over bar issued to those who remain on the continent for two complete, six-month seasons, is properly awarded by the United States Congress.
The only documented large-scale land military maneuver was "Operación 90," undertaken 10 years before the Antarctic Treaty by the Argentinian military.
See also
- South Pole
- Southern Ocean
- Antarctic Treaty System
- Climate of Antarctica
- Communications in Antarctica
- Demographics of Antarctica
- Ecology of Antarctica
- Economy of Antarctica
- Flags of Antarctica
- History of Antarctica
- Antarctica territories
- List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands
- Transportation in Antarctica
- Mount Erebus disaster
- Antarctic Stamps
- Diamond dust, an Antarctic optical phenomenon
- Life in the Freezer, a BBC television series on life on and around Antarctica
- Extreme points of Antarctica
- Wildlife of Antarctica - Krill, Penguins, Pinniped (Seals, Sea Lions, Fur seal), Whales
- Ice, Iceberg, Ice shelf, Glacier
External links
- [http://www.70south.com 70South]
- [http://www.ats.org.ar Antarctic Treaty Secretariat]
- [http://www.anetstation.com ANetStation]
- [http://www.add.scar.org The Antarctic Digital Database - a source of digital topographic map data for Antarctica]
- [http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/historia/antarti_hist.htm Argentine Antarctic history]
- [http://www.aad.gov.au/ Australian Antarctic Division]
- [http://www.antarctica.ac.uk British Antarctic Survey]
- [http://www.comnap.aq/ Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP)], official homepage.
- [http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Polar/index.html German Antarctic Ships and Stations]
- [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/frd/antarctica/antarctica.html Portals on the World - Antarctica] from the Library of Congress
- [http://www.polarmuseum.sp.ru/Eng/ The Russian State Museum of Arctic and Antarctic]
- [http://www.scar.org The Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research - coordinating body for Antarctic Science]
- [http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html Antarctic Research Stations]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ay.html The World Factbook – Antarctica] from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
- [http://www.70south.com Latest Antarctic news and information by 70South]
- [http://www.planetavivo.org/english/ResearchPrograms/Antarctica/SlideShows/ArdleyIsland/ArdleyIsland1.html Biodiversity at Ardley Island, South Shetland archipelago, Antarctica]
- [http://www.iaato.org International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO)]
Category:Continents
Category:Antarctica
Category:Special territories
Category:Lists of coordinates
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zh-min-nan:Lâm-ke̍k-tāi-lio̍k
Queen Mary CoastQueen Mary Coast () is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between Cape Filchner, in 91° 54' E, and Cape Hordern, at 100° 30' E. It was discovered in February 1912 by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-14) under the leadership of Douglas Mawson, who named it for Queen Mary of England.
Category:Geography of Antarctica
Adélie LandAdélie Land is the portion of the Antarctic coast between Pourquoi Pas Point at 66°12'S, 136°11'E and Point Alden at 66°48'S, 142°02'E, with a shore length of 350 km and with its hinterland extending as a sector about 2600 km toward the South Pole. It is one of four districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Since the land is all South of the 60° parallel, its affiliation with the French Southern and Antarctic Lands is suspended by the Antarctic Treaty. The land area, mostly ice covered, is estimated at 432 000 km2.
Since January 12, 1956, there has been a permanently staffed French research base, Dumont d'Urville Station, with a winter population of 33, which goes up to 78 in the Antarctic summer. The first French station, Port Martin, was built April 9, 1950 at 66°49'S, 141°23'E, but destroyed by fire on January 21, 1952. France has also maintained an inland station on the Antarctic ice sheet, 300 km from the coast and from Dumont d'Urville Station, at an elevation of 2400 meters, Charcot Station at 69°22'S, 139°01'E, from January 1957 to 1960, which housed only three men.
Adélie Land borders on the Australian Antarctic Territory both West and East, namely on Claire Land (part of Wilkes Land) in the West, and George V Land in the East.
The coast was discovered in 1837 by French explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville, who named it after his wife, Adélie.
See also
- List of places named after people
External link
- [http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Terre_Adelie.shtml Further Information]
Category:Geography of Antarctica
Sector
A sector is a part of a whole. As a well the specific usages below, it can also be used metaphorically, referring to a generic piece or portion of something.
- Sector is an unincoporated community in West Virginia, in the United States.
- sector can refer to a geographic subdivision, zone, region, area, especially one that is assigned to a military control. For example, Allied Occupation Zones in Germany.
- In Euclidean plane geometry, a sector is a "pie-shaped" part of a disk enclosed by two radii and an arc. In the special case of the circle being divided into 4 equal sectors, they are called quadrants; divided into 8 equal sectors, they are called octants.
- In the context of computer hardware, a sector is a sub-division of a track of a magnetic hard disk or optical disc. A sector stores a fixed amount of data. The typical formatting of sectors allows holding 512 bytes (e.g. harddisks and diskettes) or 2048 bytes (e.g. optical discs) of data. (See also Cylinder-head-sector, hard disk drive partitioning, FAT.)
