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Washington And Jefferson College

Washington and Jefferson College

Washington and Jefferson College is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college located in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, in the town of Washington, Pennsylvania. The college has an enrollment of approximately 1,300 students and was originally two distinct schools, Washington College and Jefferson College.

History

W&J was founded in 1781 and is the oldest institution of higher learning west of the Allegheny Mountains, making it the eleventh oldest in the United States. W&J was granted a Phi Beta Kappa chapter in 1913.

Majors

Accounting, Art, Art Education, Biochemistry, Biological Physics, Biology, Business Administration, Chemistry, Child Development and Education, Economics, English, French, [http://www.washjeff.edu/german German], History, Industrial Chemistry and Management, Information Technology Leadership, International Business, Mathematics, Music, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, Spanish, Theatre and Communication, Thematic Major

Athletics

W&J competes in 23 intercollegiate athletics at the NCAA Division III level.

Notable alumni

Distinguished alumni include James G. Blaine, a candidate for President of the United States, Alberto Vilar, a prominent investment banker, and John S. Reed, interim president of the New York Stock Exchange. Nineteenth-century song writer Stephen Foster is said to have attended W&J but left partway through.

Greek life

W&J also has a Greek community consisting of six national fraternities and four national sororities. Approximately 50% of W&J's campus is active in the Greek community. Phi Gamma Delta and Phi Kappa Psi were both founded at Jefferson College prior to its merger with Washington College.

External links

[http://www.washjeff.edu/ Washington and Jefferson College] Category:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania Category:Liberal arts colleges Category:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools

Liberal arts college

A liberal arts college is an institution of higher education found in the United States, offering programs in the liberal arts at the post-secondary level. They encourage — and often require — their students to take a substantial number of classes in topics which may not directly relate to their vocational goals, in an effort to provide a "well-rounded" education. They may be distinguished from colleges offering programs primarily in business, engineering and technology, the trades, the fine arts, theology, or other specialized subjects. Liberal arts colleges have sprung up outside the U.S. as well, such as in The Netherlands and Canada. Liberal arts colleges usually focus on tertiary education leading to a bachelor's degree in a program designed to be completed in four years' worth of study, though some include post-graduate programs. They tend to be relatively small, private, and predominantly residential. As such, they may offer a more uniform student experience than at a larger university with more diffuse course offerings. While they lack the name recognition of larger schools, the top liberal arts colleges are highly selective and compete with elite universities for students. Although private liberal arts colleges tend to be very expensive, there are also a number of state-supported institutions modeled on traditional liberal arts colleges. Some institutions referred to as "liberal arts colleges" are distinguished from universities not so much by a difference in kind, but a difference in size, taking the form of small universities, complete with subsidiary schools dedicated to a particular specialized course of study and offering a limited set of graduate degrees. In this sense, large liberal arts colleges and small private universities occupy similar niches. Furthermore, university units whose faculty and curriculum encompass the traditional liberal arts and pure sciences are frequently labeled "liberal arts colleges." Indeed, some are explicitly named a "College of Liberal Arts," or a variant such as "College of Arts and Letters" or "College of Arts and Sciences" to distinguish them from units focused on the manual arts and applied sciences. Both colloquial and professional references to "liberal arts colleges" generally refer to standalone institutions, excluding such units.

