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Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius

Walter Adolph Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third son of a building advisor to the government with the same name, and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber (1855 – 1933) whose family owned a manor near Berlin. Gropius was an architect, like his father before him. He designed buildings using modern materials like concrete on steel-frame construction and glass brick. His works are often compared to abstract paintings. In 1919 he founded the Bauhaus, a school of design where students were taught to use modern and innovative materials and mass-produced fittings, often originally intended for industrial settings, to create original furniture and buildings. Gropius married Alma Schindler after the death of her husband Gustav Mahler, and they had a daughter, Manon, in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age seventeen, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory of her. Gropius' marriage to Alma did not last. Alma later remarried, to Franz Werfel. Gropius and Alma are mentioned in Tom Lehrer's song "Alma". Gropius fled Germany in 1934 due to the rising power of the Nazi Party, and lived and worked in Britain, at the Isokon project, and then, from 1937 to the United States, where his own house, the Gropius House in Lincoln, Massachusetts, was influential in bringing International Modernism to the US. Gropius did not like the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate." [http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/gropiushouse/index.htm]. Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both came to Cambridge, Massachusetts to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and collaborate on the company-town Aluminum City Terrace project in Pennsylvania, before their professional split in 1941. In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. United States In 1945, Gropius founded The Architects' Collaborative (TAC) based in Cambridge with a group of younger architects. The original partners included Norman C. Fletcher, Jean B. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah P. Harkness, Robert S. MacMillan, Louis A. MacMillen and Benjamin C. Thompson. TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world. Gropius died in 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts at age 86. He was known to have a snappy sense of style and was often seen wearing a bowtie. Among his students was the writer and theorist Sigfried Giedion.

Important buildings


- the Fagus Works, 1910–1911, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany
- the Bauhaus, 1919–1925, Dessau, Germany
- the Gropius House, 1937, Lincoln, Massachusetts
- the Harvard Graduate Center (1949–1950), Cambridge, Massachusetts (Architects Collaborative) [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Harvard_Graduate_Center.html]
- the University of Baghdad (1957–1960)
- the John F. Kennedy Federal Building (1963–1966)
- the Attleboro Junior High School (1948)
- the Pan Am Building (now the Metlife Building), (1958–1963), New York, New York, with Pietro Belluschi and project architects Emery Roth & Sons
- the Interbau Apartment blocks (1957), Hansaviertel Berlin, Germany, with TAC and Wils Ebert
- the award-winning Wayland High School (1961)

Publications


- The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, 1955
- The Scope of Total Architecture, 1956

External links


- [http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/gropiushouse/index.htm Walter Gropius' house, Lincoln, Massachusetts]
- [http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/gropiusinterbau/index.htm On the Interbau apartments]
- [http://www.fagus-gropius.com/content/home/index.htm Fagus works (German)] Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter Gropius, Walter ja:ヴァルター・グロピウス

May 18

May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). There are 227 days remaining. Cliff Arnall, lecturer in the Department of Lifelong Learning at Cardiff University, Wales, announced in 2005 that May 18 was the best date in the year on which to make a resolution. He calculated this using a formula which took into account the factors of motivation, opportunity, proximity to a Bank Holiday, increasing hours of daylight, reflection time and success.

