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Vincent Cianci, Jr

Vincent Cianci, Jr

Vincent "Buddy" Cianci, Jr. (born April 30, 1941 in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island) served as the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island from 1974 to 1984 and again from 1991 to 2002.

Political career

Cianci was a well known prosecutor in the State of Rhode Island Office of the Attorney General prior to becoming mayor of Providence. He was first elected mayor of Providence in 1974. Cianci was well known as an extremely charismatic and media-savvy politician. His propensity to attend parades, weddings and public events led to a common joke during his tenure as mayor that Cianci would jump to attend the opening of an envelope. Cianci was revered by many residents of Providence and credited with the revitalizing of the city's economy and image. To call the nickname "Buddy" a nickname is not truly accurate. To the people of Providence, Mayor Cianci simply was Buddy. His given name is rarely used in practice and the name Buddy is always included even when his full name is used. Cianci resigned from office for the first time in 1984 after being convicted of assaulting a man with a lit cigarette, an ashtray and a fireplace log. Cianci claimed that the man had been having an affair with his wife. Cianci spent the next few years as a popular radio talk show host and television commentator. In 1991 he successfully mounted a re-election campaign using the slogan "He never stopped caring about Providence".

Operation Plunder Dome

Cianci was indicted in April 2001 on federal criminal charges of racketeering, conspiracy, extortion, witness tampering, and mail fraud. Several other Providence city officials were also indicted. Rather than maintaining a low profile after the indictment, Cianci went out of his way to poke fun at the investigation, code-named "Operation Plunder Dome". After being convicted of a single count of conspiracy, Cianci was sentenced to serve five years in federal prison. After some legal wrangling, Cianci's lawyers managed to have Cianci sent to prison closer to Rhode Island, and Cianci is currently serving his sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Fort Dix, New Jersey. He is scheduled to be released in December of 2007. In August of 2005, Cianci was denied a request for early release.

Cianci facts


- Cianci was known to be a friend of President Gerald Ford.
- The book The Prince of Providence by Mike Stanton details his life, from childhood, to mob-busting prosecutor, to mayor, to conviction.
- Cianci, though a political independent by the time of his indictment, was a former Republican and his unpopularity after his trial touched the Republicans as well, helping to sweep the openly gay Democratic candidate for mayor, David Cicilline, into office in a landslide in 2002.
- Cianci was a guest a number of times on the popular radio show hosted by Don Imus where he occasionally upstaged his host.
- On the animated sitcom Family Guy, the junior high school of the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island is named after Cianci.
- His self-promotion included guest appearances as himself on the television show Providence and on his own line of Mayor's Own Marinara Sauce which featured his picture prominently on the label. Cianci Jr., Vincent Cianci Jr., Vincent Cianci Jr., Vincent Cianci Jr., Vincent Cianci Jr., Vincent Cianci Jr., Vincent

April 30

April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April.