List of liberal arts colleges

Rankings

In the influential but controversial America's Best Colleges issue of the U.S. News and World Report, the top 25 "national" liberal arts colleges [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/libartco/tier1/t1libartco_brief.php] were ranked as follows (2006 edition):
- (1) Williams College
- (2) Amherst College
- (3) Swarthmore College
- (4) Wellesley College
- (5) Carleton College
- (6-tie) Pomona College and Bowdoin College
- (8-tie) Haverford College and Middlebury College
- (10-tie)Claremont McKenna College and Davidson College
- (12) Wesleyan University
- (13) Vassar College
- (14) Washington & Lee University
- (15-tie)Colgate University, Grinnell College, and Hamilton College
- (18) Harvey Mudd College
- (19) Smith College
- (20) Colby College
- (21-tie)Bates College and Bryn Mawr College
- (23-tie)Mount Holyoke College and Oberlin College
- (25-tie)Macalester College and Trinity College The top five out of 20 public liberal arts colleges were (1) Virginia Military Institute, (2) St. Mary's College of Maryland, (3) New College of Florida , (4) University of Minnesota Morris, and (5) University of North Carolina at Asheville.

References

- [http://www.collegenews.org/x492.xml Distinctively American: The Residential Liberal Arts Colleges]

External links

- [http://www.collegenews.org/ The Annapolis Group] (CollegeNews.org)
- [http://www.acm.edu/ Associated Colleges of the Midwest]
- [http://www.colleges.org/ Associated Colleges of the South]
- [http://www.liberalarts.org/ Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges]
- [http://www.grinnell.edu/offices/dean/csmp/ Consortium for a Strong Minority Presence at Liberal Arts Colleges]
- [http://www.coplac.org/ Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges]
- [http://www.glca.org/ Great Lakes Colleges Association]
- [http://www.ccconsortium.org/ Christian College Consortium]: Christian Liberal Arts Colleges
- [http://www.slaconsortium.org/ Selective Liberal Arts Consortium]
- Category:Universities and colleges in the United States

Washington, Pennsylvania

Washington is a city located in Washington County, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 15,268. It is the county seat of Washington County and is located in the southwestern part of the state.

Geography

Washington is located at 40°10'30" North, 80°15'2" West (40.174959, -80.250634). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.6 km² (2.9 mi²). 7.6 km² (2.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 15,268 people, 6,259 households, and 3,486 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,005.1/km² (5,199.2/mi²). There are 7,111 housing units at an average density of 933.9/km² (2,421.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 81.88% White, 14.60% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 2.29% from two or more races. 0.94% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,259 households out of which 24.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% are married couples living together, 17.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 44.3% are non-families. 38.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 13.2% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $25,764, and the median income for a family is $34,862. Males have a median income of $29,977 versus $22,374 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,818. 20.7% of the population and 16.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.2% of those under the age of 18 and 15.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Cities in Pennsylvania Category:Washington County, Pennsylvania

1781

1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 5 - American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
- January 30 - Articles of Confederation ratified by 13th state, Maryland.
- January - William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister, enters Parliament.
- March 1 - American Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation.
- March 13 - Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III of England.
- March 15 - American Revolutionary War: American General Nathanael Greene loses Battle of Guilford Court House to British.
- July 27 - French spy Francis Henry de la Motte executed in Tyburn prison in England for high treason
- August 30 - American Revolutionary War: French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.
- September 4 - Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula (City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula) by a group of 44 Spanish settlers.
- September 5 - British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but to no effect.
- September 6 - The British army attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut which became known as the Battle of Groton Heights.
- September 10 - Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.
- October 19 - General Charles Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolutionary War.
- November 5 - John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress.
- November 29 - The slave ship Zong dumps its living cargo into the sea in order to claim insurance.
- December 12 - French and British fleets fight in the Second Battle of Ushant.
- Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress.
- Charles Messier publishes final catalog of Messier objects.
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers tungsten.
- Immanuel Kant publishes Critique of Pure Reason.
- Jeremy Bentham formulates utilitarian ethics.
- Reverend Samuel Peters publishes General History of Connecticut, using the term blue law for the first time.
- Antonio Salieri selected as music teacher of Princess of Württemberg over Mozart.