Events


- 1152 - Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
- 1268 - The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch; Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch was so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.
- 1593 - Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
- 1631 - In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
- 1652 - Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
- 1765 - Fire destroys a large part of Montreal, Quebec.
- 1783 - First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada after leaving the United States.
- 1803 - Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom revokes the Treaty of Amiens and declares war on France.
- 1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of France by the French Senate.
- 1848 - Opening of the first German National Assembly (Nationalversammlung) in Frankfurt, Germany.
- 1863 - American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins, ending on July 4.
- 1869 - Surrender and dissolution of the Ezo Republic to Japan.
- 1876 - Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas under Marshall Larry Deger.
- 1896 - The United States Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that separate but equal is constitutional.
- 1900 - The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.
- 1910 - The Earth passes through the tail of Comet Halley.
- 1917 - World War I: The Selective Service Act passes the U.S. Congress giving the President the power of conscription.
- 1926 - Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears while visiting a Venice, California, beach.
- 1927 - The Bath School Disaster: Forty-five people are killed by bombs planted by a disgruntled school-board member in Michigan.
- 1933 - New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.
- 1944 - World War II: Battle of Monte Cassino - Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives.
- 1944 - Deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union government.
  - World War II: SS troops burn down six villages in the Brkini hills in south western Slovenia.
- 1948 - The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking.
- 1953 - Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier (she flew in a F-86 Sabrejet at an average speed of 652.337 miles per hour (1049.835 km/h) at Rogers Dry Lake, California).
- 1958 - An F-104 Starfighter sets a world speed record of 1,404.19 mph (2,259.82 km/h).
- 1959 - Launching of the National Liberation Committee of Côte d'Ivoire in Conakry, Guinea.
- 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 10 launches.
- 1974 - Nuclear test: Under project Smiling Buddha, India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon becoming the sixth nation to do so.
  - Completion of the Warsaw radio mast, the tallest construction ever built at the time. It later collapses on August 8, 1991.
- 1980 - 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption: Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage.
  - Gwangju Massacre: Students in Gwangju, South Korea begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms.
  - Peru: Terrorist group Shining Path attacked a voting poll in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho starting their activities.
- 1992 - The Archivist of the United States issues a proclamation to officially announce that the 27th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been ratified, despite more than 200 years for completion of the ratification process by the state legislatures.
- 1995 - Alain Juppé becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1998 - United States v. Microsoft: The United States Department of Justice and 20 U.S. states file an antitrust case against Microsoft.
- 2004 - Randy Johnson pitches a perfect game for the Arizona Diamondbacks vs. the Atlanta Braves.

Births

1048 to 1899


- 1048 - Omar Khayyám, Persian poet (d. 1123)
- 1186 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218)
- 1474 - Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (d. 1539)
- 1610 - Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664)
- 1616 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (d. 1667)
- 1662 O.S. - George Smalridge, English Bishop of Bristol (d. 1719)
- 1692 O.S. - Joseph Butler, English bishop and philosopher (d. 1752)
- 1711 - Ruđer Josip Bošković, Croatian atomic theorist (d. 1787)
- 1778 - Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
- 1785 - John Wilson, Scottish writer (d. 1854)
- 1797 - Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d. 1854)
- 1850 - Oliver Heaviside, English physicist (d. 1925)
- 1872 - Lord Bertrand Russell, English mathematician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1970)
- 1883 - Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President of Brazil (d. 1974)
- 1883 - Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
- 1889 - Thomas Midgley, American chemist and inventor (d. 1944)
- 1891 - Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
- 1892 - Ezio Pinza, Italian-born bass (d. 1957)
- 1897 - Frank Capra, American producer, director, and writer (d. 1991)

1900 to 1999


- 1901 - Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- 1902 - Meredith Willson, American composer (d. 1984)
- 1905 - Hedley Verity, English cricketer (d. 1943)
- 1911 - Big Joe Turner, American blues singer (d. 1985)
- 1912 - Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
- 1912 - Walter Sisulu, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2003)
- 1918 - George Welch, American pilot and war hero (d. 1954)
- 1919 - Dame Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991)
- 1920 - Pope John Paul II (d. 2005)
- 1920 - Lucia Mannucci, Italian singer (Quartetto Cetra)
- 1922 - Kai Winding, Danish-born musician (d. 1983)
- 1923 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
- 1924 - Priscilla Pointer, American actress
- 1926 - Dirch Passer, Danish actor (d. 1980)
- 1928 - Pernell Roberts, American actor
- 1929 - Jack Sanford, baseball player
- 1931 - Don Martin, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- 1931 - Robert Morse, American actor
- 1937 - Brooks Robinson, baseball player
- 1937 - Jacques Santer, Luxembourg statesman
- 1942 - Albert Hammond, British musician and compose
- 1943 - James Reiher, American professionsal wrestler
- 1946 - Reggie Jackson, baseball player
- 1947 - John Bruton, ninth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland
- 1949 - Rick Wakeman, English composer and musician (Yes)
- 1949 - Bill Wallace, Canadian musician (The Guess Who)
- 1950 - Thomas Gottschalk, German television show host
- 1950 - Rodney Milburn, American athlete (d. 1997)
- 1950 - Mark Mothersbaugh, American composer, musician, and singer (Devo)
- 1952 - George Strait, American musician
- 1955 - Chow Yun-Fat, Hong Kong actor
- 1960 - Jari Kurri, Finnish hockey player
- 1960 - Yannick Noah, French tennis player
- 1969 - Martika, Cuban-American singer
- 1970 - Tina Fey, Left-handed american writer, comedienne, and actress (Saturday Night Live)
- 1971 - Brad Friedel, American soccer player
- 1975 - John Higgins, Scottish snooker player
- 1975 - Jack Johnson, American musician
- 1977 - Lee Hendrie, English footballer
- 1977 - Danny Mills, English footballer
- 1978 - Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
- 1982 - Eric West, American singer and actor

