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Werner Von Siemens

Werner von Siemens

Ernst Werner von Siemens (December 13, 1816 – December 6, 1892) was a German inventor and industrialist. Werner Siemens was born in Lenthe, near Hanover, Germany; the fourth child (of fourteen) of a tenant farmer. He left school without finishing his education, but joined the army to undertake training in engineering. After starting a company (see below), one brother represented him in England (Sir William Siemens) and another in St.Petersburg, Russia (Carl von Siemens), each earning separate recognition in their own right. Following his industrial career, he was ennobled in 1888, becoming Werner von Siemens. He retired from his company in 1890 and died in 1892. Siemens invented a telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, instead of using Morse code. Based on this invention, he founded the company Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske – later Siemens AG – on October 1, 1847, with the company taking occupation of its workshop on October 12. On December 14, 1877 he received German patent No. 2355 for an electromechanical "dynamic" or moving-coil transducer, which was adapted by A. L. Thuras and E. C. Wente for the Bell System in the late 1920s for use as a loudspeaker. Wente's adaptation was issued US patent 1,707,545 in 1929. Siemens' name has been adopted as the SI unit of electrical conductance, the siemens.

Family

Brothers:
- Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later known as Sir William Siemens (1823-1883)
- Carl Heinrich von Siemens (1829-1906) Sons:
- Arnold von Siemens (1853-1918)
- Georg Wilhelm von Siemens (1855-1919)
- Carl Friedrich von Siemens (1872-1941) Nephews:
- Hermann von Siemens (1885-1986)
- Ernst von Siemens (1903-1990)
- Peter von Siemens (1911-1986)

External links


- [http://w4.siemens.de/archiv/en/persoenlichkeiten/gruender/werner.html Corporate biography]
- [http://www.wernervonsiemens.com Werner von Siemens.com Telecom Pioneers by Phonebook of the World]
- [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/loudspeaker.html Loudspeaker History]

References

# Ed. M. D. Fagen, "A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years", Bell Laboratories, 1975, P. 183. Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Ernst Werner von Category:Siemens Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Ernst Werner von ja:ヴェルナー・フォン・ジーメンス

December 13

December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 18 days remaining.

Events


- 1545 - Council of Trent begins.
- 1577 - Sir Francis Drake sets out from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.
- 1642 - Abel Janszoon Tasman reaches New Zealand.
- 1643 - English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire.
- 1862 - American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the Union Major General Ambrose E. Burnside.
- 1937 - Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanjing - Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese.
- 1938 - Holocaust: 100 deportees from Sachsenhausen build the Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg.
- 1939 - World War II: Battle of the River Plate - Captain Hans Langsdorff of the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee engages with Royal Navy cruisers HMS Exeter, HMS Ajax and HMNZS Achilles.
- 1941 - World War II: Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States.
- 1949 - The Knesset votes to move the capital of Israel to Jerusalem.
- 1959 - Archbishop Makarios becomes the first President of Cyprus.
- 1973 - Rael, leader of the Raelian Movement claims to meet an ET he says is named Yahweh, during an alleged UFO encounter in Puy de Lassolas, France.
- 1974 - Malta becomes a republic.
- 1977 - A United States government aircraft DC-3 crashes near Evansville Regional Airport, killing 29, including the University of Evansville basketball team.
- 1978 - The first Susan B. Anthony dollar enters circulation.
- 1979 - The Canadian Government of Prime Minister Joe Clark is defeated in the House of Commons, prompting the 1980 Canadian election.
- 1981 - General Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland to prevent dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity.
- 1989 - The last issue of Gnistan (The Spark), the organ of the Solidaritetspartiet, is published in Sweden.
- 1996 - Kofi Annan is elected as Secretary-General of the United Nations.
- 2000 - The "Texas 7" escape from the John Connally Unit near Kenedy, Texas and go on a robbery spree, during which police officer Aubrey Hawkins is shot and killed.
- 2000 - Vice President Al Gore delivers his concession speech ending his hopes of becoming the 43rd president of the United States.
- 2001 - Attack on Indian Parliament, 13 people including 5 terrorists were killed during an ambush on India's Legislature. Terrorists tried to capture some members of Parliament and by then negotiaite with the Government. All were killed in subsequent operation.
- 2002 - Enlargement of the European Union: The European Union announces that Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia will become members from May 1, 2004.
- 2003 - Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit.
- 2003 - In the most-attended basketball game in history, 78,129 watch Michigan State University lose 79-74 to the University of Kentucky at Ford Field.
- 2004 - A moderate 5.4 Richter Scale earthquake hits Portugal.
- 2004 - Former Chilean dictator, General Augusto Pinochet is put under house arrest, after being sued under accusations over 9 kidnapping actions and manslaughter. The house arrest is lifted the same day on appeal.
- 2005 - Stanley Williams ("Tookie"), convicted murderer and co-founder of the Crips street gang, is executed at San Quentin State Prison.