Events


- 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule.
- 711 - Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus).
- 1483 - Orbital calculations suggest that on this day Pluto moved inside Neptune's orbit, making Neptune the furthest planet from the Sun until July 23, 1503.
- 1492 - Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration.
- 1671 - Petar Zrinski, the Croatian Ban from the Zrinski family, is executed.
- 1794 - The Battle of Boulou is fought, in which French forces defeated the Spanish under General Union.
- 1789 - On the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City, George Washington takes the oath of office to become the first elected President of the United States.
- 1803 - Louisiana Purchase: The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, more than doubling – overnight – the size of the young nation.
- 1812 - The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U.S. state under the name Louisiana.
- 1838 - Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation
- 1894 - Coxey's Army reaches Washington, D.C. to protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893.
- 1900 - Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States, with Sanford B. Dole as governor.
- 1900 - Casey Jones dies attempting to save the runaway train Cannonball Express.
- 1904 - The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in Saint Louis, Missouri.
- 1920 - Peru becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1925 - Automaker Dodge Brothers, Inc is sold to Dillon, Read & Company for USD $146 million plus $50 million for charity.
- 1927 - The Federal Industrial Institute for Women, opens in Alderson, West Virginia, as the first women's federal prison in the United States.
- 1938 - The animated cartoon short Porky's Hare Hunt debuts in movie theaters, introducing Bugs Bunny.
- 1939 - Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to appear on television.
- 1939 - The 1939 New York World's Fair opens.
- 1943 - World War II: Operation Mincemeat – The submarine HMS Seraph surfaces in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Spain to deposit a dead man planted with false invasion plans and dressed as a British military intelligence officer.
- 1945 - Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide after being married for one day.
- 1947 - In Nevada, the Boulder Dam is officially renamed Hoover Dam again.
- 1948 - In Bogotá, Colombia, the Organization of American States is established.
- 1966 - Anton LaVey founds the Church of Satan.
- 1973 - Watergate Scandal: President Richard Nixon announces that top White House aids H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and others have resigned.
- 1975 - Communist forces gains control of Saigon. The Vietnam War formally ends with the unconditional surrender of South Vietnamese president Duong Van Minh.
- 1980 - Accession of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
- 1983 - Michael Jackson's song "Beat It" hits number 1 on the Billboard music charts.
- 1988 - In Dublin, Ireland, Céline Dion wins the thirty-third Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland singing "Ne partez pas sans moi" (Don't leave without me).
- 1991 - A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh killing an estimated 138,000 people.
- 1992 - The last episode of the Cosby Show airs.
- 1993 - The World Wide Web was born at CERN
- 1993 - During a changeover at a tennis tournament in Hamburg, Germany, Monica Seles is stabbed in the back by a deranged fan of rival Steffi Graf. Seles would not play competitively for more than two years after the incident.
- 1994 - In Dublin, Ireland, Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan win the thirty-ninth Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland singing "Rock'n'Roll Kids".
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton becamethe first U.S. President to visit Northern Ireland.
- 1997 - Ellen DeGeneres's character comes out of the closet on the sitcom Ellen.
- 1999 - NATO membership expands by approving the admission of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland.
- 1999 - Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bringing the total members to 10.
- 1999 - Neo-nazi bomber David Copeland detonates his third bomb in front of the Admiral Duncan pub and is arrested the night after.
- 2001 - Chandra Levy, a former intern to California Congressman Gary Condit, is last seen in Washington, D.C.
- 2002 - A referendum in Pakistan overwhelmingly approves the Presidency of Pervez Musharraf for another five years.
- 2002 - The law N26-РЗ "On the National Flag of the Udmurt Republic" has appeared.
- 2004 - The last edition of NPR's Morning Edition with Bob Edwards as host airs.