Deaths

1450 to 1899


- 1450 - Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1397)
- 1550 - John, Cardinal of Lorraine, French churchman (b. 1498)
- 1584 - Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1559)
- 1675 - Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer (b. 1623)
- 1675 - Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (b. 1637)
- 1692 - Elias Ashmole, English antiquarian (b. 1617)
- 1780 - Charles Hardy, British governor of Newfoundland
- 1799 - Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (b. 1732)
- 1800 - Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (b. 1729)
- 1807 - John Douglas, Scottish Anglican bishop and man of letters (b. 1721)
- 1808 - Elijah Craig, American minister and inventor (b. 1738?)

1900 to 1999


- 1900 - Jean Gaspard Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher (b. 1813)
- 1909 - George Meredith, English novelist and poet (b. 1828)
- 1909 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish pianist and composer (b. 1860)
- 1910 - Pauline Garcia-Viardot, French mezzo-soprano and composer (b. 1821)
- 1911 - Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (b. 1860)
- 1922 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
- 1941 - Werner Sombart, German economist and sociologist (b. 1863)
- 1956 - Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
- 1973 - Jeannette Rankin, first U.S. Congresswoman (b. 1880)
- 1975 - Leroy Anderson, American composer (b. 1908)
- 1980 - Ian Curtis, British musician, singer and lyricist (Joy Division) (b. 1956)
- 1981 - William Saroyan, American author (b. 1908)
- 1988 - Daws Butler, American voice actor (b. 1916)
- 1995 - Elisha Cook Jr., American actor (b. 1903)
- 1995 - Alexander Godunov, Russian ballet dancer and actor (b. 1949)
- 1995 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (b. 1933)
- 1999 - Augustus Pablo, Jamaican singer (b. 1954)
- 1999 - Betty Robinson, American runner (b. 1911)

2000 onwards


- 2000 - Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician and arranger (b. 1946)
- 2003 - Anna Santisteban, Puerto Rican beauty contest organizer (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Barb Tarbox, Canadian anti-smoking crusader (b. 1961)
- 2004 - Elvin Jones, American jazz drummer (b. 1927)

Holidays and Observances


- International day of museums
- International day of the Internet
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Saint Eric of Sweden
  - Dioscorus
  - Felix of Cantalice
  - Pope John I

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/18 BBC: On This Day] ---- May 17 - May 19 - April 18 - June 18 -- listing of all days ko:5월 18일 ms:18 Mei ja:5月18日 simple:May 18 th:18 พฤษภาคม

July 5

July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining.