- In economics, economic activity is often categorised into sectors, in a variety of schemes. For example private sector vs public sector; service sector vs manufacturing sector; primary sector/ secondary sector/ tertiary sector.
- In Formula 1, a sector is a section of the track defined for timing purposes. There are usually 2 or 3 sectors on a track.
Point AldenPoint Alden is an ice-covered point with rock exposures along the seaward side. The point marks the western side of the entrance to Commonwealth Bay and the division between Adélie Coast and George V Coast in Antarctica. Discovered on January 30, 1840 by the USEE under Lt. Charles Wilkes, and named by him for Lt. James Alden of the expedition's flagship Vincennes.
Alden, Point
Adélie LandAdélie Land is the portion of the Antarctic coast between Pourquoi Pas Point at 66°12'S, 136°11'E and Point Alden at 66°48'S, 142°02'E, with a shore length of 350 km and with its hinterland extending as a sector about 2600 km toward the South Pole. It is one of four districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Since the land is all South of the 60° parallel, its affiliation with the French Southern and Antarctic Lands is suspended by the Antarctic Treaty. The land area, mostly ice covered, is estimated at 432 000 km2.
Since January 12, 1956, there has been a permanently staffed French research base, Dumont d'Urville Station, with a winter population of 33, which goes up to 78 in the Antarctic summer. The first French station, Port Martin, was built April 9, 1950 at 66°49'S, 141°23'E, but destroyed by fire on January 21, 1952. France has also maintained an inland station on the Antarctic ice sheet, 300 km from the coast and from Dumont d'Urville Station, at an elevation of 2400 meters, Charcot Station at 69°22'S, 139°01'E, from January 1957 to 1960, which housed only three men.
Adélie Land borders on the Australian Antarctic Territory both West and East, namely on Claire Land (part of Wilkes Land) in the West, and George V Land in the East.
The coast was discovered in 1837 by French explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville, who named it after his wife, Adélie.
See also
- List of places named after people
External link
- [http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Terre_Adelie.shtml Further Information]
Category:Geography of Antarctica
Charles Wilkes
Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer and explorer. He is particularly noted for his 1838–1842 Pacific expedition as well as for his role in the Trent Affair during the Civil War.
Early life and career
Wilkes was born in New York City. He was born in 1798 as the great nephew of the former Lord Mayor of London John Wilkes. His mother was Mary Seton who died in 1802 while Charles was three years old. As a result, Charles was raised by his Aunt, Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American-born woman to be canonized a saint by the Catholic Church. When Elizabeth was left widowed with five children, Charles was sent to a boarding school. He later went to Columbia College now known as Columbia University. He entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1818, and became a lieutenant in 1826.
In 1833, for his survey of Narragansett Bay, he was placed in charge of the Navy's Department of Charts and Instruments, out of which developed the Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office.
The South Seas expedition
In 1838, although an inexperienced leader, Wilkes was given command of a government exploring expedition intended to provide accurate naval charts for the whaling industry, which had been authorized by Congress in 1836.
The United States Exploring Expedition, commonly known as the Wilkes Expedition, included naturalists, botanists, a mineralogist, taxidermists, artists and a philologist, and was carried by the sloops-of-war Vincennes (780 tons) and Peacock (650 tons), the brig Porpoise (230 tons), the store-ship Relief, and two tenders, Sea Gull (110 tons) and Flying Fish (96 tons).
Flying Fish
Leaving Hampton Roads on August 18, 1838, it stopped at the Madeira Islands and Rio de Janeiro; visited Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Peru, the Tuamotu Archipelago, Samoa, and New South Wales; from Sydney sailed into the Antarctic Ocean in December 1839 and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands"; visited Fiji and the Hawaiian Islands in 1840, explored the west coast of the United States, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, the Columbia River, San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River, in 1841, and returned by way of the Philippines, the Sulu Archipelago, Borneo, Singapore, Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope, reaching New York on June 10, 1842.
After having completely encircled the globe (his was the last all-sail naval mission to do so), Wilkes had logged some 87,000 miles and lost two ships and 28 men. Wilkes was court-martialled on his return, but was acquitted on all charges except that of illegally punishing men in his squadron. For a short time he was attached to the Coast Survey, but from 1844 to 1861 he was chiefly engaged in preparing the report of the expedition.
His Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (5 volumes and an atlas) were published in 1844. He edited the scientific reports of the expedition (20 volumes and 11 atlases, 1844–1874) and was the author of Vol. XI (Meteorology) and Vol. XIII (Hydrography). The Narrative contains much interesting material concerning the manners and customs and political and economic conditions in many places then little known. Other valuable contributions were the three reports of James Dwight Dana on Zoophytes (1846), Geology (1849) and Crustacea (1852-1854). Moreover, the specimens and artifacts brought back by expedition scientists ultimately formed the foundation for the Smithsonian Institution collection. In addition to many shorter articles and reports, Wilkes published the major scientific works Western America, including California and Oregon in 1849, and Theory of the Winds in 1856.