Births


- 1586 - Saint Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (d. 1617)
- 1602 - William Lilly, English astrologer (d. 1681)
- 1623 - François de Laval, first bishop of New France (d. 1708)
- 1651 - Jean-Baptiste de la Salle, French educational reformer (d. 1719)
- 1662 - Queen Mary II of England (d. 1694)
- 1664 - François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general (d. 1709)
- 1710 - Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (d. 1795)
- 1723 - Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (d. 1806)
- 1721 - Roger Sherman, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1793)
- 1777 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (d. 1855)
- 1857 - Eugene Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist (d. 1940)
- 1865 - Max Nettlau, German anarchist and historian (d. 1944)
- 1870 - Franz Lehár, Austrian composer (d. 1948)
- 1877 - Alice B. Toklas, American companion of Gertrude Stein (d. 1967)
- 1883 - Jaroslav Hašek, Czech novelist (d. 1923)
- 1893 - Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi foreign minister (d. 1946)
- 1901 - Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- 1902 - Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1909 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
- 1910 - Al Lewis, American actor and politician
- 1916 - Claude Shannon, American engineer and mathematician (d. 2001)
- 1916 - Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)
- 1925 - Johnny Horton, American musician (d. 1960)
- 1930 - Lawton Chiles, American politician (d. 1998)
- 1933 - Willie Nelson, American musician, composer, and actor
- 1938 - Larry Niven, American author
- 1940 - Burt Young, American actor
- 1941 - Johnny Farina, American guitarist (Santo and Johnny)
- 1943 - Bobby Vee, American singer
- 1944 - Jill Clayburgh, American actress
- 1945 - Annie Dillard, American writer
- 1945 - Michael Smith, astronaut (d. 1986)
- 1946 - King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
- 1946 - Don Schollander, American swimmer
- 1948 - Perry King, American actor
- 1949 - Phil Garner, baseball manager
- 1949 - Antonio Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal
- 1954 - Jane Campion, New Zealand film director
- 1955 - Nicolas Hulot, French journalist and author
- 1956 - Jorge Chaminé, Portuguese baritone
- 1956 - Lars von Trier, Danish film director
- 1961 - Isiah Thomas, American basketball player, coach, and team owner
- 1964 - Barrington Levy, Jamaican musician
- 1969 - Paulo Jr., Brazilian bassist (Sepultura)
- 1969 - Clark Vogeler, American guitarist (The Toadies)
- 1975 - Elliott Sadler, American race car driver
- 1981 - John O'Shea, Irish footballer
- 1982 - Kirsten Dunst, American actress
- 1982 - Justin Green, National Football League fullback
- 1983 - Troy Williamson, American football player

Deaths


- 65 - Lucan, Roman poet (b. 39)
- 1063 - Emperor Renzong of China (b. 1010)
- 1341 - John III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1285)
- 1439 - Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, English military leader (b. 1382)
- 1524 - Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, French soldier (b. 1473)
- 1544 - Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England
- 1555 - Pope Marcellus II (b. 1501)
- 1632 - Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, Bavarian general (b. 1559)
- 1642 - Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (b. 1578)
- 1660 - Petrus Scriverius, Dutch writer (b. 1576)
- 1655 - Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (b. 1617)
- 1696 - Robert Plot, British naturalist (b. 1640)
- 1712 - Philipp van Limborch, Dutch protestant theologian (b. 1633)
- 1736 - Johann Albert Fabricius, German classical scholar and bibliographer (b. 1668)
- 1758 - François d'Agincourt, French composer (b. 1684)
- 1792 - John Montagu, Supposed inventor of the sandwich (b. 1718)
- 1847 - Archduke Charles, Austrian general (b. 1771)
- 1865 - Robert Fitzroy, English admiral and meteorologist (b. 1805)
- 1875 - Jean Frederic Waldeck, French explorer, lithographer, and cartographer (b. 1766)
- 1883 - Édouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832)
- 1903 - Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (b.1831)
- 1936 - Alfred Edward Housman, English poet (b. 1859)
- 1943 - Otto Jespersen, Danish philologist (b. 1860)
- 1945 - Eva Braun, German mistress of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (b. 1912)
- 1945 - Adolf Hitler, Austrian dictator of Germany (suicide) (b. 1889)
- 1956 - Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States (b. 1877)
- 1970 - Inger Stevens, Swedish actress (b. 1934)
- 1974 - Agnes Moorehead, American actress (b. 1900)
- 1982 - Lester Bangs, American music journalist, author, and musician (b. 1949)
- 1983 - George Balanchine, Russian-born dancer and choreographer (b. 1904)
- 1983 - Muddy Waters, American musician (b. 1915)
- 1985 - Charles Francis Richter, American seismologist
- 1989 - Yi, Bang-ja, Crown Princess of Korea (b. 1901)
- 1989 - Sergio Leone, Italian filmmaker (b. 1929)
- 1998 - Nizar Qabbani, Syrian poet (b. 1926)
- 2003 - Peter 'Possum' Bourne, New Zealand race car driver (B. 1956)
- 2003 - Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Ron Todd, TGWU General Secretary (1985 - 1992) (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances


- Scandinavia - The arrival of spring, Walpurgis Night
- Sweden - Birthday of King Carl XVI Gustav, an official flag day
- The Netherlands - Queen's Day
- Roman Empire - third day of the Floralia in honor of Flora
- Bealtaine Eve (From either Irish Bealtaine or Scottish Gaelic). Originally a Celtic Druid holiday
- Vietnam - Liberation Day
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Saint Maximus, 3rd century martyr
  - Saint Louis, Amator, and Peter, martyred by the Moors in 855
  - Saint Marianus and James, martyrs in Numidia in 259
  - Suitbert the Younger (d. 807)
  - Catherine of Siena
  - Joseph Benedict Cottolengo
  - Pius V, pope
  - Robert

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/30 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/30 Today in History: April 30] ---- April 29 - May 1 - March 29 - May 29 – listing of all days ko:4월 30일 ms:30 April ja:4月30日 simple:April 30 th:30 เมษายน

1941

:For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-February


- January 6 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Four Freedoms Speech in the State of the Union Address.
- January 10 - Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.
- January 19 - British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.
- January 21 - World War II: Australian and British forces attack Tobruk, Libya.
- January 22 - World War II: British troops capture Tobruk from the Italians.
- January 23 - Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
- February 3 - World War II: The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy, France.
- February 4 - World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
- February 11 - World War II: Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli.
- February 19 - The start of the "three nights' Blitz" over Swansea, South Wales. Over these three nights of intensive bombing, which lasted a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea town centre was almost completely obliterated by the 896 High Explosive bombs employed by the Luftwaffe. A total of 397 casualties and 230 deaths were reported. The Three nights Blitz ended in the early hours of February 22.

March


- March 1 - World War II: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact thus joining the Axis powers.
- March 1 - W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee becoming the first FM radio station.
- March 1 - Arthur L. Bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the U.S. Navy's Support Force, Atlantic Fleet
- March 11 - World War II: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.
- March 17 - In Washington, DC, the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- March 17 - British Minister of Labour, Ernest Bevin, calls for women to fill vital jobs
- March 22 - Washington's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.
- March 25 - World War II: Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Vienna joins the Axis powers
- March 27 - World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor - Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii and begins to study the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor.
- March 29 - World War II: Battle of Cape Matapan - Off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean, British naval forces defeat those of Italy sinking five warships. Battle started on March 27.

April


- April 6 - World War II: Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.
- April 17 - World War II: Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.
- April 21 - World War II: Greece capitulates. British troops withdraw to Crete.
- April 27 - World War II: German troops enter Athens.
- April - Russia and Japan sign a neutrality pact.

May

neutrality pact
- May 1 - Breakfast cereal Cheerios is introduced as CheeriOats by General Mills
- May 1 - Orson Welles' film, Citizen Kane, premieres in New York City
- May 5 - Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, which had been liberated from Italian forces; this date has been since commemorated as Liberation Day in Ethiopia.
- May 6 - At California's March Field, Bob Hope performs his first USO Show.
- May 9 - World War II: The German submarine U-110 is captured by the British Royal Navy. On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
- May 10 - World War II: The United Kingdom's House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid.
- May 10 - World War II: Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland claiming to be on a peace mission.
- May 20 - World War II: Battle of Crete - Germany launches airborne invasion of Crete.
- May 21 - World War II: 950 miles off the coast of Brazil, the freighter SS Robin Moor becomes the first United States ship sunk by a German U-boat.
- May 24 - World War II: In the North Atlantic, the German battleship Bismarck sinks the HMS Hood killing all but three crewman on what was the pride of the Royal Navy.
- May 26 - World War II: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS Ark Royal fatally cripple the German battleship Bismarck in torpedo attack.
- May 27 - World War II: President Roosevelt proclaims an "unlimited national emergency."
- May 27 - World War II: German battleship Bismarck is sunk in North Atlantic killing 2,300.