Events


- 1610 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- 1687 - Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published.
- 1803 - The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
- 1811 - Venezuela is the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
- 1813 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
- 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
- 1830 - France invades Algeria.
- 1833 - Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
- 1865 - William Booth founds The Christian Mission (later renamed The Salvation Army).
- 1865 - The world's first maximum speed law is enacted in England.
- 1884 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
- 1934 - "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.
- 1937 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.
- 1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.
- 1941 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River.
- 1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk - The largest tank battle in history begins.
- 1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).
- 1945 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.
- 1946 - The bikini is introduced.
- 1948 - British National Health Service Act enacted.
- 1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - First clash between American and North Korean forces.
- 1950 - Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
- 1951 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
- 1954 - Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang That's All Right (Mama) and Blue Moon of Kentucky. Widely considered to be the birth of Rock and Roll.
- 1954 - The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.
- 1954 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.
- 1958 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth
- 1962 - Algeria becomes independent from France.
- 1970 - An Air Canada DC-8 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 108 people.
- 1971 - Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
- 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.
- 1975 - Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.
- 1977 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.
- 1980 - Björn Borg wins his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title.
- 1987 - First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.
- 1989 - Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.
- 1994 - The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.
- 1998 - Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.
- 2003 - Taiwan is the last territory to be removed from the WHO's list of SARS affected areas.
- 2004 - First Indonesian presidential election, 2004 by the nation.
- 2004 - Éric Gagné's consecutive baseball saves streak comes to an end at 84 games.

Births


- 1586 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- 1653 - Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)
- 1675 - Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials
- 1717 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)
- 1718 - Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)
- 1794 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)
- 1801 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- 1810 - Phineas Taylor "P. T." Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)
- 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, South African politician (d. 1902)
- 1879 - Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)
- 1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)
- 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)
- 1888 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
- 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)
- 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)
- 1904 - Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1911 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)
- 1918 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- 1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, French prime minister
- 1932 - Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)
- 1934 - Katherine Helmond, American actress
- 1936 - Shirley Knight, American actress
- 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Booker Edgerson, American football player
- 1943 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (d. 2001)
- 1944 - Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist
- 1950 - Huey Lewis, American musician
- 1950 - Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)
- 1951 - Rich Gossage, baseball player
- 1957 - David Hanson, Politician
- 1958 - Bill Watterson, American cartoonist
- 1960 - Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor
- 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
- 1966 - Kathryn Erbe, American actress
- 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer
- 1969 - John LeClair, American hockey player
- 1969 - RZA, American rapper
- 1970 - Mac Dre, American rapper
- 1975 - Hernan Crespo, Argentinian footballer
- 1976 - Mike DeWolf, American guitarist (Taproot)
- 1976 - Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
- 1979 - Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)
- 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
- 1982 - Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
- 1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian actress
- 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)

Deaths


- 1316 - Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
- 1375 - Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- 1472 - Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- 1539 - St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- 1666 - Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)
- 1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- 1715 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- 1719 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)
- 1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
- 1833 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)
- 1904 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1745)
- 1908 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)
- 1920 - Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)
- 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)
- 1945 - John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
- 1948 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
- 1957 - Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor
- 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1969 - Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
- 1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)
- 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)
- 1983 - Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- 1998 - Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
- 2002 - Ted Williams, baseball player (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- 2004 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
- 2005 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- Algeria: Independence Day (1962)
- Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975)
- Czech Republic and Slovakia: Arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Great Moravia (around 863)
- Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (1266)
- Venezuela: Independence Day (1811)
- Church of the SubGenius: X-Day (1998)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 4 - July 6 - June 5 - August 5 -- listing of all days ---- ko:7월 5일 ms:5 Julai ja:7月5日 simple:July 5 th:5 กรกฎาคม



Bauhaus

:For the British rock band see Bauhaus (band). Bauhaus (band) Bauhaus is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933, and for the approach to design that it developed and taught. The most natural meaning for its name (related to the German verb for "build") is Architecture House. Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture.