Births

- January 26 - Achim von Arnim, German writer (d. 1831)
- January 30 - Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
- February 17 - Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor (d. 1826)
- March 4 - Rebecca Gratz, American educator and philanthropist (d. 1869)
- March 13 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter (d. 1841)
- June 9- George Stephenson, English engineer (d. 1848)
- June 21 - Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
- July 6 - Thomas Stamford Raffles, English founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
- July 6 - John D. Sloat, American naval officer (d. 1867)
- July 27 - Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
- September 3 - Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Josephine (d. 1824)
- September 6 - Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (d. 1858)
- October 1 - James Lawrence, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1813)
- November 6 - Lucy Aikin, English writer (d. 1864)
- November 20 - Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
- November 29 - Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaked, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (d. 1865)
- November 30 - Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer and Australian pioneer (d. 1873)
- December 11 - Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (d. 1868)
- William Williams of Wern, minister (d. 1840)

Deaths

- January 12 - Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (b. 1691)
- January 15 - Marianne Victoria of Borbón, queen regent of Portugal (b. 1718)
- February 15 - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German author and philosopher (b. 1729)
- February 23 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- February 24 - Edward Capell, English critic (b. 1713)
- March 18 - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, French statesman and economist (b. 1727)
- April 23 - James Abercrombie, British general (b. 1706)
- April 28 - Cornelius Harnett, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
- May 8 - Richard Jago, English poet (b. 1715)
- May 27 - Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (b. 1716)
- July 18 - Padre Francisco Garcés, Spanish missionary (killed) (b. 1738)
- July 23 - John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- September 28 - William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, British diplomat and statesman (b. 1717)
- October 16 - Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, British naval officer (b. 1705)
- November 4 - Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet (b. 1721)
- Peter Scheemakers, Flemish sculptor (b. 1691) Category:1781 ko:1781년 ms:1781

Allegheny Mountains

The Allegheny Mountains are a part of the Appalachian mountain range located in the eastern United States. They run from northeast to southwest through West Central Pennsylvania, and the western part of Maryland and eastern West Virginia. They begin at the Allegheny Front, which has an elevational change of up to two thousand feet. Absolute elevations reach well over four thousand feet in West Virginia. The highest point in West Virginia, Spruce Knob, is located in the Allegheny Mountains on the Allegheny Front. Other notable highpoints include Thorny Flat, Bald Knob, and Mt. Porte Crayon. To the west, the Allegheny Mountains grade down into the dissected Allegheny Plateau and Cumberland Plateau. To the east of the Allegheny Mountains (and east of the Allegheny Front) are the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. Much of the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia is in the Allegheny Mountains. These mountains also include the Dolly Sods Wilderness, Laurel Fork Wilderness, and Cranberry Wilderness. The bedrock of the Alleghenies is mostly sandstone and metamorphosed sandstone, quartzite, which is extremely resistant to weathering. Prominent beds of resistant conglomerate can be found in some areas, such as the Dolly Sods area. When it weathers, it leaves behind a pure white quartzite gravel. The rock of the Alleghenies were formed during the Alleghenian orogeny. Because of intense freeze-thaw cycles in the higher Alleghenies, there is little native bedrock exposed in most areas. The ground surface usually rests on a massive jumble of sandstone rocks, with air space between them, that are gradually moving down-slope. The crest of the Allegheny Front is an exception, where high bluffs are often exposed, exposing an exceptional view. Category:Geography of West Virginia Category:Geography of the United States Category:Mineral County, West Virginia Category:Mountain ranges of Maryland Category:Mountain ranges of Pennsylvania Category:Mountain ranges of West Virginia

1913

1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. (click on link for calendar)

Events

January-March

- January 30 - House of Lords rejects Irish Home Rule Bill
- February 1 - New York City's Grand Central Terminal opens as the world's largest train station.
- February 3 - The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income tax.
- February 3 - Trial of the remnants of the Bonnot gang begins.
- February 17 - The Armory Show opens in New York City. It displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century
- February 27 - Freezing weather stops everything in Balkans
- March - Outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia when the House of Romanov celebrate the 300th anniversary of their succession to the throne
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States William Howard Taft. He is succeeded by Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
- March 12 - Canberra becomes the federal capital of Australia
- March 13 - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in USA
- March 18 - George I of Greece is assassinated.
- March 20 - Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (KMT) is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days after.
- March 25 - Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadaloupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as the head of "Constitutionals"
- March 26 - Balkan War: Bulgarian forces take Adrianople.

April-August

- April 8 - Passing of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, dictating the direct election of senators.
- April 24 - Woolworth Building opening ceremony.
- May 13 - Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a four engine aircraft.
- May 14 - New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
- May 29 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris
- May 30 - First Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in London ending the war.
- June - First edition of the Christian Esoteric magazine Rays from the Rose Cross in the United States; still issued bimonthly till today.
- June 4 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies a few days later, never having regained consciousness.
- June 15 - Bud Bagsak Massacre: US troops under General John 'Black Jack' Pershing kill at least 2,000 relatively defenceless men, women and children, Bud Bagsak, Philippines.
- June 24 - Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
- July 3 - Commemeration of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg draws thousands of United States Civil War veterans and their families to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
- July 10 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C) which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2004).
- August 4 - In China, province of Chungking declares independence. Chinese republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks
- August 13 - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield.
- August 15 - Start of Dublin Lockout, all trade union members dismissed
- August 20 - 700 feet above Buc, France, parachutist Adolphe Pegond becomes the first person to jump from an airplane and land safely.

September-December

- September 23 - French aviator Roland Garros flies over the Mediterranean
- September 29 - Rudolf Diesel disappears en route to Britain
- September 29 - Pancho Villa is elected commander of the "Northern Division" of the Constitutionals
- October 1 - Villa's troops take Torreon after a three-day battle when government troops retreat
- October 10 - US President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- October 19 - Founding of the DLRG (German Life Saving Society)
- November 5 - The insane king Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumed the title Ludwig III.
- November 6 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- November 7- November 12 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250.
- December 1 - Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes (although Ford was not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one did spark an era of mass production).
- December 1 - Greece annexes Crete
- December 12 - Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II dies and is succeeded by his grandson Iyasu V of Ethiopia.
- December 12 - Vincencio Peruggia tries to sell Mona Lisa in the Florence and is arrested
- December 30 - Italy returns Mona Lisa to France
- December 23 - Federal Reserve is created Woodrow Wilson

Unknown Dates

- Female suffrage in Norway
- British steamship Calvadas disappears in the Marmora Sea with 200 hands
- First crossword puzzle appears in the World newspaper
- Black Chamber, forerunner of NSA, founded
- de Sitter: speed of light is independent of speed of source
- Sagnac: speed of light depends on speed of rotating platform
- Painting September Morn creates a national sensation in U.S.
- Camel Cigarettes were introduced
- Ela Hockaday founds The Hockaday School
- First publication of Journal of Ecology
- National Temperance Council founded to promote temperance movement

Births

January-February

- January 2 - Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
- January 6 - Edward Gierek Polish polititian, (d. 2001)
- January 6 - Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
- January 9 - Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States (d. 1994)
- January 15 - Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
- January 18 - Danny Kaye, American actor (d. 1987)
- January 22 - Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
- January 24 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer
- January 25 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
- January 29 - Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer (d. 2001)
- February 2 - Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- February 4 - Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- February 6 - Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
- February 13 - George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
- February 14 - Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
- February 14 - Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared) (d. 1975)
- February 25 - Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
- February 25 - Gert Fröbe, German actor (d. 1988)
- February 27 - Paul Ricoeur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
- February 27 - Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)

March-June

- March 1 - Richard S.R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
- March 4 - John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
- March 13 - William Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987)
- March 13 - Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer and lyricist
- March 18 - René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
- March 21 - George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
- March 29 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
- March 30 - Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
- March 30 - Frankie Laine, American singer
- April 3 - Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
- April 27 - Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
- May 1 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- May 1 - Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
- May 8 - Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
- May 11 - Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
- May 13 - William R. Tolbert, Jr., Liberian president (d. 1980)
- May 16 - Woody Herman, American musician and band leader (d. 1987)
- May 20 - William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001)
- May 26 - Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
- May 29 - Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
- June 10 - Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer
- June 11 - Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
- June 18 - Robert Mondavi, American wine maker
- June 25 - Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
- June 28 - Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker

July-October

- July 12 - Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 14 - Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States
- July 18 - Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
- July 22 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter (d. 1995)
- August 8 - John Facenda, American broadcaster and sports announcer (d. 1984)
- August 10 - Wolfgang Paul, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
- August 16 - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
- August 17 - Rudy York, baseball player (d. 1970)
- August 19 - Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
- August 20 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- August 28 - Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995)
- August 28 - Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
- August 30 - Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- September 4 - Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
- September 5 - Frank Thomas, American animator (d. 2004)
- September 12 - Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)
- September 14 - Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
- September 15 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
- September 19 - Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
- September 29 - Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
- September 29 - Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
- September 29 - Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
- September 30 - Bill Walsh, American movie producer and writer (d. 1975)
- October 10 - Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)

November-December

- November 2 - Burt Lancaster, American actor (d. 1994)
- November 5 - Vivien Leigh, British actress (d. 1967)
- November 7 - Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
- November 9 - Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
- November 10 - Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005)
- November 13 - Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985)
- November 15 - Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
- November 21 - John Boulting, English film director (d.1985)
- November 21 - Roy Boulting, English film director and producer (d. 2001)
- November 22 - Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
- December 6 - Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004)
- December 10 - Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)
- December 18 - Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
- December 18 - Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)

Deaths

- January 1 - Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833)
- January 2 - Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
- February 26 - Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
- March 10 - Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
- March 22 - Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1882)
- March 31 - J.P.Morgan, American financier and banker (b. 1837)
- June 5 - Chris von der Ahe, German-born brewer and baseball owner
- July 3 - Horatio Nelson Young, American naval hero (b. 1845)
- July 29 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- October 5 - Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
- November 7 - Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
- December 12 - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)

Month/day unknown

- John S. Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader (b. 1838)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
- Chemistry - Alfred Werner
- Medicine - Charles Robert Richet
- Literature - Rabindranath Tagore
- Peace - Henri La Fontaine Category:1913 ko:1913년 ms:1913 ja:1913年 simple:1913 th:พ.ศ. 2456

Division III

Division III (or DIII) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States.

Member characteristics

The division consists of colleges and universities that recognize that collegiate athletics can be an integral part of the educational process. The emphasis of the division is on the participant on the various teams, not on the spectators. Members seek to strike a balance between the academic requirements of their institution and the opportunity to compete at the highest level of sport. With over 420 member institutions DIII is the largest of the three divisions sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. A defining characteristic of DIII is that schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships. DIII schools, range in size from less than 500 to over 10,000 students. Many highly selective institutions, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University and the members of the University Athletic Association ("The Nerdy Nine"), participate in Division III to demonstrate a commitment to academics over athletics.

Legacy scholarships

Eight D-3 schools do currently offer scholarships in a capacity as grandfathered schools which traditionally participated in the highest levels of single sports prior to the tiering of schools into divisions. These teams compete at the Division I level, while the remainder of their athletic program remains D-3. They are Clarkson University (men's and women's ice hockey), Colorado College (men's ice hockey and women's soccer), Hartwick College (men's soccer, women's water polo), Johns Hopkins University (men's and women's lacrosse), SUNY Oneonta (men's soccer), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, (men's ice hockey and adding scholarships in women's ice hockey in 2005), Rutgers at Newark (men's volleyball), and St. Lawrence University (men's and women's ice hockey). Each school has the right to offer scholarships in one men's and one women's sport. These schools prefer to enjoy the characteristics of having a small, academically focused athletic program while maintaining competitive ability in their premier sport(s).

Recent changes

In 2003, concerned about the direction of the Division and its adherance to its philosophical basis, the Division III Presidents' Council, led by Middlebury College President John McCardell, acted to limit the length of the traditional and non-traditional seasons, eliminate so-called "red-shirting", and redefine a season of participation, all of which were approved by a majority vote of the membership. An additional proposal which would have eliminated the ability of the institutions listed above to offer athletics scholarships was rejected, though legislation limiting the exception to only those schools currently offering DI programs was approved. These actions took place at the January 2004 NCAA Convention.

James G. Blaine

James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830–January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. He also ran for President of the United States, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but never won the Presidency.

Background

He was the great-grandson of Colonel Ephraim Blaine (1741-1804), who during the American War of Independence served in the American army from 1778 to 1782 as commissary-general of the Northern Department. With many early evidences of literary capacity and political aptitude, J. G. Blaine graduated at Washington College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1847, and subsequently taught successively in the Western Military Institute, Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky and from 1852-1854, he taught at the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind in Philadelphia. During this period, also, he studied law. Settling in Augusta, Maine, in 1854, he became editor of the Kennebec Journal, and subsequently on the Portland Advertiser. Editorial work was soon abandoned for a more active public career. He served as a member in Maine House of Representatives from 1859 to 1862, serving the last two years as Speaker of the House. He also became chairman of the Republican state committee in 1859, and for more than twenty years personally directed every campaign of his party. Among his adoring admirers, he was known as the "Plumed Knight."

Congressional career

Blaine was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-eighth Congress and to the six succeeding U.S. Congress and served from March 4, 1863, to July 10, 1876, when he resigned. He was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives for three terms—during the 41st through 43rd Congresses. He served as chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Rules during the 43rd through 45th Congresses, followed by over four years in the Senate. The House was the fit arena for his political and parliamentary ability. He was a ready and powerful debater, full of resource, and dexterous in controversy. The tempestuous politics of the Civil War and Reconstruction period suited his aggressive nature and constructive talent. The measures for the rehabilitation of the states that had seceded from the Union occupied the chief attention of Congress for several years, and Blaine bore a leading part in framing and discussing them. The primary question related to the basis of representation upon which they should be restored to their full rank in the political system. A powerful section contended that the basis should be the body of legal voters, on the ground that the South could and should not then secure an increment of political power on account of the emancipated blacks unless these blacks were admitted to political rights. Blaine, on the other hand, contended that representation should be based on population instead of voters, as being fairer to the North, where the ratio of voters varied widely, and he insisted that it should be safeguarded by security for impartial suffrage. This view prevailed, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was substantially Blaine's proposition. In the same spirit he opposed a scheme of military governments for the southern states, unless associated with a plan by which, upon the acceptance of prescribed conditions, they could release themselves from military rule and resume civil government. He was the first in Congress to oppose the claim, which gained momentary and widespread favour in 1867, that the public debt, pledged in coin, should be paid in greenbacks. The protection of naturalized citizens who, on return to their native land, were subject to prosecution on charges of disloyalty, enlisted his active interest and support, and the agitation, in which he was conspicuous, led to the treaty of 1870 between the United States and Britain, which placed adopted and native citizens on the same footing. In 1875, to promote the separation of church and state, Blaine proposed a constitutional amendment that would prohibit the use of public funds intended for public schooling from being directed to or controlled by any religious sect or organization. The amendment did not pass at the federal level, falling only four votes of the required two-thirds majority in the Senate, but a majority of states subsequently adopted similar laws, which are commonly known as Blaine Amendments. The amendment did not forbid religious instruction at public schools, so long as it was not under the control of a particular sect. (Indeed, public schools continued to teach Biblical studies and religious instruction for some years even in states which adopted Blaine Amendments.) For this reason, the amendment was seen as an anti-Roman Catholic measure, and was strongly supported by evangelical Protestants. Blaine was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for President on the Republican ticket in 1876 and 1880. (See U.S. presidential election, 1876, U.S. presidential election, 1880.) His chance for securing the 1876 nomination, however, was damaged by persistent charges, brought against him by the Democrats, that as a member of Congress he had been guilty of corruption in his relations with the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railway and the Northern Pacific Railway. By the majority of Republicans, he was considered to have cleared himself completely, and at the Republican National Convention he missed the nomination for President by only 28 votes, being finally beaten by a combination of supporters of all the other candidates going to Rutherford B. Hayes. Blaine was appointed and subsequently elected as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lot M. Morrill. He served for four years, and his political activity was unabated—currency laws were especially prominent in his legislative portfolio. Blaine, who had previously opposed greenback inflation, now resisted depreciated silver coinage. He championed the advancement of American shipping, and advocated liberal subsidies, insisting that the policy of protection should be applied on sea as well as on land. He was re-elected and served from July 10, 1876, to March 5, 1881, when he resigned to become Secretary of State. While in the Senate, he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment (45th Congress) and U.S. Senate Committee on Rules (also 45th Congress). During this period he tried again for a Presidential nomination: The Republican national convention of 1880, divided between the two nearly equal forces of Blaine and former President Ulysses Grant—John Sherman of Ohio also having a considerable following—struggled through 36 ballots, when the friends of Blaine, combining with those of Sherman, succeeded in nominating James Garfield. James Garfield

