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Washington SenatorsThe Washington Senators can refer to:
- The Washington Senators (officially named the Washington Nationals during the 1905–1956 seasons), an American League baseball team based in Washington, D.C. from 1901 to 1960. The franchise then moved to Minneapolis-St. Paul and became, and still remains, the Minnesota Twins.
- The Washington Senators were also an American League baseball expansion team from 1961 to 1971. The franchise then moved to Dallas-Fort Worth and became, and still remains, the Texas Rangers.
Note: Because the original Senators' relocation to Minnesota and the expansion Senators' arrival occurred in the same year (1961), and both had the same name, it is a very common mistake to confuse the two franchises. The original Senators used dark blue as its primary color, with a big, loud "W" on its caps, while the expansion Senators used red, with a cursive, squiggly "W." The colors are still used by their successive teams (Minnesota and Texas), and have been adopted by the new Nationals for home (red) and road (blue) games.
19th Century baseball in Washington
- There were several professional baseball teams called the Washington Nationals, Washington Senators and Washington Statesmen in the 19th century.
- The National Association Washington Nationals played in 1873 and 1875
- The Union Association Washington Nationals played in 1884
- The American Association Washington Nationals played in 1884
- The American Association Washington Statesmen played in 1891 and 1894
- The National League Washington Statesmen played 1886–1889
- The National League Washington Senators played 1892–1899.
Category:Defunct MLB teams
Category:Washington, D.C. sports
American League
The American League (or formally the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs) is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States of America and Canada. It developed from a minor league, the Western League, that eventually aspired to major league status.
The organization renamed itself the American League on October 11, 1899, and placed teams in the abandoned Cleveland market as well as on the south side of Chicago. This was done with the approval of the National League, which was at the time too embroiled in resolving its own internal conflicts that it did not recognize the potential threat such a move would pose to the National League's major league monopoly it had enjoyed since the American Association folded a decade earlier.
During the 1900 season, the rechristened AL was still a minor league circuit subject to the National Agreement. Learning that many major leaguers were discontented with the National League, the AL leaders saw an opportunity. The AL declined to renew its National Agreement membership when it expired in October of 1900, and on January 28, 1901, the American officially declared itself a major league. It continued to expand into major league cities and to hire disgrunted National League players. A roster war was on.
The older National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money drained away to the new league. After two years of bitter contention a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major league baseball.
The AL is often called the "Junior Circuit" because of the fact that it was elevated to Major League status 25 years after the formation of the National League. Unlike the NL, the AL uses designated hitters (DHs) to bat in place of pitchers. The league has used DHs since 1973.
Teams
Starting in 1901, the eight charter teams were the following:
- Baltimore Orioles
- Boston Americans (unofficial name)
- Chicago White Sox
- Cleveland Blues
- Detroit Tigers
- Milwaukee Brewers
- Philadelphia Athletics
- Washington Senators
The Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit franchises exist today in their same 1901 cities. The Boston "Americans" later officially became the Red Sox, and the Cleveland Blues later became the Naps and then the Indians. Detroit is the only charter member of the Western League that is still in its original city dating back to 1894.
The Milwaukee Brewers moved and became the St. Louis Browns in 1902, and moved again to become today's Baltimore Orioles in 1954. The original Baltimore Orioles moved to New York in 1903 and became the team now known as the New York Yankees. The Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 and then to Oakland in 1968. The Washington Senators relocated in 1961, becoming the Minnesota Twins.
Expansion and relocation
The American League has expanded four times. The first occurred in 1961, when the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators joined the league, the latter replacing the original Washington franchise, which had just relocated to Minnesota. The Los Angeles Angels went through several name changes are today formally known as the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The second Washington franchise moved to Dallas-Fort Worth in 1972 and became the Texas Rangers.
The second expansion occurred in 1969 when the Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots joined the league. The Pilots stayed just one season in Seattle before moving to Milwaukee and becoming today's Milwaukee Brewers. In 1977, the third expansion occurred adding the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners. A fourth expansion took place in 1998 when the Tampa Bay Devil Rays joined, and in a reorganization, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to the National League.
Divisions
The American League is broken up into three Divisions, as follows:
American League East
- Baltimore Orioles
- Boston Red Sox
- New York Yankees
- Tampa Bay Devil Rays
- Toronto Blue Jays
American League Central
- Chicago White Sox
- Cleveland Indians
- Detroit Tigers
- Kansas City Royals
- Minnesota Twins
American League West
- Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
- Oakland Athletics
- Seattle Mariners
- Texas Rangers
AL Presidents 1901-99
- Ban Johnson 1901-27
- Ernest Barnard 1927-31
- Will Harridge 1931-59
- Joe Cronin 1959-73
- Lee McPhail 1973-84
- Bobby Brown 1984-94
- Gene Budig 1994-99
Office was eliminated in 1999, although Jackie Autry, former owner of the Anaheim Angels, currently holds the title of honorary American League president.
Other leagues
Several other sports have had leagues called "American League", usually with the sport name as a qualifier, such as the "American Football League" (which eventually merged with the National Football League, adopting the latter's name for the combination).