History

Modernist The Bauhaus art school existed in three different cities (Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932, and Berlin from 1932 to 1933), under three different architect-directors (Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 to 1933). These changes of venue and leadership meant a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. When the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, for instance, the pottery shop was discontinued, although it had been an important revenue source. When Mies took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend. The school was founded by Gropius at the conservative city of Weimar in 1919, as a merger of the Grand Ducal School of the Plastic Arts with the Kunstgewerbeschule. Most of the contents of the workshops had been sold off during World War I. The early intention was for the Bauhaus to be a combined architecture school, crafts school, and academy of the arts. Much internal and external conflict followed. World War I (1935), even more transparent than the Bauhaus]] Gropius argued that a new period of history had begun with the end of the war. He wanted to create a new architectural style to reflect this new era. His style in architecture and consumer goods was to be functional, cheap, and consistent with mass production. To these ends, Gropius wanted to reunite art and craft to arrive at high-end functional products with artistic pretensions. The Bauhaus issued a magazine called "Bauhaus" and a series of books called "Bauhausbücher". Its head of printing and design was Herbert Bayer. The Bauhaus was largely subsidized by the early Weimar Republic. After a change in local government, the school moved to Dessau in 1925, where the civic atmosphere was more industrial and progressive. After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, a school of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar. This school was eventually known as the Technical University of Architecture and Civil Engineering and in 1996 changed its name to Bauhaus University Weimar. In 1927, the Bauhaus style and its most famous architects heavily influenced the exhibition "Die Wohnung" ("The Dwelling") organized by the Deutscher Werkbund in Stuttgart. A major component of that exhibition was the Weissenhof Siedlung, a "settlement" or housing project. Gropius was succeeded by Meyer, and then in turn by Mies. Under increasing political pressure the Bauhaus was closed on the orders of the Nazi regime in 1933. The Nazi Party and other fascist political groups had opposed the Bauhaus throughout the 1920s. They considered it a front for communists, especially because many Russian artists were involved with it. Consequently, many Weissenhof architects fled to the Soviet Union, thus strengthening the effect. Nazi writers such as Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg called the Bauhaus "un-German," and criticized its modernist styles. (See degenerate art.)

Architectural output

The paradox of the early Bauhaus was that, although its manifesto proclaimed that the ultimate aim of all creative activity was building, the school wouldn't offer classes in architecture until 1927. The single most profitable tangible product of the Bauhaus was its wallpaper. During the years under Gropius (1919 – 1927), he and his partner Adolf Meyer observed no real distinction between the output of his architectural office and the school. So the built output of Bauhaus architecture in these years is the output of Gropius: the Sommerfeld house in Berlin, the Otte house in Berlin, the Auerbach house in Jena, and the competition design for the Chicago Tribune Tower, which brought the school much attention. The definitive 1926 Bauhaus building in Dessau is also attributed to Gropius. Student work amounted mainly to unbuilt projects, interior finishes, and craft work like cabinets, chairs and pottery. Image:Bauhaus-Dessau Festsaal.jpg|Features of Bauhaus Dessau Image:Bauhaus-Dessau Festsaal Bühnenbeleuchtung.jpg Image:Bauhaus-Dessau Wohnheim Balkone.jpg Image:Bauhaus-Dessau Fensterfront.JPG In the two years under the outspoken Swiss Communist architect Hannes Meyer, the architectural focus shifted away from aesthetics and towards user requirements. But there were major commissions: one by the city of Dessau for five tightly designed "Laubenganghäuser" (apartment buildings with balcony access), which are still in use today, and another for the headquarters of the Federal School of the German Trade Unions (ADGB) in Bernau bei Berlin. Meyer's approach was to research users' needs and scientifically develop the design solution. And then Mies van der Rohe repudiated Meyer's politics, his supporters, and his architectural approach. As opposed to Gropius' "study of essentials", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a "spatial implementation of intellectual decisions", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics. Neither Mies nor his Bauhaus students saw any projects built during the 1930s. The popular conception of the Bauhaus as the source of extensive Weimar-era working housing is not accurate. One single project, the apartment building project in Dessau, falls in that category, and it's fair to say that developing worker housing was not the first priority of Gropius nor Mies. It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May, as the city architects of Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt respectively, who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany.

