Vinnie Ream

Vinnie Ream is the sculptor of the statue of Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Capitol rotunda. Vinnie Ream was the first woman and the youngest artist to ever receive a commission from the United States Government for a statue. She was an "Omnibus child prodigy" with remarkable talent. Vinnie Ream was awarded the commission for the full-size Cararra marble statue of Lincoln by a vote of Congress in 1866 when the artist was 18 years old. Vinnie Ream also designed the first free-standing statue of a Native American (Sequoyah) to be placed in Statuary Hall at the Capitol. She built the first major monument to a U.S. Navy Officer (Admiral David Farragut) to be built in Washington, D.C. Vinnie Ream was also one of the first women to be employed by the Federal Government as a clerk in the Dead Letter Office of the United States Postal Service (USPS) from 1862-1866 during the Civil War. A First Day Cover stamp was issued in honor of Vinnie Ream and her work on the statue of Sequoyah, the Native American inventor of the Cherokee alphabet. Vinnie Ream's family were Pennsylvania Dutch (Deutsch) who emigrated to the William Penn Colony in 1717 from the Palatinate region of Germany. Her grandfather fought in the American Revolutionary War. Vinnie Ream was a member of Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The Ream family (Rheim, Riehm) were protestants who were also thought to be French [Huguenot] refugees. Vinnie Ream was born in Madison Wisconsin in 1847. Her father was a land surveyor and early Wisconsin Territory official. Her mother was a McDonald of Scottish ancestry. Vinnie Ream attended Christian College in Columbia, Missouri. Vinnie Ream married Richard L. Hoxie of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1878. They had one son. The Hoxies had a summer home in Iowa City, Iowa. The town of Vinita, Oklahoma was named in honor of Vinnie Ream. [http://vinnieream.com/]

Abu l-Abbas Ahmad II.

Abu l-Abbas Ahmad II. († 1394) war Kalif der Hafsiden in Ifriqiya (1370-1394). Ahmad II. kam als Enkel von Abu Bakr II. (1318-1346) nach der Vertreibung der Meriniden zunächst nur in Constantine an die Macht (1357). Allerdings gelang ihm 1370 die erneute Vereinigung des Hafsidenreichs. Indem er die Notabeln in den Städten und die Beduinen unter seine Kontrolle brachte gelang ihm die Befriedung des Reiches. Beim Neuaufbau der Verwaltung setzte Abu Bakr II. vor allem auf seine Söhne und Brüder, die er als Statthalter in den Provinzen einsetzte. Durch die Duldung der Piraterie kam es wegen der Beeinträchtigung des Handels immer wieder zu Konflikten mit den christlichen Seemächten. So wurde 1388 die Insel Djerba von einer Koalition aus Genua, Pisa und Sizilien erobert. Ein französisch-genuesischer Angriff auf al-Mahdiya scheiterte aber. Die Piraterie der Hafsiden konnte von den christlichen Seemächten jedenfalls nicht erfolgreich bekämpft werden. Nachfolger wurde sein Sohn Abd al-Aziz II. (1394-1434).

Literatur

- Geschichte der Arabischen Welt; Ulrich Haarmann, C.H. Beck München, 2001
- Lexikon der Arabischen Welt; Stephan und Nandy Ronart, Artemis Verlag, 1972 Ahmad II., Abu l-Abbas Ahmad II., Abu l-Abbas Ahmad II., Abu l-Abbas

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