See also
- American League pennant winners 1901-68
- American League Championship Series (ALCS)
Category:Major League Baseball
ja:アメリカンリーグ
MLB
Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in professional baseball in the world. More specifically, Major League Baseball ("MLB") refers to the entity that operates North America's two top leagues, the National League and the American League, by means of a joint organizational structure which has existed between them since 1920. On an organizational level, MLB effectively operates as a single "league", and as such it constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of North America.
Major League Baseball is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution, an agreement that has undergone several incarnations since 1876 then called the NL Constitution, with the most recent revisions being made in 2005. Major League Baseball, under the direction of its Commissioner, Bud Selig, hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts. As is the case for most North American sports leagues, the 'closed shop' aspect of MLB effectively prevents the yearly promotion and demotion of teams into the Major League by virtue of their performance.
MLB also maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of minor league baseball. This is due in large part to a 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League which declared baseball is not considered interstate commerce (and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law), despite baseball's own references to itself as an "industry" rather than a "sport."
The production/multimedia wing of MLB is New York-based MLB Advanced Media, which oversees MLB.com and all 30 of the individual teams' websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the League itself, but it is indeed under the same ownership group and revenue-sharing plan. MLB Productions is a similarly-structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media.
Current Major Leagues
The Major League season runs from late March or early April to late September or early October. Players and teams prepare for the season in spring training, primarily in Florida and Arizona, during February and March. Three rounds of playoffs follow the season, culminating in the World Series in late October.
Teams and schedule
At the time of writing the Commissioner of Baseball, Bud Selig, has often floated the idea of international expansion and realignment of the major leagues. At the moment, however, the major leagues are each split into three divisions, and structured as listed in the table below.
In all there are 30 teams in the two leagues: 16 in the older National League ("NL") and 14 in the American League ("AL"). Each has its teams split into three divisions grouped generally by geography. They are (number of teams in each division in parenthesis): NL East (5), NL Central (6), NL West (5), AL East (5), AL Central (5) and AL West (4).
Each team's regular season consists of 162 games, a duration established in 1961. From 1904 to 1960, except for 1919, a 154-game schedule was played. Shortened seasons were played in 1918 due to the outbreak of World War I, and in 1972, 1981, 1994 and 1995 due to player strikes and lockouts. Games are played predominantly against teams within each league through an unbalanced schedule which heavily favors intra-divisional play. In 1997 Major League Baseball introduced interleague play, which was criticized by the sport's purists but has since proven very popular with most fans.
Each year in June, Major League Baseball conducts a draft for first year players who have never signed a Major or Minor League contract. The MLB Draft is among the least followed of the professional sports drafts in the United States.
For a detailed history of the length of the regular season, see Major League Baseball season.
All-Star game
Early July marks the midway point of the season, during which a three day break is taken when the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is staged. The All-Star game pits players from the NL, headed up by the manager of the previous NL World Series team, against players from the AL, similarly managed, in an exhibition game. The 2002 contest ended in an 11-inning tie because both teams were out of pitchers, a ridiculous result which proved highly unpopular with the fans. In 2003 and 2004, the league which won the game received the benefit of home-field advantage (four of the seven games of that year's World Series taking place at their home park). The 2005 contest, played in Detroit, followed this format, and it is expected that it will remain that way until the MLB says otherwise. Since the 1970s, the eight position players for each team who take the field initially have been voted into the game by fans. The remaining position players and all of the pitchers on each league's roster were, for a long number of years, solely at the discretion of that team's manager. In 2004, however, MLB instituted a system where some reserves and pitchers were selected by a vote of MLB players, and some were selected by the manager after consulting with the Commissioner's Office. By MLB regulation, every team in the majors must have at least one designated all-star player, regardless of voting. This rule exists so that fans of every team have a player to watch for in the All Star Game.
Post-season
When the regular season ends around October 1st, eight teams enter the post-season playoffs. The first six teams are each league's three division champions. The remaining two "wild-card" spots are filled by each league's team that has the best regular season record and is not a division champion. Three rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion:
# American League Division Series and National League Division Series, each a best-of-five game series;
# American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series, each a best-of-seven game series played between the surviving teams from the ALDS and NLDS; and
# World Series, a best-of-seven game series played between the champions of each league.
The team belonging to the league that won the mid-season All-Star game receives home-field advantage in that series.
MLB Steroid Policy
Over most of the course of Major League Baseball, steroid testing was never a major issue. However, after the BALCO steroid scandal, which involved allegations that top baseball players had used illegal performance enhancing drugs, Major League Baseball has finally decided to issue harsher penalties for steroid users. The new policy, which was accepted by Major League Baseball players and owners, was issued at the start of the 2005 season and goes as follows:
The 1st positive test will result in a suspension of up to 10 days. The 2nd positive test will result in a suspension of 30 days. The 3rd positive test will result in a suspension of 60 days. The 4th positive test will result in a suspension of one full year. Finally, the 5th positive test will result in a penalty at the commissioner’s discretion. Players will be tested at least once per year, with the chance that several players can be tested a numerous amount of times per year. (See: List of Major League Baseball players suspended for steroids)
This program would replaces the previous steroid testing program under which, for example, no player was even suspended in 2004. Under the old policy, which was established in 2002, a first time offense would only result in treatment for the player. The new agreement makes sure that first time offenders are rightfully suspended.
In recent news, Bud Selig, the Commissioner of MLB, has proposed even tougher penalties for positive tests than the ones in place today. The new penalties that Bud Selig has proposed are a “three strikes and you’re out approach” and go as follows:
The 1st positive test would result in a 50 game suspension. The 2nd positive test would result in a 100 game suspension. Finally, the 3rd positive test would result in a lifetime suspension from MLB.
These new proposed penalties are much harsher, however they must be accepted by MLB players and owners before any changes can be made. MLB's reluctance to take a hard line on drugs (as many other sports feature far more strict testing and penalties) is widely seen as one of the main reasons why baseball has been dropped from the Olympics with effect from 2012.
References
- http://www.wnbc.com/mikedup/4077510/detail.html
Historical Major Leagues
In 1969, the centennial of professional baseball, a commission chartered by Major League Baseball identified the following leagues as "major leagues". The list is sometimes disputed by baseball researchers. The MLB list included the following:
- 1876-present: National League of Professional Baseball Clubs
- 1882-1891: American Association
- 1884: Union Association
- 1890: Players League
- 1901-present: American League
- 1914-1915: Federal League
Some researchers contend that the following leagues deserve consideration as major leagues due to the caliber of player and the level of play exhibited:
- The National Association (1871-1875)
- The first year of the American League (1900)
- The Negro Leagues (primarily during the years from 1921-1946)
In general, the official stance is that game and statistical records for these particular leagues were not kept in a consistent manner and/or those leagues did not have a significant direct impact on the major leagues.
Specifically, the following can be said of these leagues:
- The NA is unquestionably recognized as the first professional league, and is the direct precursor to the NL, most of whose original eight teams came from the NA. The standard position is that the NA was a "transitional" league that was not quite up to major league standards. The NL was a wholly new entity that took the best remnants of the NA and imposed a discipline that was lacking in the failed NA.
- The AL itself asserted that it was a minor league in 1900, although it was already located in most of the cities it would be operating in the following year. However, in 1900 it operated independently and did not conduct raids on major league rosters. That changed in 1901.
- The Negro Leagues are the toughest call. Some historians have labeled their time the era of "shadow ball", a segregated parallel to the (all-white) major leagues. The fact that many young players were able to come into the majors in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and have immediate impact, possibly argues for major status. It could also be argued that the Negro Leagues were more properly equated to the highest levels of minor league ball, such as the Pacific Coast League. It is a debate that has no clear resolution, which is why most historians are content to simply regard them as a category unto themselves.
Conversely, some historians question whether the Union Association really qualifies as "major", because it really only had one major-league calliber team (St. Louis) and its membership was a revolving door. The Union's chief claim to major status would rest on having had some direct impact on the other majors, due to roster-raiding. None of the three "non-major" groups listed above could make that claim.
See also
:For results of annual regular season final standings, see years in baseball
- History of baseball, for a detailed history of the Major Leagues
- 2005 Free Agents
- 1994 baseball strike
- 1981 baseball strike
- 1972 baseball strike
- Minor league baseball, for a list of Minor Baseball teams
- Negro League baseball
- Continental League - Proposed by Branch Rickey as a "third major league"; folded before play began, but forced majors to expand
- 19th century National League teams
- Current Major League Baseball Players by Nationality
- Major League Baseball television contracts
- Major League Baseball transactions
- List of Major League Rivalries
- MLB Draft
Players, ownership, ballparks and officials
- Baseball Commissioners
- List of highest paid baseball players
- List of major league players with articles
- List of Major League Baseball principal owners
- List of Major League Baseball stadiums
- List of Major League Baseball retired numbers
- List of Free Agents 2005-2006 season
Statistics, milestones and records
- Baseball statistics: BA, ERA, etc.
- Baseball Hall of Fame
- 30-30 club and 40-40 club
- 300-300 club
- List of lifetime home run leaders through history
- 500 home run club
- List of major league players with 2,000 hits
- 3000 hit club
- 300 win club
- 3000 strikeout club
- Major League Baseball franchise post-season droughts
- Perfect game
- Unassisted triple play
- Triple crown
- Hitting for the cycle
- Major League Baseball titles streaks
- Major League Baseball titles leaders
- Major League Baseball attendance records
- Major League Baseball home run milestones
- List of most experienced baseball players never to play in a World Series
- List of Major League Baseball No-hitters
- Home run leaders by letter
Post-season awards
- Comeback Player of the Year Award
- Cy Young Award
- Rawlings Gold Glove Award.
- Hank Aaron Award
- Manager of the Year Award
- Most Valuable Player Award
- The Sporting News Reliever of the Year Award (prior to 2001, TSN Fireman of the Year)
- Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award
- Rookie of the Year Award
- Silver Sluggers
Exhibition and playoffs
- All-Star Game
- National League pennant winners 1876-1900
- American League pennant winners 1901-68
- National League pennant winners 1901-68
- MLB division winners (since 1969)
- American League Division Series (ALDS)
- National League Division Series (NLDS)
- American League Championship Series (ALCS)
- National League Championship Series (NLCS)
- World Series
External links
- [http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/index.jsp Official MLB website]
- [http://baseballhalloffame.org National Baseball Hall of Fame]
- [http://www.baseballreference.com Baseball-Reference.com]
- [http://www.baseballprospectus.com Baseball Prospectus]
- [http://www.baseballthinkfactory.com Baseball Think Factory]
- [http://www.all-baseball.com All-Baseball.com]
- [http://www.hardballtimes.com The Hardball Times]
- [http://www.ballparks.com Ballparks.com]
- [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/index ESPN.com - Baseball Index]
- [http://insidetheparks.com/ InsideTheParks.com]
- [http://www.gridmarks.com/mlb.html MLB Rankings]
Category:Sports leagues of the United States
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ko:메이저 리그 야구
ja:メジャーリーグ
simple:Major League Baseball
Minnesota Twins
The Minnesota Twins are a Major League Baseball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They are in the Central Division of the American League.
Franchise history
The franchise originated in Kansas City, Missouri in 1894, moved to Washington, D.C. in 1901 when the American League was formed, and played there through the 1960 season.
Kansas City Blues, 1894-1900
The Kansas City Blues were a charter member of the Western League, a minor league at the time. Byron "Ban" Johnson, president of the Western League, changed the name to the American League in 1900 and major league status was awarded a year later. The Blues were champions of the Western League in 1898, taking the league by a game-and-a-half from the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
Washington Nationals/Senators, 1901-1960
The Washington ballclub was known by two nicknames, the Nationals and the Senators, for most of its history prior to moving to Minnesota. During the team actually wore "Nationals" on their jerseys. Otherwise, the jerseys either read "Washington" or carried a plain block "W". Newspaper articles for decades used the names "Senators" and "Nationals" (or "Nats") interchangeably, often within the same article. Baseball guides even said "Nationals or Senators" when listing the nickname. By the 1950s, "Nationals" was pretty much passe. In 1959 the word "Senators" finally appeared on their shirts. They and their expansion-replacement in 1961 would remain officially the "Senators" for good, although space-saving headline writers continued to refer to them as "Nats" frequently.
During the period , the team's line up boasted the presence of Walter "The Big Train" Johnson and they won the 1924 World Series. They also appeared in the 1925 and 1933 Series and came very close in 1945. After that, the team fell into mediocrity quickly. That, along with its poor early years, resulted in the team being remembered mostly for its failures rather than its successes. During one portion of its history, the team was so notoriously inept that it inspired San Francisco Chronicle columnist Charley Dryden to joke: "Washington: First in war, first in peace, and last in the American League." This was a play on Light Horse Harry Lee's remembrance of George Washington: "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." The team's difficulties on the field also inspired the book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant (see below).
George Washington, 1924]]
It is falsely claimed that prior to the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro tried out for the Senators as a pitcher during the early 1950s. [http://www.snopes.com/sports/baseball/castro.asp]
The team played its games at Griffith Stadium, sharing it with the Homestead Grays of the Negro Leagues (who played some of their games there).
The Washington Senators in popular culture
The longtime competitive struggles of the team were fictionalized in the book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant, which became the Broadway musical and movie Damn Yankees. The plot features a middle-aged man named Joe Hardy who sells his soul to the Devil so the Washington Senators can win the pennant. One of the songs from the musical, You Gotta Have Heart, is frequently played at baseball games.
Team nickname: Nats, short for Nationals. Also sometimes called Griffs by inventive headline writers, in reference to the club owner.
Minnesota Twins, 1961 to present
The "Minnesota" designation, instead of "Minneapolis", comes from the fact that the team is intended to represent the twin cities of Minneapolis-St. Paul (and, presumably, the entire state). This fact is reinforced by the stylized TC logo worn on home caps, and by their mascot, TC Bear.
1960s: The Twins arrive in Minnesota and rise in the standings
The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961, and they advanced to the World Series in 1965, driven by the exciting play of superstar first baseman Harmon Killebrew. They were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers, but the championship drive cemented the team's relationship with the people of Minnesota.
1970s: From first place to mediocrity
The team continued to post winning records through 1971, winning the first two American League West division titles. However, they then entered a decade-long slump, finishing around .500 for the next eight years. Tony Oliva and Rod Carew continued to provide offensive pop, but Killebrew's batting average suffered and the pitching staff languished.
1980s: Building a new home, a World Champion
In the early 1980s, The Twins fell further, winning only 37% of its games in 1981 and 1982. Through 1981, the team played its games at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, a suburb south of the Twin Cities. The Mall of America now occupies the spot where the "Old Met" stood, complete with home plate and the seat where Harmon Killebrew hit a 520 foot home run. The 1982 season brought the team indoors, into the Metrodome, which is in downtown Minneapolis near the Mississippi River. After several losing seasons in the Dome, the arrival of 1980s superstars Kent Hrbek and Kirby Puckett electrified the team and sent them to their first World Series. The Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals to win the 1987 World Series. The 1987 Twins were unique from the standpoint that with their regular season record of 85-77, they became worst peforming team (winning percentage wise) to win the World Series. While their 56-25 record at the Metrodome was the best overall home record for 1987, away from the Metrodome, the Twins had an appalling 29-52 mark. The Twins only won nine road games after the All-Star break. The Twins won even more in 1988, but could not overcome the powerhouse division rival Oakland A's. 1989 saw a decline in the win column.
1990s: From worst to first to worst again
Oakland A's during his 1999 no-hitter]]
In 1990, the Twins surprisingly did quite poorly, finishing last in their division with only 74 wins. 1991 brought breakout years from newcomers Shane Mack, Scott Leius, Chili Davis, and rookie of the year Chuck Knoblauch, along with consistently excellent performances from stars Hrbek and Puckett. The pitching staff excelled as well, with Scott Erickson, Rick Aguilera, and St. Paul native Jack Morris having all-star years. The Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves to win the 1991 World Series. In both this and the previous Twins World Series, the home team won each game, which had never occurred before. All three of the Twins' Series were decided in seven games, with the latter series ending in a dramatic 10-inning, 1-0 shutout by series MVP Morris. 1991 was also the first time any team finishing last in its division the previous year advanced to the World Series, with both the Twins and Braves accomplishing this unprecedented feat.
1992 saw another superb Oakland team that the Twins could not overcome, despite an excellent 90-win season. After 1992, the Twins again fell into an extended slump, posting a losing record each year through 2000. From a long sequence of retirements and injuries (including superstars Kent Hrbek and Kirby Puckett) hurt the team badly, and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins. In 1998, management cleared out the team of all of its players earning over 1 million dollars (except for pitcher Brad Radke) and rebuilt from the ground up; the team barely avoided finishing in the cellar that year, finishing just five games ahead of perennial cellar dwellers Detroit Tigers and avoiding the humiliating mark of 100 losses by just eight games.
In 1997, owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver, who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad (Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point) area of the state. The defeat of a referendum for a stadium in that area and a lack of interest in building a stadium for the Twins in Charlotte killed the deal.
2000s: A perennial contender
Things turned around, and in , the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota, going 85-77 in 2001, 94-67 in 2002, 90-72 in 2003, 92-70 in 2004 and 83-79 in 2005. From , the Twins compiled their longest streak of consecutive league/division championships ever (previous were the 1924 World Champion-1925 AL Champion Senators and the 1969–70 Twins). Threatened with closure by league contraction in 2002, the team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4-1 by that year's eventual World Series champion Anaheim Angels. Their streak of three straight division titles, along with some bitterly fought games, have helped to create an intense rivalry with the Chicago White Sox during the 2004 and 2005 seasons.
A new ballpark for the 2010s?
The Twins wish to replace the Metrodome with a new ballpark within the next half decade, claiming that the Metrodome generates too little revenue for the Twins to be competitive. In particular, the Twins receive no revenue from luxury suite leasing (as those are owned by co-tenant Minnesota Vikings) and only a small percentage of concessions sales; also, the percentage of season-ticket-quality seats in the Metrodome is said to be very low compared to other stadiums, and the capacity of the stadium is far too high for baseball. However, attempts to spur interest and push legislative efforts towards a new stadium have repeatedly failed. The Dome is thought to be an increasingly poor fit for all three of its major tenants (the Twins, the Vikings and the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers football team). In fact, in addition to the Twins, the Vikings and Gophers both have new stadium proposals in various stages of development. Given the strong public opposition to public subsidies for sports stadiums in Minnesota, it remains to be seen if any of these proposals will move forward, thus requiring the Twins to go the route of the baseball Cardinals and Giants in paying for their own stadium.
Quick facts
:Founded: 1894, as the Kansas City, Missouri franchise in the minor Western League. Moved to Washington, D.C. in 1900 when that league became the American League.
:Formerly known as: Washington Senators (), Kansas City Blues ()
:Uniform colors: Navy blue, Red, and White. Two uniform designs: A light colored uniform (white home, grey road) and an alternative (or "Sunday") uniform (solid blue with red and white piping).
:Logo design: The word "TWINS" in red script. The entwined letters "TC" (for Twin Cities) appear on the home uniform hats, and a stylized "M" appears on the road uniform hats. The word "MINNESOTA" appears on their road uniforms in red block print. "TWINS" (home) and "MINNESOTA" (road) are printed in white with red outlining on the "Sunday" uniforms.
:Winningest season: 1965 (102-60)
:Worst season: 1904 (38-113)
:Longest win streak: 1991 (15 games, )
:Western League pennants won (1): 1898
:Famous ballpark gimmick: Homer Hankie (1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 2002, 2003, 2004)
:Owner: Minneapolis businessman Carl Pohlad, the third owner of the club (following Clark Griffith and his son Calvin).
:Mascot: T.C. Bear, introduced in 2001.
- The team and its famous (or infamous) domed ballpark, the Metrodome, were featured in the 1994 motion picture Little Big League.
- The Twins are affectionately called the "Twinkies" by some fans. Despite the cream-puff sound of that nickname, the Twins have a reputation as a hard-working, hard-playing club. Former manager Tom Kelly and current manager Ron Gardenhire run and encourage a hard-nosed, fundamentals-first attitude toward playing and winning baseball games. The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well-known, the team's players unwinding with loud rock music (usually the choice of the winning pitcher) and video games. The club has several well-known, harmless hazing rituals, such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a bright pink Barbie backpack, and many of its players, both past and present, are notorious pranksters.
- Although Minneapolis appears at first glance to be a "small market" city (3 million residents of the associated metropolitan area), the team routinely draws fans from as far away as Montana and Wyoming.
- Rod Carew
- Steve Carlton
- Stan Coveleski
- Joe Cronin
- Ed Delahanty
- Rick Ferrell
- Goose Goslin
- Clark Griffith
- Bucky Harris
- Walter Johnson
- Harmon Killebrew
- Heinie Manush
- Paul Molitor
- Kirby Puckett
- Sam Rice
- Dave Winfield
- Early Wynn
Current roster
Minor league affiliations
- AAA: Rochester Red Wings, International League
- AA: New Britain Rock Cats, Eastern League
- Advanced A: Fort Myers Miracle, Florida State League
- A: Beloit Snappers, Midwest League
- Rookie: Elizabethton Twins, Appalachian League
- Rookie: GCL Twins, Gulf Coast League
- Rookie: VSL Twins, Venezuelan Summer League
See also
- Minnesota Twins: All-Time Team
- Twins award winners and league leaders
- Twins statistical records and milestone achievements
- Twins players of note
- Twins broadcasters and media
- Twins managers and ownership
External links
- [http://www.twinsbaseball.com Minnesota Twins official web site]
Category:MLB teams
Category:Minnesota sports
ja:ミネソタ・ツインズ
National Association of Professional Baseball PlayersThe National Association of Professional Baseball Players, or simply the National Association, was founded in 1871 and lasted through the 1875 season, after which its stronger teams created the National League. It is regarded as baseball's first professional league.
National Association Franchises
- Boston Red Stockings (1871–1875)
- Chicago White Stockings (1871; 1874–1875)
- Cleveland Forest Cities (1871–1872)
- Fort Wayne Kekiongas (1871)
- New York Mutuals (1871–1875)
- Philadelphia Athletics (1871–1875)
- Rockford Forest Citys (1871)
- Troy Haymakers (1871–1872)
- Washington Olympics (1871–1872)
- Brooklyn Atlantics (1872–1875)
- Brooklyn Eckfords (1872)
- Baltimore Canaries (1872–1874) ("Lord Baltimore" in the standings)
- Middletown Mansfields (1872)
- Washington Nationals (1872–1873; 1875)
- Baltimore Marylands (1873)
- Philadelphia White Stockings (1873)/Philadelphia Pearls (1874)/Philadelphia Phillies (1875)
- Elizabeth Resolutes (1873)
- Hartford Dark Blues (1874–1875)
- Philadelphia Centennials (1875)
- New Haven Elm Citys (1875)
- St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875)
- St. Louis Red Stockings (1875)
- Keokuk Westerns (1875)
Team names technicalities
The way the teams are listed above puts their names in the modern context of a city name plus a nickname. In fact, the singular form of that "nickname" was often the team name itself, with its base city "understood" and was so listed in the standings. Example: Rather than saying "Brooklyn Atlantics", the team was simply called "Atlantic", or "Atlantic of Brooklyn" if deemed necessary by the writer.
Another common practice was to refer to the team in the plural; hence the "Bostons" the "Chicagos"... or the "Mutuals". Hence some additional confusion for modern readers.
Sometimes the team would have a nickname, usually something to do with the team colors. Examples: Boston Red Stockings, Chicago White Stockings, Mutual Green Stockings. A relatively modern equivalent to this was when the Pacific Coast League had two teams in San Francisco, called "San Francisco" and "Mission". The teams were officially the "Seals" and the "Reds" respectively. However, the second team was also often called the "Missions".
This practice of using the singular form of the "nickname" as the team name faded with time, although as recently as the early 1900s, the team generally known as "Philadelphia Athletics" was shown in the American League standings as "Athletic", the traditional way.
The closest modern sports franchises come to this style is by assigning a name that reflects the region that the team wants to represent. The Rangers have always played in Arlington, Texas, but the team is listed as "Texas" in the standings because that is what the team calls itself: The Texas Rangers, not the Arlington Texans. In 2005, this idea came full circle: in the early 1870s, there were the Mutual Green Stockings of New York. Now we have the newly redubbed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
The way the NA teams were typically shown in contemporary standings was as follows:
- Boston
- Chicago
- Forest City (of Cleveland)
- Kekionga
- Mutual
- Athletic
- Forest City (of Rockford) - a little confusing in 1871
- Troy
- Olympic
- Atlantic
- Eckford
- Lord Baltimore
- Mansfield
- National
- Maryland
- Philadelphia
- Resolute
- Hartford
- Centennial
- Elm City
- St. Louis Brown Stockings
- St. Louis Red Stockings
- Western
Timeline
- 1869 - The previously amateur National Association of Base Ball Players establishes a professional category.
- 1869–70 - Cincinnati Red Stockings demonstrate that professional baseball is a viable business enterprise.
- 1871 - Several teams from the National Association of Base Ball Players breakaway to found the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players.
- 1876 - Boston, Chicago, Hartford, Mutual, Athletic, and St. Louis Brown Stockings all join the newly founded National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs, along with new teams in Louisville and Cincinnati.
Champions
- 1871 Athletic
- 1872 Boston
- 1873 Boston
- 1874 Boston
- 1875 Boston
NA Presidents
- James W. Kerns 1871
- Robert W. Ferguson 1872–1875
References
David Pietrusza Major Leagues: The Formation, Sometimes Absorption and Mostly Inevitable Demise of 18 Professional Baseball Organizations, 1871 to Present Jefferson (NC): McFarland & Company, 1991. ISBN: 0899505902
Category:Defunct baseball leagues
American Association (19th century)The American Association (AA) was a professional baseball league from 1882 to 1891.