Impact

The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in western Europe and the United States as well as in Tel Aviv in the decades following its demise, as many of the artists involved fled or were exiled by the Nazi regime. Gropius, Breuer, and Moholy-Nagy re-assembled in England during the mid 1930s to live and work in the Isokon project before the war caught up to them. In the late 1930s Mies van der Rohe re-settled in Chicago and became one of the pre-eminent architects in the world;. Moholy-Nagy also went to Chicago and founded the New Bauhaus school under the sponsorship of industrialist and philanthropist Walter Paepcke. Herbert Bayer, also sponsored by Paepcke, moved to Aspen, Colorado in support of Paepcke's Aspen projects. Both Gropius and Breuer went to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and worked together before their professional split in 1941. The Harvard School was enormously influential in the late 1940s and early 1950s, producing such students as Philip Johnson, I.M. Pei, Lawrence Halprin and Paul Rudolph, among many others. One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology. The machine was considered a positive element, and therefore industrial and product design were important components. Vorkurs ("initial course") was taught; this is the modern day Basic Design course that has become one of the key foundational courses offered in architectural schools all over the world. There was no teaching of history in the school because everything was supposed to be designed and created according to first principles rather than by following precedent. One of the most important contributions of the Bauhaus is in the field of furniture design. The world famous and ubiquitous Cantilever chair by Dutch designer Mart Stam, using the tensile properties of steel, and the Wassily Chair designed by Marcel Breuer are two examples. The physical plant at Dessau survived the War and was operated as a design school with some architectural facilities by the Communist German Democratic Republic. included live stage productions in the Bauhaus theater under the name of Bauhausbühne ("Bauhaus Stage"). After German reunification, a reorganized school continued in the same building, with no essential continuity with the Bauhaus under Gropius in the early 1920s [http://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/index.asp]. In 1999 Bauhaus-Dessau College started to organize postgraduate programs with participants from all over the world. This effort has been supported by the Bauhaus-Dessau Foundation which was founded in 1994 as a public institution. American art schools have also rediscovered the Bauhaus school. The Master Craftsman Program at Florida State University bases its artistic philosophy on Bauhaus theory and practice. Some other outstanding artists of the times were lecturers at the Bauhaus:
- Anni Albers
- Josef Albers
- Marianne Brandt
- Marcel Breuer
- Lyonel Feininger
- Ludwig Hilberseimer
- Johannes Itten
- Wassily Kandinsky
- Paul Klee
- Gerhard Marcks
- László Moholy-Nagy
- Georg Muche
- Hinnerk Scheper
- Oskar Schlemmer
- Joost Schmidt
- Lothar Schreyer
- Gunda Stölzl

References

References include:
- The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer ISBN 0-8195-4047-1

External links


- [http://gilbertwesleypurdy.blogspot.com/2005/05/eye-of-beholder.html "The Eye of the Beholder" by Gilbert Wesley Purdy.] A Book Review/Essay which traces the lineage from the Bauhaus to M.I.T.'s Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS).
- [http://www.fontscape.com/explore?7CO Some images of Bauhaus typefaces (fonts)]
- [http://www.bauhaus.de/ Bauhaus-archiv in Berlin]
- [http://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/ Foundation bauhaus dessau]
- [http://www.weissenhofsiedlung.de/ Weissenhof Estate Stuttgart] Category:1920s Category:Architectural styles Category:Art schools Category:German loanwords ja:バウハウス

1855

1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 1 - London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
- January 23 - The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
- January 23 - The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
- January 29 - Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
- February 5 - Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- February 11 - Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
- March 3 - US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
- May 15 - The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
- June 29 - The Daily Telegraph begins publication
- September 3 - Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
- September 11 - Sevastapol falls to the British troops
- Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
- The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

Births


- January 5 - King Camp Gillette, American inventor (d. 1932)
- January 20 - Ernest Chausson, French composer (d. 1899)
- January 21 - John Moses Browning, American firearms inventor (d. 1926)
- January 28 - William Seward Burroughs, American bank clerk and inventor (d. 1898)
- March 13 - Percival Lowell, American astronomer (d. 1916)
- March 24 - Andrew Mellon, American banker and philanthropist (d. 1937)
- April 21 - Hardy Richardson, 19th century baseball player (d. 1931)
- April 27 - Caroline Rémy, French feminist (d. 1929)
- May 1 - Marie Corelli, English novelist (d. 1924)
- July 26 - Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist (d. 1936)
- October 21 - Howard Hyde Russell, American temperance movement leader and founder of Anti-Saloon League and Lincoln-Lee Legion (d. 1946)
- November 5 - Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (d. 1913)
- November 6 - Ezra Seymour Gosney, American philanthropist and eugenicist (d. 1942)