June


- June 1 - World War II: Allies evacuate Crete.
- June 8 - World War II: Allies invade Syria and Lebanon.
- June 9 - World War II: Finland initiate mobilization and put some units under German command.
- June 14 - Mass deportations by Soviet Union authorities take place in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
- June 22 - World War II: Germany attacks the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa
- June 25 - World War II: Finland attacked by the Soviet Union seeks the opportunity of revenge in the Continuation War.

July-August


- July 4 - Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by German troops in captured Polish city of Lwów.
- July 5 - World War II: German troops reach the Dnipro River.
- July 5-19 - War between Peru and Ecuador
- July 7 - World War II: American forces land in Iceland to forestall an invasion by the Nazis.
- July 13 - World War II - Montenegro starts the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis Powers.
- July 26 - World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
- July 31 - Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."
- August - Formation of the Political Warfare Executive in the United Kingdom
- August 1 - The first jeep is produced
- August 6 - 6-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma. She dies 1978, still in coma.
- August 18 - Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasia of mentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the T-4 Euthanasia Program were then transferred to concentration camps, where they continued in their trade.

September-October


- September 6 - Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas.
- September 8 - World War II: Siege of Leningrad begins - German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Deutsche deported to Siberia.
- September 16 - Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.
- October 2 - World War II: Operation Typhoon - Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.
- October 8 - World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
- October 21 - World War II: Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians
- October 24 - Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over North Sea
- October 30 - World War II: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
- October 31 - After 14 years of work, drilling is completed on Mount Rushmore.
- October 31 - World War II: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.

November

United States Navy
- November 6 - World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier that year on July 2). He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.
- November 12 - World War II: Battle of Moscow: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.
- November 13 - World War II: The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal is hit by German U-boat U-81
- November 14 - World War II: HMS Ark Royal capsizes and sinks, having been torpedoed by U 81.
- November 17 - World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor - Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the State Department that Japan had plans to launch an attack against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable was ignored).
- November 19 - World War II: The Australian war cruiser HMAS Sydney sinks off the coast of Western Australia, killing 645 sailors.
- November 21 - The radio program King Biscuit Time is broadcast for the first time (it would later become the longest running daily radio broadcast in history and the most famous live blues radio program).
- November 24 - World War II: The United States grants Lend-Lease to the Free French.
- November 26 - US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs a bill establishing the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day in the United States (this partly reversed a 1939 action by Roosevelt that changed the celebration of Thanksgiving to the third Thursday of November).
- November 26 - World War II: The Hull note ultimatum is delivered to Japan by the United States.
- November 26 - World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor - A fleet of six aircraft carriers commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor under strict radio silence.
- November 27 - A group of young men stop traffic on highway US 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.
- November 27 - World War II: Battle of Moscow - Germans reach their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather and attacks by the Soviets.

December


- December 1 - World War II: Former mayor of New York City, Fiorello LaGuardia, and the director of the Office of Civilian Defense, sign an order creating the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) as the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (in April 1943 the CAP was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Army Air Force).
- December 4 - State of Jefferson declared in Yreka, California, with judge John Childs as a governor
- December 7, December 6 (in Japan standard time) - Japanese Navy launches a surprise attack consisting of two full regiments on the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor, thus drawing the United States into World War II.
- December 8 - World War II: The United States officially declares war on Japan.
- December 11 - World War II: Germany declares war on the United States.
- December 12 - Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States. India declares war on Japan. United States seizes French ship Normandie.
- December 13 - Sweden's low temperature record with -53° C was set in a village within Vilhelmina Municipality.
- December 25 - World War II: British and Canadians are defeated by the Japanese at Hong Kong.
- December 27 - World War II: British Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vaagso, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defenses
- December 28 - World War II: starts the Operation Anthropoid (the assassination of Heydrich in Prague).