Births


- 1521 - Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)
- 1533 - King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)
- 1553 - King Henry IV of France (d. 1610)
- 1585 - William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649)
- 1640 - Robert Plot, English naturalist (d. 1696)
- 1662 - Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1729)
- 1678 - Yongzheng Emperor of China (d. 1735)
- 1724 - Franz Aepinus, German scientist (d. 1802)
- 1784 - Archduke Louis of Austria (d. 1864)
- 1797 - Heinrich Heine, German poet (d. 1856)
- 1804 - Joseph Howe, Canadian politician (d. 1873)
- 1813 - David Spangler Kaufman, American politician (d. 1851)
- 1816 - Ernst Werner von Siemens, German engineer, inventor, and industrialist (d. 1892)
- 1818 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
- 1836 - Franz von Lenbach, German painter (d. 1904)
- 1854 - Thomas Watson, American assistant to Alexander Graham Bell (d. 1934)
- 1856 - Svetozar Boroević, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1920)
- 1864 - Emil Seidel, Mayor of Milwaukee (d. 1947)
- 1867 - Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian explorer and scientist (d. 1917)
- 1874 - Josef Lhévinne, Russian-born pianist (d. 1944)
- 1883 - Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian, bibliographer and archivist (d. 1950)
- 1887 - George Polya, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 1985)
- 1887 - Alvin York, American soldier (d. 1964)
- 1897 - Drew Pearson, American journalist (d. 1969)
- 1903 - Carlos Montoya, Spanish guitarist (d. 1993)
- 1906 - Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (d. 1968)
- 1906 - Sir Laurens van der Post, Afrikaner-born South African author (d. 1996)
- 1910 - Van Heflin, American actor (d. 1971)
- 1911 - Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1911 - Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972)
- 1913 - Archie Moore, American boxer and World Light-Heavyweight Champion (d. 1998)
- 1915 - Curd Jürgens, German actor (d. 1982)
- 1915 - Ross Macdonald, American-born author (d. 1983)
- 1923 - Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1923 - Larry Doby, American baseball player (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor and comedian
- 1926 - George Rhoden, Jamaican athlete and Olympic gold medalist
- 1927 - Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor
- 1934 - Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer
- 1936 - His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan (Prince Karim El Husseni)
- 1943 - Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player
- 1948 - Ted Nugent, American guitarist
- 1948 - Brian Wilson, British politician
- 1950 - Tom Vilsack, Governor of Iowa
- 1953 - Ben Bernanke, American economist
- 1953 - Bob Gainey, Canadian hockey player
- 1954 - John Anderson, American country musician
- 1954 - Berton Averre, American rock guitarist, (The Knack)
- 1957 - Steve Buscemi, American actor
- 1957 - Morris Day, American singer (The Time)
- 1957 - Jean-Marie Messier, French businessman
- 1958 - Lynn-Holly Johnson, American figure skater and actress
- 1959 - Nadia Russ, Soviet-born artist
- 1961 - Harry Gregson-Williams, British composer
- 1964 - Matsumoto Hideto, Japanese musician
- 1967 - Jamie Foxx, American actor
- 1969 - Sergei Fedorov, Russian hockey player
- 1973 - Christie Clark, American actress
- 1974 - Nicholas McCarthy, British-born guitarist (Franz Ferdinand)
- 1975 - Tom Delonge, American guitarist (Blink-182)
- 1981 - Amy Lee, American singer (Evanescence)
- 1983 - Otylia Jędrzejczak, Polish swimmer, FINA World Champion and Olympic gold medalist

Deaths


- 1048 - Al-Biruni, Persian mathematician (b. 973)
- 1124 - Pope Callixtus II
- 1204 - Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (b. 1135)
- 1250 - Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)
- 1404 - Albert, Count of Holland (b. 1336)
- 1466 - Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi), Florentine artist and sculptor (b. 1386)
- 1516 - Johannes Trithemius, German cryptographer (b. 1462)
- 1521 - King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)
- 1557 - Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician
- 1565 - Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516)
- 1603 - François Viète, French mathematician (b. 1540)
- 1621 - Katarina Stenbock, Queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)
- 1716 - Charles de La Fosse, French painter (b. 1640)
- 1721 - Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor and castaway (b. 1676)
- 1729 - Anthony Collins, English philosopher (b. 1676)
- 1754 - Mahmud I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1696)
- 1769 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (b. 1715)
- 1783 - Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer (b. 1717)
- 1784 - Samuel Johnson, British writer and lexicographer (b. 1709)
- 1814 - Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne, Belgian-born Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)
- 1837 - Herman of Alaska, Russian Orthodox hermit (b. 1756)
- 1863 - Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German writer (b. 1813)
- 1868 - Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist (b. 1794)
- 1881 - August Senoa, Croatian writer (b. 1838)
- 1883 - Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812)
- 1919 - Woldemar Voigt, German physicist (b. 1850)
- 1930 - Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
- 1931 - Gustave le Bon, French psychologist (b. 1840)
- 1935 - Victor Grignard, French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1871)
- 1944 - Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born French artist (b. 1866)
- 1947 - Nicholas Roerich, Russian-born painter (b. 1874)
- 1955 - Egas Moniz, Portuguese physician and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
- 1961 - Grandma Moses, American painter (b. 1860)
- 1983 - Alexander Schmemann, Orthodox Christian priest and theologian (b. 1921)
- 1983 - Nichita Stanescu, Romanian poet (b.1933)
- 1993 - Vanessa Duriès, French novelist (b. 1972)
- 2001 - Chuck Schuldiner, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (Death) (b. 1967)
- 2002 - Zal Yanofsky, American guitarist and singer (The Lovin' Spoonful) (b. 1945)
- 2003 - William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senator (b. 1921)
- 2004 - Andre Rodgers, Bahamian baseball player (b. 1934)
- 2004 - David Wheeler, British computer scientist (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Stanley Williams ("Tookie"), convicted murderer and founder of the Crips street gang (b. 1953)