Deaths


- January 6 - Giacomo Beltrami, Italian explorer, gaylord (b. 1779)
- January 26 - Gérard de Nerval, French writer (b. 1808)
- February 6 - Josef Munzinger, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1791)
- February 23 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777)
- March 29 - Henri Druey, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1799)
- March 31 - Charlotte Brontë, English author (b. 1816)
- May 5 - Robert Inglis, English politician (b. 1786)
- May 23 - Charles Robert Malden English explorer (b. 1797)
- June 28 - Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Lord Raglan, commander of British forces in the Crimean War (b. 1788)
- August 7 - Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (b. 1802)
- November 11 - Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (b. 1813)
- November 26 - Adam Mickiewicz, Lithuanian - Polish poet and writer (b. 1798)
- Metropolitan Board of Works established. Category:1855 ko:1855년 ms:1855 th:พ.ศ. 2398

1933

1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 3 - Japanese troops occupy Shanghai
- January 5 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.
- January 15 - Political violence has caused almost 100 deaths in Spain
- January 17 - US Congress votes favorable for Philippines independence, against the view of president Hoover
- January 30 - Edouard Daladier forms a government in France
- January 30 - Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg.
- January 30 - The first airing of episode 1 of 2,956 episodes of the radio program The Lone Ranger.

February


- February 4 - Mutiny starts on the Dutch pantserschip Zeven Provincien.
- February 6 - The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect.
- February 6-7 - Officers on the USS Ramapo record 34 meters high sea-wave in the Pacific
- February 10 - The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first singing telegram.
- February 15 - In Miami, Florida Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but instead kills Chicago, Illinois Mayor Anton J. Cermak.
- February 17 - The magazine Newsweek is published for the first time.
- February 17 - The Blaine Act ends Prohibition in the United States.
- February 27 - Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the Reichstag, is set on fire (see: Reichstag fire).

March


- March 1 - Kyriakos Varvaressos becomes Deputy Governor to the Bank of Greece
- March 3 - Mount Rushmore is dedicated.
- March 4 - American President Herbert Clark Hoover is succeeded by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who in reference to the Great Depression, gives his "We have nothing to fear, but fear itself" inauguration speech.
- March 4 Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, first female member of the United States Cabinet.
- March 4 - The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure - Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism)
- March 5 - Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ended on March 13).
- March 5 - in German elections, National Socialists gain 43.9% of the votes
- March 9 - Great Depression: The U.S. Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation.
- March 10 - Earthquake in Long Beach, California kills 117 people.
- March 12 - Great Depression: Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This was also the first of his "Fireside Chats".
- March 20 - Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed - opened March 22
- March 23 - The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.
- March 27 - Japan leaves the League of Nations
- March 31 - The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment.

April


- April 1 - The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in the series of anti-Semitic acts that will be known as the Holocaust.
- April 3 - Anti-monarchist rebellion in Siam
- April 4 - US airship Akron crashes near New York - 74 dead
- April 5 - International court in the Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision
- April 11 - Aviator William Lancaster takes off in England in an attempt to make a speed record to Cape. He vanishes (body is found 1962 in Sahara)
- April 21 - Nazi Germany outlaws kosher ritual shechita
- April 23 - Japanese crown prince Akihito born
- April 26 - Gestapo established.
- April 26 - Editors of Harvard Lampoon steal the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts from the State House. It is returned two days later
- April 27 - Stahlhelm organizations joins the Nazi party
- May - Detection by Karl Jansky of radio waves from the centre of the Milky Way galaxy reported

May


- May 2 - First modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster.
- May 2 - Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler bans trade unions.
- May 8 - Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes
- May 10 - Censorship: In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.
- May 10 - Paraguay declares war on Bolivia
- May 17 - Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form Nasjonal Samling - the national-socialist party of Norway.
- May 18 - New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.
- May 26 - Nazi party in Germany introduces law to legalize eugenic sterilization
- May 27 - New Deal: The Federal Securities Act is signed into law requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.
- May 27 - The Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago, Illinois.