Service as Secretary of State and run for President

Blaine was Secretary of State in the Cabinets of Presidents James Garfield and Chester Arthur from March 5 to December 12, 1881. Owing to the assassination of President Garfield and the reorganization of the cabinet by President Chester Arthur, he held the office only until December 1881. He was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for President in 1884, the only nonincumbent Republican nominee to lose the race between 1856 and 1916 (incumbent Presidents Benjamin Harrison in 1892 and William Howard Taft in 1912 both lost). (See U.S. presidential election, 1884.) After heated canvassing, during which he made a series of brilliant speeches, he was beaten by a narrow margin in New York. Many, including Blaine himself, attributed his defeat to the effect of a phrase, "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion," used by a Protestant clergyman, Rev. Samuel D. Burchard (1812–1891), on October 29, 1884, in Blaine's presence, to characterize what, in his opinion, the, Democrats stood for. The phrase was not Blaine's, but his opponents made use of it (and his refusal to publicly disavow it) to misrepresent his attitude toward the Roman Catholics, large numbers of whom are supposed, in consequence, to have withdrawn their support (ironically, Blaine's mother was Roman Catholic). Roman Catholics were already suspicious of Blaine over his support of the Blaine Amendments, and this confirmed many suspicions. Refusing to be a presidential candidate again in 1888, he became Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison from 1889-1892, when he resigned. His service at State was distinguished by several notable steps. In order to promote the friendly understanding and co-operation of the nations on the American continents he projected a Pan-American Congress, which, after being arranged for and led by Blaine as its first president, was frustrated by his retirement. (Its most important conclusions were the need for reciprocity in trade, a continental railway and compulsory arbitration in international complications.) Shaping the tariff legislation for this policy, Blaine negotiated a large number of reciprocity treaties which augmented the commerce of his country. He upheld American rights in Samoa, pursued a vigorous diplomacy with Italy over the lynching of 11 Italians, all except three of them American naturalized citizens, in New Orleans on May 14 1891, held a firm attitude during the strained relations between the United States and Chile (growing largely out of the killing and wounding of American sailors of the USS Baltimore by Chileans in Valparaíso on October 16, 1891), and carried on with Britain a resolute controversy over the seal fisheries of Bering Sea—a difference afterwards settled by arbitration. He resigned on June 4, 1892, on the eve of the meeting of the Republican National Convention, wherein his name was used ineffectually. He also sought to secure a modification of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, and in an extended correspondence with the British government strongly asserted the policy of an exclusive American control of any isthmian canal which might be built to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Later life and death

During the leisure of his later years he wrote Twenty Years of Congress (1884-1886), a brilliant historical work in two volumes. Blaine died in Washington, D.C. and was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery. Reinterment took place at the request of the State of Maine in the Blaine Memorial Park, Augusta, Maine, in June 1920.