The Civil War
At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Wilkes (who had reached the rank of commander in 1843 and that of captain in 1855) was assigned to the command of the San Jacinto to search for the Confederate commerce destroyer Sumter.
The Trent Affair
On November 8, 1861, he stopped the British mail packet Trent, and took off the Confederate commissioners to Europe, James Murray Mason and John Slidell. Though he was officially thanked by Congress, his action was later disavowed by President Lincoln. His next service was in the James River flotilla, but after reaching the rank of commodore, on July 16, 1862, he was assigned to duty against blockade runners in the West Indies.
Promotion controversy
Despite his accomplishments, Wilkes acquired a reputation as an arrogant, cruel, and capricious leader.
Wilkes was disrated (becoming a captain on the retired list) in November, 1862, on the ground that he had been too old to receive the rank of commodore under the act then governing promotions, and engaged in a long controversy with Gideon Welles, secretary of the navy. This controversy ended in his being court-martialled in 1864 and being found guilty on several counts and sentenced to public reprimand and suspension for three years. But on July 25, 1866, he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on the retired list.
Last Years
Wilkes' obsessive behavior and harsh code of shipboard discipline reportedly shaped Herman Melville's characterization of Captain Ahab in Moby Dick.
Wilkes died in Washington, D.C. on February 8, 1877.
In August 1909, the United States paid its final tribute to the controversial Wilkes by moving his remains to Arlington National Cemetery.
Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington National Cemetery
References
-
- W. Bixby, The Forgotten Voyage of Charles Wilkes, 1966.
- R. Silverberg, Stormy Voyager, 1968.
- A. Gurney, The Race to the White Continent, 2000.
- N. Philbrick, Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, 2003.
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkes, Charles
1842
1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).
Events
- February 7 - Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien in the Battle of Debre Tabor
- February 21 - John J. Greenough patents the sewing machine.
- March 5 - Mexican troops led by Rafael Vasquez invade Texas briefly occupy San Antonio and then head back to the Rio Grande. This is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution.
- March 30 - Anesthesia is used for the first time in an operation (Dr. Crawford Long performed the operation using ether).
- March 31 - Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway line opened up to Werneth in North West England.
- May 8 - Two trains collide in Paris and catch fire - 59 dead
- May 19 - Dorr Rebellion - militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island but are repulsed
- June 4 - In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into British military base in Grahamstown to warn that Boers have besieged Durban. He had left 11 days earlier. British army dispatches a relief force
- August 9 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.
- December 23 - In a meeting with Akhbar Khan, his men seize Sir William Macnaghten and tear him to pieces
Month/day unknown
- Sons of Temperance founded in New York City.
- Massacre of Elphinstone's British army on the road from Kabul to Jallalabad, Afghanistan, by Mohammed Akbar, son of Dost Mohammed Khan
- August 29 - Treaty of Nanking signing ends the First Opium War
- British Empire annexes Hong Kong
- Pentonville Prison built.
- New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland
- Ohio's Wesleyan University is established.
- University of Notre Dame is founded by Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross.
- Scroll and Key secret society of Yale University established.
- Commonwealth v. Hunt makes strikes and unions legal in the United States.
- First pils beer brewed in the Chech city of Pilsen. The Pilz is the original lager beer of which all modern lagers are copies.
Births
- February 3 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (d. 1881)
- February 4 - Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (d. 1918)
- February 25 - Karl May, German writer (d. 1912)
- March 10 - Mykola Lysenko, Ukrainian composer (d. 1912)
- March 18 - Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (d. 1898)
- May 8 - Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (d. 1909)
- May 13 - Arthur Sullivan, English composer (d. 1900)
- June 12 - Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer (d. 1866)
- August 23 - Osborne Reynolds, Irish engineer and physicist (d. 1912)
- September 13 - John H. Bankhead, U.S. Senator (d. 1920)
- September 21 - Abd-ul-Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1918)
- October 14 - Joe Start, baseball player (d. 1927)
- November 12 - John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- December 2 - C. W. Alcock, English footballer and football official (d. 1907)
- December 9 - Peter Kropotkin, Russian anarchist (d. 1921)
- Anna Elizabeth Dickenson, American orator (d. 1932)
Deaths
- March 13 - Henry Shrapnel, English soldier and inventor (b. 1761)
- March 15 - Luigi Cherubini, Italian composer (b. 1760)
- March 23 - Stendhal, French writer (b. 1783)
- April 4 - Jean Moufot, French philosopher and mathematician (b. 1784)
- May 8 - Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (b. 1790)
- July 25 - Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (b. 1766)
- July 28 - Clemens Brentano, German poet (b. 1778)
- September 15 - Francisco Morazán, President of Central America (b. 1792)
Category:1842
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