Holidays and observances


- Roman festivals - Tellus was worshipped in the district Carinae at the Esquiline Hill, and a lectisternium or table was spread for Ceres.
- R.C. Saints - memorial of Saint Lucy
- Also see December 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- In the Julian calendar before the Gregorian reform, this was the shortest day and longest night, and widely celebrated as such
- In the Irish calendar the Wednesday, Friday and Saturday following the Feast of Saint Lucy were observed as Quarter tense.
- Malta - Republic Day (since 1974)
- St. Lucia's Day in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 12 - December 14 - November 13 - January 13 -- listing of all days ko:12월 13일 ms:13 Disember ja:12月13日 simple:December 13 th:13 ธันวาคม

December 6

December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 25 days remaining.

Events


- 963 - Leo VIII is elected Pope.
- 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev under Danylo of Halych and Voivode Dmytro falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan.
- 1534 - The city of Quito in Ecuador is founded by Spanish settlers led by Sebastián de Belalcázar.
- 1768 - The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
- 1790 - The U.S. Congress moves from New York City to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1845 - Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity was founded at Yale College by Louis Manigault, Horace Spangler Weiser, and Stephen Ornsby Rhea.
- 1849 - American abolitionist Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery.
- 1865 - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, banning slavery.
- 1877 - The Washington Post newspaper is first published.
- 1884 - The Washington Monument in Washington D.C. is completed.
- 1907 - A coal mine explosion at Monongah, West Virginia kills 362 workers.
- 1917 - Finland declares its independence from Russia.
- 1917 - Halifax Explosion: In Canada, a munitions explosion kills more than 1900 people and destroys part of the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
- 1921 - The Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed in London by British and Irish representatives
- 1922 - One year to the day after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irish Free State comes into existence.
- 1933 - U.S. federal judge John M. Woolsey rules that the James Joyce novel Ulysses is not obscene.
- 1947 - The Everglades National Park in Florida is dedicated.
- 1957 - Project Vanguard: A launchpad explosion thwarts the first United States attempt to launch a satellite.
- 1965 - Pakistan's Islamic Ideology Advisory Committee recommended that Islamic Studies be made a compulsory subject for Muslim students from primary to graduation level.
- 1969 - Meredith Hunter is killed by Hell's Angels during The Rolling Stones's concert at the Altamont speedway in California.
- 1971 - Pakistan snaps diplomatic ties with India following New Delhi's recognition of Bangladesh.
- 1971 - King Faisal of Saudi Arabia condemns Indian aggression on Pakistan.
- 1973 - The United States House of Representatives votes 387 to 35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States (on November 27, the Senate confirmed him 92 to 3).
- 1975 - Balcombe Street Siege: An IRA Active Service Unit takes a couple hostage in Balcombe Street, London.
- 1977 - South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country
- 1978 - Spain approves its latest constitution in a referendum.
- 1989 - École Polytechnique Massacre: Marc Lépine kills 14 young women in Montreal, Quebec.
- 1991 - In Croatia, forces of the Yugoslav People's Army bombard Dubrovnik after laying siege there since May.
- 1992 - In Ayodhya, India, Hindus belonging to the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party demolish the Babri Masjid, a 16th century mosque.
- 1997 - A Russian Antonov AN-124 transport cargo plane crashes into an apartment complex near Irkutsk, Siberia, killing 67.
- 2005 - David Cameron becomes leader of the Conservative Party, defeating David Davis.