Monuments and memorials

- The following counties are named in his honor: Blaine County, Idaho; Blaine County, Montana; Blaine County, Oklahoma; and Blaine County, Nebraska.
- The city of Blaine, Washington is named after him

Sources

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- Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G. Blaine, James G.

John S. Reed

John Shepard Reed is the Chairman of the New York Stock Exchange. He was previously Chairman and CEO of Citicorp, Citibank, and post-merger, Citigroup. He was born in 1939 in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in Argentina and Brazil. He earned his undergraduate degree from Washington and Jefferson College and his Master's of Science in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He was heavily responsible for pushing for the adoption of the ATM around the country, and led Citicorp through a perilous period in the early 90's. He was approached by Sandy Weill to merge with Travelers Group and the result was Citigroup. He was later ousted in a management shakeup.

External link

- [http://www.nyse.com/about/1064832353616.html NYSE Biography] Reed

Stephen Foster

Stephen Collins Foster (Born in Pittsburgh on July 4, 1826, died on January 13, 1864) was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of his era. Many of his songs, such as "Oh! Susanna," "Camptown Races" and "Beautiful Dreamer," are still popular over 150 years after their composition. Foster was born in Lawrenceville, a small suburb which later became a neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and grew up as the youngest of ten children in a relatively well-off family. His education included a month at college, but little formal music training. Despite this, he had published several songs before he was twenty years old (his first, "Open Thy Lattice Love," appeared when he was eighteen). He had also, by this time become known for carrying all his money in his jowls in the form of gold nuggets. Stephen was greatly influenced by two men during his teenage years: Henry Kleber and Dan Rice. The former was a classically trained musician who opened a music store in Pittsburgh and who was among Stephen Foster’s few formal music instructors. The latter was an entertainer – a clown and blackface singer, making his living in traveling circuses. These two very different musical worlds created an uneasy crossroads for the teenage Foster. Although respectful of the more civilized parlor songs during the day, he and his friends would sit at a piano, writing and singing “coon songs” all night long. Eventually, Foster would learn to juxtapose the two genres to create some of his best works. In 1846 he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and became a bookkeeper with his brother's steamship company. While living in Cincinnati, Foster had his first hit songs, including "Oh! Susanna," which was to serve as the anthem of the California gold rush in 1848/9. Foster also achieved popularity with several songs published in his compilation Songs of the Sable Harmonists (1848). In 1849 he published Foster's Ethiopian Melodies, which included the hit song "Nelly Was A Lady", made famous by the Christy Minstrels. That year he returned to Pennsylvania and formed a contract with the Christy Minstrels, beginning the period in which most of his best-known songs were written: "Camptown Races" (1850), "Nelly Bly" (1850), "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River", 1851), "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853), "Old Dog Tray" (1853), "Hard Times Come Again No More" (1854), "Jeannie With the Light Brown Hair" (1854), and "Beautiful Dreamer" (1862). Foster moved to New York City in 1860. "Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair", incidentally, was written for his wife, Jane McDowall, with whom he eventually became estranged as his life spiraled downward. Many of Foster's songs were in the minstrel show tradition popular at the time. My Old Kentucky Home

Washington and Jefferson College

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James G. Blaine

Background

Congressional career

Service as Secretary of State and run for President

Later life and death

Monuments and memorials

Further reading

Sources

John S. Reed

External link

Stephen Foster