June


- June 5 - The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- June 6 - The first drive-in theater opened in Camden New Jersey.
- June 17 - In Kansas City, Missouri, Pretty Boy Floyd kills four unarmed FBI agents and captured fugitive Frank Nash in a failed attempt to free Nash. This becomes known as the Union Station Massacre.
- June 21 - All non-Nazi parties forbidden in Germany
- June 25 - Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegate convention in Berlin

July


- July 4 - Mohandas Gandhi sentenced to prison
- July 14 - Forming new political parties forbidden in Germany.
- July 20 - 500.000 people demonstrate against anti-Semitism in Hyde Park, London
- July 22 - Wiley Post becomes first person to fly solo around the world, traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours, and 45 minutes.
- July 22 - "Machine-Gun" Kelly and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200.000 ransom

August


- August 14 - Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying 240,000 acres (971 km²).
- August 30 - Assassination of Theodore Lessing in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia
- August 30 - Air France begins operations with 250 planes.

September


- September 3 - Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.
- September 12 - Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
- September 26 - Tornado destroys the town of Tampico in Mexico.

October


- October 1 - Failed assassination attempt against Englebert Dolfuss only injures him seriously.
- October 12 - The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz is acquired by the United States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into its Bureau of Prisons as a federal penitentiary.
- October 16 - Germany announces intention to leave the League of Nations - officially
- October 17 - Albert Einstein arrived in the United States as a refugee from Nazi Germany. October 19

November


- November 4 - In Paris, a burglar tries to rob an antique store wearing an armor suit but is captured.
- November 8 - Great Depression: New Deal - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
- November 11 - Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands (this is just one of a series of disastrous dust storms that year).
- November 16 - The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
- November 16 - President of Brazil Getulio Vargas names himself dictator

December


- December 5 - The repeal of prohibition in the United States went into effect.
- December 24 - Train crash in Lagny, France - over 200 dead
- December 26 - The Nissan Motor Company was organized in Tokyo, Japan.
- December 26 - FM radio is patented.
- December 29 - Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania

Undated


- British Interplanetary Society founded
- The chocolate chip cookie is invented by Ruth Wakefield.
- The United States Federal Government ends Prohibition and outlaws marijuana.
- Failed coup against Franklin Delano Roosevelt in United States (see Smedley Butler)
- London Passenger Transport Board founded.
- Jimmie Angel becomes the first person to see the Angel Falls, they are named after him.
- Nazi Germany forms the Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy under Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick.
- Holodomor took place in Ukraine

Births

January


- January 6 - Oleg Makarov, cosmonaut (d. 2003)
- January 6 - Emil Steinberger, Swiss comedian, director, and writer
- January 8 - Charles Osgood, American journalist and commentator
- January 14 - Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003)
- January 16 - Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004)
- January 17 - Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
- January 17 - Sadruddhin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003)
- January 18 - John Boorman, American film director
- January 23 - Chita Rivera, American actress and dancer
- January 25 - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines

February


- February 8 - Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano
- February 12 - Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director and writer
- February 13 - Kim Novak, American actress
- February 14 - Madhubala, Indian actress
- February 18 - Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer and artist, wife of John Lennon
- February 21 - Nina Simone, American singer (d. 2003)
- February 22- Katharine, Duchess of Kent
- February 27 - Raymond Berry, American football player

March


- March 6 - Ted Abernathy, baseball player (d. 2004)
- March 14 - Michael Caine, English actor
- March 14 - Quincy Jones, American music producer and composer
- March 15 - Ruth Bader Ginsburg, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
- March 15 - Roy Clark, American musician
- March 16 - Sandy Weill, American financier and philanthropist
- March 19 - Philip Roth, American author
- March 22 - May Britt, Swedish actress

April


- April 1 - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 5 - Larry Felser, American sports columnist
- April 6 - Roy Goode, British legal academic
- April 12 - Montserrat Caballé, Catalan soprano
- April 12 - Ben Nighthorse Campbell, U.S. Senator
- April 15 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (d. 1995)
- April 16 - Joan Bakewell, British broadcaster
- April 19 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967<