Births


- 846 - Hasan al-Askari, Shia Imam (d. 874)
- 1285 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile (d. 1312)
- 1421 - King Henry VI of England (d. 1471)
- 1478 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian diplomat and author (d. 1529)
- 1550 - Orazio Vecchi, Italian composer (baptism) (d. 1605)
- 1586 - Niccolo Zucchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1670)
- 1608 - George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English soldier (d. 1670)
- 1637 - Sir Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (d. 1714)
- 1640 - Claude Fleury, French historian (d. 1723)
- 1642 - Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (d. 1703)
- 1721 - James Elphinston, British philologist (d. 1809)
- 1721 - Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (d. 1794)
- 1778 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French physicist and chemist (d. 1850)
- 1792 - King William II of the Netherlands (d. 1849)
- 1805 - Adolf Reubke, German organ builder (d. 1875)
- 1805 - Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, French magician (d. 1861)
- 1823 - Friedrich Max Müller, German orientalist (d. 1900)
- 1833 - John Singleton Mosby, American Confederate guerrilla leader (d. 1916)
- 1841 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (d. 1870)
- 1849 - August von Mackensen, German Field Marshal (d. 1945)
- 1863 - Charles Martin Hall, American chemist (d. 1914)
- 1872 - William S. Hart, American actor (d. 1946)
- 1875 - Evelyn Underhill, British poet (d. 1941)
- 1886 - Joyce Kilmer, American poet (d. 1918)
- 1890 - Rudolf Schlichter, German artist and writer (d. 1955)
- 1892 - Sir Osbert Sitwell, British author (d. 1969)
- 1896 - Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (d. 1983)
- 1898 - Alfred Eisenstaedt, German-born American photojournalist (d. 1995)
- 1898 - Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1900 - Agnes Moorehead, American actress (d. 1974)
- 1903 - Tony Lazzeri, American baseball player (d. 1946)
- 1905 - James J. Braddock, American boxer and World Heavyweight Champion (d. 1974)
- 1908 - Pierre Graber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 2003)
- 1913 - Eleanor Holm, American swimmer and Olympic gold medalist (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977)
- 1919 - Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (d. 1983)
- 1920 - Dave Brubeck, American pianist and composer
- 1920 - George Porter, British chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- 1921 - Otto Graham, American football player (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Bobby Van, American singer (d. 1980)
- 1929 - Alain Tanner, Swiss filmmaker
- 1929 - Nikolaus Harnoncourt, German conductor
- 1930 - Daniel Lisulo, Zambian Prime Minister
- 1933 - Henryk Górecki, Polish composer
- 1936 - David Ossman, American comedian
- 1942 - Peter Handke, Austrian writer
- 1945 - Larry Bowa, American baseball player
- 1948 - JoBeth Williams, American actress
- 1948 - Keke Rosberg, Finnish race car driver and Formula 1 World Champion
- 1950 - Joe Hisaishi, Japanese composer
- 1952 - Rick Charlesworth, Australian cricketer, politician, hockey player, and coach
- 1953 - Tom Hulce, American actor
- 1953 - Gary Ward, American baseball player
- 1955 - Steven Wright, American comedian
- 1955 - Rick Buckler, British drummer (The Jam)
- 1956 - Peter Buck, American guitarist (R.E.M.)
- 1956 - Randy Rhoads, American guitarist (d. 1982)
- 1958 - Xander Berkeley, American actor
- 1958 - Nick Park, British filmmaker and animator
- 1961 - David Lovering, American drummer (The Pixies)
- 1962 - Janine Turner, American actress
- 1967 - Hacken Lee, cantopop singer
- 1971 - Richard Krajicek, Dutch tennis player
- 1971 - Ryan White, American AIDS activist (d. 1990)
- 1976 - Colleen Haskell, American reality TV contestant
- 1977 - Kevin Cash, American baseball player
- 1977 - Andrew Flintoff, English test cricketer
- 1979 - Tim Cahill, Australian international footballer
- 1980 - Steve Lovell, British footballer
- 1993 - Elian Gonzalez, Cuban subject of child custody battle

Deaths


- 1185 - King Afonso I of Portugal (b. 1109)
- 1352 - Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)
- 1562 - Jan van Scorel Dutch painter and architect
- 1618 - Jacques-Davy Duperron, French cardinal (b. 1556)
- 1658 - Baltasar Gracián y Morales, Spanish writer (b. 1601)
- 1672 - King John II Casimir of Poland (b. 1609)
- 1675 - John Lightfoot, English churchman (b. 1602)
- 1718 - Nicholas Rowe, English poet and dramatist (b. 1674)
- 1746 - Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (b. 1665)
- 1771 - Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (b. 1682)
- 1779 - Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter (b. 1699)
- 1788 - Jonathan Shipley, British bishop and politician (b. 1714)
- 1867 - Jean Pierre Flourens, French physician (b. 1794)
- 1868 - August Schleicher, German linguist (b. 1821)
- 1882 - Anthony Trollope, British author (b. 1815)
- 1882 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician and railroad entrepreneur (b. 1819)
- 1889 - Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1808)
- 1892 - Ernst Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (b. 1816)
- 1949 - Leadbelly (Huddie William Ledbetter), American blues musician (b. 1885)
- 1951 - Harold Ross, American magazine editor (b. 1892)
- 1955 - Honus Wagner, American baseball player (b. 1874)
- 1956 - Dr. Bhimji Ramji Ambedkar, Indian Minister of Law (b. 1891)
- 1961 - Frantz Fanon, West Indian psychiatrist and writer (b. 1925)
- 1976 - João Goulart, President of Brazil (b. 1918)
- 1985 - Burr Tillstrom, American puppeteer (b. 1917)
- 1988 - Roy Orbison, American singer, guitarist and songwriter (b. 1936)
- 1989 - Frances Bavier, American actress (b. 1902)
- 1990 - Pakistani broadcaster Syed Nasir Jahan died in Karachi
- 1991 - Sir Richard Stone, British economist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- 1993 - Don Ameche, American actor (b. 1908)
- 1997 - Billy Bremner, Scottish international footballer (b. 1942)
- 2001 - Sir Peter Blake, New Zealand sailor and environmentalist (b. 1948)
- 2002 - Philip Berrigan, American civil rights activist (b. 1923)
- 2003 - Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Jerry Tuite, American professional wrestler (b. 1966)
- 2004 - Raymond Goethals, Belgian international football coach (b. 1921)
- 2005 - Charly Gaul, Luxembourgian cyclist