The "AA" offered cheaper ticket prices and more liberal libations to its patrons, and became known as "The Beer and Whiskey League", especially by supporters of the National League. This nickname is ironic in view of the fact that "AA" is now most commonly used to mean Alcoholics Anonymous.
Together with the National League, the American Association participated in an early version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence.
The National League won most of those encounters, while some ended in ties due to disputes or other issues. The only victory for the American Association came in 1886 when the St. Louis Browns (now Cardinals) defeated the Chicago White Stockings (now Cubs).
Over that decade, the AA was weakened by several factors. One was the tendency of some of its teams to jump to the NL. The consistently stronger NL also put it in better position to survive adverse conditions. The most significant blow to the AA was dealt by the Players' League, a third major league in 1890, which siphened off talent and gate receipts.
In a unique historical oddity, Brooklyn played in the World Series with the AA in 1889, and with the NL in 1890. That final Series ended in a draw, left unresolved due to growing animosity between the leagues.
The living legacy of the old Association is the teams that came over to the National League to stay, the teams now known as the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals.
Pennant winners of the AA
- 1882 Cincinnati Red Stockings
- 1883 Philadelphia Athletics
- 1884 New York Metropolitans
- 1885 St. Louis Brown Stockings
- 1886 St. Louis Brown Stockings
- 1887 St. Louis Brown Stockings
- 1888 St. Louis Brown Stockings
- 1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms
- 1890 Louisville Colonels
- 1891 Boston Reds
American Association franchises
- Baltimore Orioles (1882-1891)
- Cincinnati Red Stockings (1882-1889)
- Eclipse of Louisville (1882-1883)
- Philadelphia Athletics (1882-1891)
- Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1882-1887)
- St. Louis Brown Stockings (Browns) (1882-1891)
- Louisville Colonels (1883-1891)
- Columbus Colts (1883) / Columbus Senators (1884)
- New York Metropolitans (1883-1887)
- Brooklyn Atlantics (1884) / Brooklyn Grays (1885-1887) / Brooklyn Bridegrooms (1888-1889)
- Indianapolis Blues (1884)
- Richmond Virginias (1884)
- Toledo Blue Stockings (1884)
- Washington Statesmen (1884 and 1891)
- Cleveland Spiders (1887-1888)
- Kansas City Cowboys (1888-1889)
- Columbus Colts / Columbus Salons (1890-1891)
- Brooklyn Gladiators (1890)
- Rochester Hop Bitters (1890)
- Syracuse Stars (1890)
- Toledo Maumees (1890)
- Boston Reds (1891)
- Cincinnati Porkers (1891)
- Milwaukee Brewers (1891)
Timeline
- 1887-Pittsburgh Alleghenys leave AA to join NL
- 1889-Cleveland Spiders leave AA to join NL
- 1890-Cincinnati Red Stockings and Brooklyn Bridegrooms leave AA to join NL
- 1892-Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels, St.Louis Browns, and Washington Senators join National League after the folding of the AA
AA presidents
- H.D. McKnight 1882-1885
- Wheeler C. Wyckoff 1886-1889
- Zach Phelps 1890
- Louis Kramer 1891
- Ed Renau 1891
- Zach Phelps 1891
References
-
-
Category:Defunct baseball leagues
19th century National League teamsThe following is a list of United States Major League Baseball teams that played in the National League in the 19th century. See National League pennant winners 1876-1900.
Surviving teams
- Boston Red Stockings (Beaneaters) 1876-1900 - now Atlanta Braves
- Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890-1900 - transferred from American Association; now Los Angeles Dodgers
- Chicago White Stockings 1876-1900 - now known as the Cubs
- Cincinnati Reds 1890-1900 - transferred from American Association
- New York Giants 1883-1900 - now known as San Francisco Giants
- Philadelphia Phillies 1883-1900
- Pittsburgh Pirates 1887-1900 - transferred from American Association
- St. Louis Browns 1892-1900 - transferred from American Association; now known as the Cardinals
Defunct teams
- Baltimore Orioles 1892-1899 - transferred from American Association
- Buffalo Bisons 1879-1885
- Cincinnati Red Stockings 1876-1880
- Cleveland Blues 1879-1884
- Cleveland Spiders 1889-1899 - transferred from American Association
- Detroit Wolverines 1881-1888
- Hartford Dark Blues 1876-1877 - transferred from National Association; based in Brooklyn in 1877
- Indianapolis Browns 1878
- Indianapolis Hoosiers 1887-1889
- Kansas City Cowboys 1886
- Louisville Grays 1876-1877
- Louisville Colonels 1892-1899 - transferred from American Association; merged with Pittsburgh Pirates
- Milwaukee Grays (or Cream Citys) 1878
- Mutual of New York 1876 - transferred from National Association
- Athletic of Philadelphia 1876 - transferred from National Association
- Providence Grays 1878-1885
- St. Louis Brown Stockings 1876-1877 - transferred from National Association
- St. Louis Maroons 1885-1886 - transferred from Union Association
- Stars of Syracuse 1879
- Troy Trojans 1879-1882
- Washington Senators (I) 1886-1889
- Washington Senators (II) 1892-1899 - transferred from American Association
- Worcester Worcesters 1880-1882
References
-
Category:Major League Baseball
Category:Defunct baseball leagues
-
Category:Defunct MLB teams
Category:Washington, D.C. sportsSportsCategory:American sports by state
Category:Sports in the United States by city Periodic table (detailed)The Detailed Table is a smaller version of the huge table.
| Group |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
| |
I |
II |
|
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
| Period |
|
| 1 |
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7) |
|
helium
2
He
4.002602(2) |
| 2 |
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2) |
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3) |
|
boron
5
B
10.811(7) |
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8) |
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7) |
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3) |
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5) |
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6) |
| 3 |
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2) |
magnesium
12
Mg
24.3050(6) |
|
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2) |
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3) |
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2) |
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6) |
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9) |
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1) |
| 4 |
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1) |
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4) |
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8) |
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1) |
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1) |
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6) |
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9) |
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2) |
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9) |
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2) |
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3) |
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2) |
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1) |
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2) |
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2) |
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3) |
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1) |
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1) |
| 5 |
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3) |
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1) |
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2) |
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2) |
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2) |
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1) |
technetium
43
Tc
[97.9072] |
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2) |
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2) |
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1) |
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2) |
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8) |
indium
49
In
114.818(3) |
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7) |
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1) |
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3) |
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3) |
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2) |
| 6 |
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2) |
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7) |
57-71
-
|
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2) |
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1) |
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1) |
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1) |
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3) |
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3) |
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2) |
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2) |
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2) |
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2) |
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1) |
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2) |
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824] |
astatine
85
At
[209.9871] |
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176] |
| 7 |
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197] |
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254] |
89-103
-
|
rutherfordium
104
Rf
[263.1125] |
dubnium
105
Db
[262.1144] |
seaborgium
106
Sg
[266.1219] |
bohrium
107
Bh
[264.1247] |
hassium
108
Hs
[269.1341] |
meitnerium
109
Mt
[268.1388] |
darmstadtium
110
Ds
[272.1463] |
roentgenium
111
Rg
[272.1535] |
ununbium
112
Uub
[277] |
ununtrium
113
Uut
[284] |
ununquadium
114
Uuq
[289] |
ununpentium
115
Uup
[288] |
ununhexium
116
Uuh
[292] |
ununseptium
117
Uus
[291]
- |
ununoctium
118
Uuo
[293]
- |
- Lanthanides |
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2) |
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1) |
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2) |
neodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3) |
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127] |
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3) |
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1) |
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3) |
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2) |
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3) |
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2) |
erbium
68
Er
167.259(3) |
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2) |
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3) |
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1) |
- Actinides |
actinium
89
Ac
[227.0277] |
thorium
90
Th
232.0381(1) |
protactinium
91
Pa
321.03588(2) |
uranium
92
U
238.02891(3) |
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482] |
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642] |
americium
95
Am
[243.0614] |
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703] |
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703] |
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796] |
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830] |
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951] |
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984] |
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011] |
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110] |
- These atomic weights are only estimates
Category: Periodic table
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Kālijs
| Nosaukums, simbols, numurs |
Kālijs, K, 19 |
Atommasa | 39,0983 g/mol |
| Blīvums |
856 kg/m3 |
| Kušanas temperatūra | 336,53 K (63,38°C) |
Vārīšanās
|
Olaine
Olaine
Rīgas rajons
|
| | Iedzīvotāji (2004) | 12849
| | Citi nosaukumi | -
| | Pilsēta | no 1967.g
| | Rajons | Rīgas rajons
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Pāvilosta
Pāvilosta
Liepājas rajons
|
| | Iedzīvotāji (2004) | 1271
| | Citi nosaukumi | vācu - Paulshafen
| | Pilsēta | no 1991.g
| Raj
|
Rubīdijs
| Nosaukums, simbols, numurs |
Rubīdijs, Rb, 37 |
Atommasa | 85,4678 g/mol |
| Blīvums |
1532 kg/m3 |
| Kušanas temperatūra | 312,46 K (39,31°C) |
Vārīš
|
Piltene
Piltene
Ventspils rajons
|
| | Iedzīvotāji (2004) | 1776
| | Citi nosaukumi | vācu - Pilten
| | Pilsēta | no 1557.g
| | Rajons |
|
Cēzijs
| Nosaukums, simbols, numurs |
Cēzijs, Cs, 55 |
Atommasa | 132,90545 g/mol |
| Blīvums |
1879 kg/m3 |
| Kušanas temperatūra | 301,59 K (28,44°C) |
Vārī
|
Francijs
| Nosaukums, simbols, atomnumurs |
Francijs, Fr, 87 |
Atommasa | 223 g/mol |
| Blīvums |
1870 kg/m3 |
| Kušanas temperatūra | 300 K (27°C) |
| Viršanas temperatūra |
Pļaviņas
Pļaviņas
Aizkraukles rajons, Latvija, LV-5120
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| | Iedzīvotāji | 3811 (2004. g. maijs)
| | Platība: | 7 km2
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