Unknown dates


- John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry developed the Atanasoff Berry Computer.
- Ives and Stilwell prove that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.
- In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad forms the Hasselblad camera company.
- The Pinnacle Commune, a Rastafarian community, is destroyed by Jamaican authorities
- Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, combines with Nationalist party to form the Vietminh.
- Meet John Doe is brought out

Ongoing events


- Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) (which may or may not be a part of World War II, depending on who's telling the tale)
- World War II (1939-1945)

Births

January


- January 3 - Van Dyke Parks, American composer, producer, and musician
- January 5 - Miyazaki Hayao, Japanese film maker
- January 7 - Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (d. 2004)
- January 7 - John E. Walker, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 8 - Graham Chapman, British comedian (d. 1989)
- January 9 - Joan Baez, American singer and activitist
- January 14 - Faye Dunaway, American actress
- January 14 - Milan Kučan, Slovenian politician and statesman
- January 15 - Captain Beefheart, American singer
- January 18 - David Ruffin, American singer (d. 1991)
- January 21 - Plácido Domingo, Spanish-born tenor
- January 21 - Richie Havens, American musician
- January 26 - Scott Glenn, American actor
- January 26 - Henry Jaglom, English director
- January 30 - Dick Cheney, Vice President of the United States
- January 31 - Dick Gephardt, American politician

February


- February 5 - Kaspar Villiger, Swiss Federal Councilor
- February 6 - Howard Phillips, founding member of the United States Constitution Party
- February 8 - Nick Nolte, American actor
- February 10 - Michael Apted, English director
- February 13 - Sigmar Polke, German painter
- February 16 - Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea and self-proclaimed raghead
- February 17 - Gene Pitney, American singer
- February 19 - David Gross, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 20 - Buffy Sainte-Marie, American singer
- February 26 - Tony Ray-Jones, British photographer (d. 1972)
- February 27 - Paddy Ashdown, British politician

March-May


- March 4 - Adrian Lyne, English director
- March 5 - Nona Gaprindashvili, Georgian chess player
- March 6 - Willie Stargell, baseball player (d. 2001)
- March 14 - Wolfgang Petersen, German film director
- March 15 - Mike Love, American musician (The Beach Boys)
- March 16 - Robert Guéï, military ruler of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 2002)
- March 18 - Wilson Pickett, American singer
- March 26 - Richard Dawkins, British scientist
- March 28 - Jim Turner, American football player
- March 29 - Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr., American astrophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 30 - Wasim Sajjad, President of Pakistan
- April 3 - Philippe Wynne, American musician (d. 1984)
- April 13 - Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 14 - Pete Rose, baseball player
- April 23 - Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland
- April 23 - Ed Stewart, English disc jockey
- April 24 - John Williams, Australian guitarist
- April 27 - Lee Roy Jordan, American football player
- April 28 - Ann-Margret, Swedish-born actress and singer
- April 28 - K. Barry Sharpless, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- May 5 - Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (d. 2004)
- May 13 - Senta Berger, Swedish actress
- May 13 - Ritchie Valens, American singer (d. 1959)
- May 15 - K.T. Oslin, American musician
- May 19 - Nora Ephron, American film, producer, director, and screenwriter
- May 22 - Paul Winfield, American actor (d. 2004)
- May 24 - Bob Dylan, American poet and musician
- May 31 - Louis J. Ignarro, American pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

June


- June 5 - Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
- June 5 - Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2004)
- June 6 - Neal Adams, American comic book artist
- June 8 - Fuzzy Haskins, American musician (P-Funk)
- June 10 - Mickey Jones, American actor and musician
- June 24 - Bill Reardon, American politician and educator
- June 27 - Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (d. 1996)

July


- July 1 - Alfred G. Gilman, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 1 - Myron Scholes, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 11 - Tommy Vance, English disc jockey (d. 2005)
- July 14 - Maulana Karenga, American author and activist
- July 14 - Andreas Khol, Austrian politician
- July 19 - Vikki Carr, American singer
- July 28 - Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor
- July 31 - Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician

August-September


- August 3 - Martha Stewart, American television and magazine personality
- August 22 - Bill Parcells, American football coach
- August 28 - Joseph Shabalala, South African musician (Ladysmith Black Mambazo)
- September 2 - David Bale, South African-born activist (b. 2003)
- September 4 - