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| We The People |
We the PeopleThe Preamble to the United States Constitution consists of a single sentence (a preamble) that introduces the document and its purpose. The Preamble itself neither grants any powers nor inhibits any actions. It only explains the rationale behind the U.S. Constitution. It is generally believed to have been written by Gouverneur Morris.
Text
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Notes
# In the hand-written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives, the spelling "defence" is used in the preamble (See the [http://www.house.gov/Constitution/Constitution.html House of Representatives transcription] and [http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/charters_downloads.html the Archives' image of the engrossed document]). The [http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_transcript.html National Archives transcription], however, uses the spelling "defense".
External links
- [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America Constitution of the United States at Wikisource]
- [http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution.html National Archives]
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Preamble
The preamble is an introductory statement, a preliminary explanation. The term is particularly applied to the opening paragraph of a statute which summarizes the intention of the legislature in passing the measure; thus the preamble of the statute, of which the title is the Children Act 1908, is as follows: "An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to the Protection of Children and Young Persons, Reformatory and Industrial Schools and Juvenile Offenders, and otherwise to amend the Law with respect to Children and Young Persons."
The procedure in the British parliament differs in regard to the preambles of public and private bills. The second reading of a public bill affirms the principle, and therefore in committee the preamble stands postponed until after the consideration of the clauses, when it is considered in reference to those clauses as amended and altered if need be (Standing Order 35). On the other hand, the preamble of a private bill, if opposed, is considered first in committee, and counsel for the bill deals with the expediency of the bill, calls witnesses for the allegation in the preamble, and petitions against the bill are then heard; if the preamble is negatived the bill is dropped, if affirmed it is gone through clause by clause. On unopposed private bills the preamble has also to be proved, more especially with regard to whether the clauses required by the standing orders are inserted (see May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 483, 808 seq.).
While preambles of legal texts may seem just like unimportant introductory matter, their words may have effects that may not have been foreseen by their drafters. For instance, it's on the basis of the preamble of the French Constitution, mentioning the solemn regard of the French Republic towards the principles set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen that the Constitutional Council has declared certain laws to be unconstitutional (the first case being [http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1971/7144dc.htm decision 71-44DC]). For this reason, the redaction of the preamble of the proposed European Constitution, in 2002, has caused much controversy because of the possible inclusion of references to the Christian heritage of Europe; could such a sentence be used in the future from a legal point of view?
In technology (particularly telecommunications), a preamble is the introduction to a message or header. In the case of Specific Area Message Encoding for the Emergency Alert System in the United States, the preamble is used as calibration, for example.
References
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See also
- Preamble to the United States Constitution
Gouverneur Morris
Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 – November 8, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and was author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States. He is widely accredited as the author of that document's Preamble: "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union...".
Morris is regarded as a visionary of the idea of being "American". In an era when most Americans thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris expounded the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm].
Early Years
He was born in 1752 on his family's estate in a section of Westchester County, New York that would later become incorporated into New York City as the Bronx. The land of his family's estate would later become the Morrisania neighborhood.
The only child of his father's second marriage, he was not expected to receive a substantial inheritance and thus pursued a vigorous education. During childhood, his right arm was severely damaged by scalding water, causing a lifetime disability. In 1779, at age 28, Morris shattered his leg in a carriage accident, and the leg was amputated.
At the age of 12, Morris enrolled in King's College (now Columbia University) in New York City and graduated four years later in 1768. In 1771, having received a master's degree, he then studied for three years under the prominent New York City lawyer William Smith, who was a strong opponent of the British government's policies in North America. During these years, he honed a strong philosophy on liberty and made numerous personal contacts that would later advance his political career [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm].
Political Career
In 1775, he was elected to represent his family estate in the Provincial Congress of New York, an extralegal assembly dedicated to achieving independence. His advocacy of independence brought him into conflict with his family, as well as his mentor William Smith, who had abandoned the patriot cause when it moved towards independence.
Despite an automatic exemption from military duty because of his handicap and his service in the legislature, he joined a special militia for the protection of New York City, a forerunner of the modern New York Guard.
As a member of the Provincial Congress of New York, he concentrated on turning the colony into an independent state. He was largely responsible for the constitution of the new state of New York.
Although he held no military commission, he was considered to be a brilliant military strategist. In May 1777, he was chosen by the state to coordinate the defense of General George Washington's Continental Army and the Continental Congress.
After the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, the British seized New York City and his family's estate. His mother, a Loyalist, gave the estate over to the British for military use. Because his estate was now in the possession of the enemy, he was no longer eligible for election to the New York state legislature and was instead appointed as a delegate to the Continental Congress.
He took his seat in Congress on January 28, 1778 and was immediately selected to a committee in charge of coordinating reforms in the military with General Washington. On a trip to Valley Forge, he was so appalled by the conditions of the troops that he became the spokesman for the Continental Army in Congress and went out to help create substantial reforms in the training and methods of the army. He also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778.
In 1779, he was defeated for re-election to Congress, largely because his advocacy of a strong central government was at odds with the decentralist views in New York. Defeated in his home state, he moved to Philadelphia to work as a lawyer and merchant.
In Philadelphia, he was appointed assistant superintendent of finance 1781-1785, and was a Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and returned to live in New York in 1788. During the convention he was a good friend of George Washington, and was responsible for the draft of much of the Constitution. He went to Europe on business in 1789 and served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France 1792-1794. His diaries written during that time have become an invaluable chronicle of the French revolution, capturing much of the turbulence and violence of that era. He returned to the United States in 1798 and was elected in 1800 as a Federalist to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Watson, serving from April 3, 1800, to March 3, 1803. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1802. After leaving the Senate, he served as chairman of the Erie Canal Commission, 1810-1813.
Personal life
Morris, unhampered by his wooden leg, led a lively life with both married and unmarried women. At the advanced age of 57 he married Anne Cary ("Nancy") Randolph, whose brother Thomas married Thomas Jefferson's daughter Martha. He died at the family estate of Morrisania, and is buried at St. Anne's Episcopal Church in the Bronx borough of NYC.
Morris's half brother Lewis Morris (1726-1798), was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
References
- Brookhiser, Richard, Gentleman Revolutionary : Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution, Free Press, 2002.
- Crawford, Alan Pell, Unwise Passions: A True Story of a Remarkable Woman -- and the First Great Scandal of Eighteenth-Century America, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000. (a biography of Morris's wife).
External links
- [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm U.S. Army biography of Gouverneur Morris]
- [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000976 biographic sketch at U.S. Congress website]
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Gouverneur Category:British boxersCategory:Boxers by nationality
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