Undated deaths


- Saint Nicholas of Myra

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - optional memorial of Saint Nicholas
- Also see December 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Canada - National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women
- Finland - Finland Independence Day (from Russia, 1917)
- Spain - Constitution Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 5 - December 7 - November 6 - January 6 — listing of all days ko:12월 6일 ms:6 Disember ja:12月6日 simple:December 6 th:6 ธันวาคม

1892

1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-June


- January 1 - Ellis Island begins accepting immigrants to the United States.
- January 14 - Death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, second in line heir to the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Next in line is his younger brother Prince George of Wales.
- January 15 - James Naismith publishes the rules for basketball.
- January 20 - At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official basketball game is played.
- February 12 - Former President Abraham Lincoln's birthday is declared a national holiday in the United States.
- March 1 - Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office
- March 13 - Ernest Louis, a grandson of Queen Victoria becomes Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine on the death of his father, Grand Duke Louis IV.
- March 15 - Liverpool Football Club founded by John Houlding, the owner of Anfield. Houlding decided to form his own team after Everton left Anfield in an argument over rent.
- March 31 - The world's first fingerprinting bureau formally opened by the Buenos Aires Chief of Police; it had been operating unofficially since the previous year.
- April - Johnson County War in Wyoming
- April 15 - The General Electric Company is established through the merger of the Thomson-Houston Company and the Edison General Electric Company.
- May 7 - The Cook Islands issue their first postage stamps.
- May 19 - British troops defeat Ijebu infantry at the battle of Yemoja river, in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun
- May 22 - British conquest of Ijebu-Ode marks major extension of colonial power into Nigerian interior.
- May 24 - Prince George of Wales becomes Duke of York.
- May 28 - In San Francisco, California, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
- June 11 - The Limelight Department, one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.

July-December


- July 4-18 British general election: Unionist government loses its majority.
- July 6 - Dr. Jose Rizal, a Filipino writer, Philosopher, and political activist arrested by Spainish authorities in connection with La Liga Filipina.
- July 6 - Homestead Strike - the arrival of a force of 300 hundred Pinkerton detectives from New York and Chicago resulted in a fight in which about 10 men were killed
- July 12 - A hidden lake bursts out of a glacier on the side of Mont Blanc, flooding the valley below and killing around 200 villagers and holidaymakers in [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Saint Gervais]
- August 4 - The family of Lizzie Borden is found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home.
- August 9 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.
- August 18 - William Ewart Gladstone assumes British premiership at head of Liberal government with Irish Nationalist Party support.
- September 15 - Sergei Witte replaces Ivan Vishnegradksy as Russian finance minister.
- October 5 - Master criminal Adam Worth is captured in Liege, Belgium during an attempted robbery of a money delivery cart.
- October 12 - To mark 400 anniversary Columbus Day holiday, the "Pledge of Allegiance" was first recited in unison by students in US public schools.
- October 31 - Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
- November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver to win the second of his non-consecutive terms.
- November 8 - Anarchist bomb kills six in police station in Avenue de l'Opera, Paris
- November 17 - French troops occupy Abomey, capital of kingdom of Dahomey.
- December 5 - John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.

Unknown dates


- Last open land rush is held in Oklahoma.
- The Stanley Cup is donated by Sir Frederick Arthur.
- Pennsauken is incorporated.
- Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.
- Oil fire rages in Oil City, Pennsylvania: 130 dead.
- Cholera in Hamburg, Germany
- Tortoise called Timothy is brought to the estate of Powderham Castle in England (allegedly alive as of 2001 - at least 148 years old).
- Abu Dhabi becomes a British protectorate.
- The Cadet Band (current day Highty-Tighties) of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanicla College (current day Virginia Tech) is established in the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
- Abercrombie and Fitch, a now popular clothing brand, is established as an outdoor and sporting supply store.

Births

January-March


- January 1 - Artur Rodzinski, Croatian conductor (d. 1958)
- January 3 - J. R. R. Tolkien, South African-born author (d. 1973)
- January 14 - Hal Roach, American film and television producer (d. 1992)
- January 18 - Oliver Hardy, American comedian and actor (d. 1957)
- January 18 - Paul Rostock, German surgeon (d. 1956)
- January 28 - Ernst Lubitsch, German-born film director (d. 1947)
- January 31 - Eddie Cantor, American actor, singer (d. 1964)
- February 6 - William Parry Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987)
- February 13 - Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942)
- February 15 - James Forrestal, first United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1949)
- February 18 - Wendell Wilkie, U.S. Presidential candidate (d. 1944)
- February 22 - Edna St. Vincent Millay, American writer (d. 1950)
- February 27 - William Demarest, American actor (d. 1983)
- March 10 - Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (d. 1955)
- March 10 - Gregory La Cava, American director, producer, and writer (d. 1952)
- March 28 - Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- March 30 - Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (d. 1945)

April-September


- April 6 - Donald Wills Douglas, American industrialist (d. 1981)
- April 6 - Lowell Thomas, American journalist (d. 1981)
- April 8 - Mary Pickford, American actress and studio founder (d. 1979)
- April 12 - Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1940)
- April 19 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
- May 2 - Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron), German figher pilot (d. 1918)
- May 3 - George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- May 7 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet (d. 1982)
- May 7 - Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980)
- May 9 - Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria-Hungary (d. 1989)
- May 11 - Margaret Rutherford, English actress (d. 1972)
- May 12 - Fritz Kortner, Austrian-born director (d. 1970)
- May 18 - Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957)
- May 31 - Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (d. 1968)
- June 21 - Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologist (d. 1971)
- June 26 - Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- July 8 - Richard Aldington, English poet (d. 1962)
- July 12 - Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1942)
- July 23 - Haile Selassie I, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1975)
- July 26 - Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (d. 1966)
- August 2 - Jack Warner, Canadian film producer (d. 1978)
- August 8 - Rafael Moreno Aranzadi, Spanish footballer (d. 1922)
- August 15 - Louis, 7th duc de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- September 4 - Darius Milhaud, French composer (d. 1974)
- September 5 - Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (d. 1973)
- September 6 - Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- September 10 - Arthur Compton, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- September 12 - Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (d. 1984)

October-December


- October 9 - Ivo Andrić, Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1975)
- October 9 - Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (d. 1941)
- October 23 - Gummo Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
- October 28 - Dink Johnson, American jazz musician (d. 1954)
- October 31 - Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess champion (d. 1946)
- November 5 - J. B. S. Haldane, British geneticist (d. 1964)
- November 12 - Guo Moruo, Chinese author,poet (d. 1978)
- December 2 - Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer and pianist (d. 2002)
- December 4 - Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (d. 1975)
- December 6 - Osbert Sitwell, English writer (d. 1969)
- December 8 - Bert Hinkler, Australian pioneer aviator (d. 1933)
- December 12 - Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket engineer (d. 1929)

Deaths


- January 14 - Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, second in line for the throne of the United Kingdom (b. 1864)
- January 21 - John Couch Adams, English astronomer (b. 1819)
- January 31 - Charles Spurgeon, English preacher (b. 1834)
- March 13 - Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
- March 26 - Walt Whitman, American poet (b. 1819)
- April 22 - Edouard Lalo, French composer (b. 1823)
- April 25 - William Backhouse Astor, Jr., American businessman (b. 1830)
- April 26 - Sir Provo William Perry Wallis, British admiral and naval hero
- May 29 - Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1817)
- June 9 - William Stairs, Canadian explorer (b. 1863)
- October 12 - Ernest Renan, French philologist and historian (b. 1823)
- October 23 - Emin Pasha, German doctor and Governor of Equatoria (b. 1840)
- December 2 - Jay Gould, American financier (b. 1836)
- December 6 - Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (b. 1816)

Marriages


- January 10 - John C. Porter & Mattie Lee
- January 19 - Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu & Dagmar Therese Louise Lerche
- April 27 - Elinor Glyn & Clayton Glyn
- May 2 - Gustaf Mannerheim & Anastasia Mannerheim
- June 10 - Jean Sibelius & Aino Sibelius
- July 16 - Claude Monet & Alice Hoschedé
- September 8 - Minna Gale & Archibald Cushman Haynes
- November 6 - Joseph Stringer & Lucy Ann MacKinnon
- November 8 - Cy Young & Robba Miller
- December 2 - Grace Lutz & Rev. T. G. F. Hill Category:1892 ko:1892년 ms:1892 simple:1892 th:พ.ศ. 2435

Inventor

An inventor is a person who creates new inventions, typically technical devices such as mechanical, electrical or software devices or methods. Although some inventors may also be scientists, most of them are engineers in fact as they base their work on the discoveries of other scientists, experimenting with practical applications and combinations of those discoveries, and with improvements and combinations of existing devices, to create new useful devices. Inventorship is a key determination in establishing patent rights. The system of patents was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited monopoly on inventions determined to be sufficiently novel, non-obvious, and useful. In the U.S. the patent right originates from the intellectual property clause of the Constitution. The capacity to invent can be developed. See TRIZ, the theory of inventive problem-solving.

Etymology

The word "inventor" comes form the latin verb invenire, invent-, to find. [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=inventor&db=
- ][http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=invent]

Inventors clubs

Inventors clubs provide a support infrastructure for inventors, especially useful for lone inventors who otherwise may not have anyone impartial they can freely talk to about their inventions. There are hundreds, if not thousands of such clubs around the world (see also national associations or local UK clubs on [http://www.wrti.org.uk/clubs WRTI Clubs], the web site of the Wessex Round Table of Inventors).

See also


- List of inventors
- List of engineers
- List of scientists
- History of Science and Technology
- Inventor's notebook
- Inventorship
- Autodesk Inventor for the 3D modeling CAD application
- Inventor's Day

External links


- [http://eepatents.com/collection.html A collection of patents for pioneering electrical engineering technologies, including some by the inventors listed above]
- [http://www.inventions.org/ Inventors Assistance League] (Non-profit organization operating since 1963)
- Associations of inventors
  - [http://www.erfinder.at/tag-der-erfinder/ European Inventor's Day (German)] (Tag der Erfinder) (Germany)
  - [http://www.inventor.hu/ Association of Hungarian Inventors (MAFE)] (Hungary)
  - [http://www.uppfinnareforeningen.se/ The Swedish Inventors' Association] (Sweden)
  - [http://www.wrti.org.uk Wessex Round Table of Inventors] (WRTI) (United Kingdom)
  - [http://www.communityconnection.org/resource_pages/42646.html Inventors Association of St. Louis (IASL)] (United States)
- Category:Patent law ja:発明家

Industrialist

Industrialist is an individual who operates or controls a substantial industrial business over a period of time, usually amassing substantial fortunes or political power in the process, and who tends to become widely known within society in connection with their industry, or through other pursuits such as philanthropy. As the term was more widely used in the context of "old world" industries such steel, oil, newspapers, shipping and rail transport, it has largely been superceded by more modern terms encompassing a wider range of business and commercial activity, such as business magnate and tycoon. Although an industrialist often invests his or her own capital in an enterprise and therefore retains some degree of ownership, the industrialist will often claim to be more than a capitalist as he or she is also providing employment for many over a prolonged period of time.

Famous industrialists


- Henry Ford
- John D. Rockefeller
- Bill Gates
- Henry H. Rogers
- Andrew Carnegie
- Howard Hughes
- Bruce Wayne (fictional)

See also


- Captain of industry
- List of America's richest people
- Robber baron (industrialist) Category:Business and financial operations occupations Category:Management occupations

Hanover

:This article refers to the city. For other uses, see Hanover (disambiguation) Hanover (German: Hannover []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. It is also the capital of the surrounding Hanover district and was the capital of the Hanover region until Lower Saxony's regions were disbanded at the beginning of 2005.

History

The town was founded in medieval times on the bank of the river Leine (the original name Honovere may be translated as "high bank"). It was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen, which became a comparatively large town in the 13th century. In the 14th century the main churches of Hanover were built, as well as a city wall with three town gates to secure the city. In 1636 the Duke of Calenberg decided to move his residence to Hanover. His duchy was afterwards known as the Duchy of Hanover (see: House of Hanover). His descendants would later become kings of Great Britain; the first of them was George I, who ascended to the British throne in 1714. Three kings of Great Britain were at the same time Electoral Princes of Hanover. During the Seven Years' War on July 26, 1757 the Battle of Hastenbeck took place. The French army defeated the Hanoverian Army of Observation, leading to the occupation of Hanover. Hanoverian Army of Observation After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The convention also meant the disbanding of the army of Hanover. George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe and made an effort to recruit foreign troops. As a result a great number of soldiers of Hanover eventually emigrated to England leading to the King's German Legion which later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814 George III elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and grew considerably. In 1837 the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended as William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female, and Hanover could be inherited only by males. Hanover continued as a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia. After the annexation, the people of Hanover opposed the Prussian regime. Nevertheless, the growth of Hanover continued until World War II, when two thirds of the town was bombed to ruins. After the war, Hanover was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and later became famous for hosting commercial expositions such as the CeBIT and the Hanover Fair. In 2000, Hanover hosted the Expo 2000.

Sights

Expo 2000 Expo 2000 Expo 2000 Expo 2000
- Kröpcke (the most central square in Hanover and a favourite city-centre meeting place)
- Market Square (oldest square in Hanover and the very centre of urban expansion)
- Ballhof Square (created in the 1930s during a re-development process)
- Old Town (during the rebuilding of Hannover after World War II, parts of the remaining buildings, mainly the façades, were relocated and accumulated in this area)
- Kreuzkirche (Church of the Holy Cross, built in the 14th century)
- Marktkirche (church at the market square, built in the 14th century)
- Aegidienkirche (built in the 14th century, destroyed in 1943, today a memorial for victims of war and violence)
- Leineschloss (castle on the river Leine, today the seat of Lower Saxony's parliament)
- Altes Rathaus (old town hall at the marketplace, build in the 15th century)
- Herrenhäuser Gärten (baroque garden and park ensemble, founded in 1666 by Duke Johann Friedrich of Calenberg)
- Mausoleum (last resting place of the royal family, built 1846 by Laves)
- Opernhaus (opera house, built 1845-1852 based on a plan drawn by Laves)
- Welfenschloss (guelfs castle, built 1857-1866 as residence of king George V, rebuilt 1875-1879 as seat of the university)
- Christuskirche (Christ Church, built 1859-1864 by Conrad Wilhelm Hase in neo-Gothic style)
- Neues Rathaus (new town hall, built 1901-1913 based on plan by Eggert and Halmhuber)
- Maschsee (artificial lake, affectionately called the "blue eye" of Hanover)
- Eilenriede (big inner-city forest, affectionately called the "green lung" of Hanover)
- Skulpturenmeile (street art project started in the 1970s with sculptures from John Henry, Niki de Saint Phalle, Kenneth Snelson and many others)
- Gehry Tower (post-modern building in the inner city near the Steintor Square)
- Hermes Tower (steel skeleton tower at the exhibition grounds in Laatzen)
- VW Tower (old broadcast tower near the central bus station)
- Telemax (new broadcast tower in Hannover-Buchholz, highest building in Hanover) Recommended Day Trips:
- Hildesheim: beautiful medieval town famous for its UNESCO-cultural heritage Cathedrals, marketplace and old half-timbered houses; also for its Pelizäus Museum with an important section on ancient Egypt
- Hamelin (Hameln): the beautiful town is famous for the folktale of The Pied Piper of Hamelin

Towns named after Hanover


- Hanover, Ontario, Canada
- Hanover, Northern Cape, South Africa
- Hanover, Minnesota, USA
- Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Hanover, York County, Pennsylvania, USA

Airports

Hanover and its area is served by Hanover/Langenhagen International Airport (HAJ)

Miscellaneous

Note: Hanover is the correct English spelling, even though the German spelling is with a double n. It should always be used when referring to the British House of Hanover (even if you choose to write the city the German way). House of Hanover There are several universities in Hanover:
- University of Hanover
- Hanover Conservatory [http://www.hmt-hannover.de]
- Hanover Medical School [http://www.mh-hannover.de]
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover There is one University of Applied Science and Arts in Hanover:
- Fachhochschule Hannover [http://www.fh-hannover.de] Famous quarters of Hanover:
- Herrenhausen
- Hannover-Zoo
- Hannover-Nordstadt
- Hannover-Linden The rock bands Scorpions and Fury in the Slaughterhouse are originally from Hanover.

See also


- Hanover Fair (Hannover Messe)
- CeBIT (CeBIT Computer Messe)
- Oktoberfest Hannover

External links


- [http://www.hannover.de/ City's own website]`
- [http://www.gvh.de Local Public Transport]
- [http://www.panorama-cities.net/hannover/hannover.html City Panoramas] - Panoramic Views of Hannover's Highlights
- [http://www.fembio.org/women-from/women-from-hannover.shtml FemBio] - Special: Notable Women of Hanover
- [http://www.hannovermesse.de/homepage_e?x=1 Hannover Messe] - Hanover Fair
- [http://www.cebit.de/7380?x=1 CeBIT] - Computer Fair
- [http://www.exposeeum.de/ EXPOseeum] - see what is left from Expo 2000 Hanover Nightlife
- [http://HannoverNet.org/ Nightlife, events, chat, and photos (original german)]
- [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fhannovernet.ath.cx&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools Nightlife, events, chat, and photos (english)] Category:Towns in Lower Saxony
- Category:German state capitals Category:Cities in Germany als:Hannover ko:하노버 ja:ハノーファー

Farmer

in his alfalfa field.]] alfalfa A farmer is a person who is engaged in agrarian business by using land. The term farmer usually applies to a person who grows field crops, or has orchards, vineyards or market gardens with a view to selling to others as food. They may, however, provide raw materials for industrial purposes, such as cereals for alcoholic beverages, fruit for juices, hides for leather, and wool or flax for yarns and cloth-making. Farmers may also be involved in rearing cattle for meat or milk. A farmer engaged in large-scale cattle raising for meat is usually referred to as a rancher, grazier or stockman. The term dairy farmer is applied to those engaged milk production. A poultry farmer is one who concentrates on raising chickens, turkeys, domesticated ducks and geese, or is involved in egg production. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a truck farmer or market gardener. Many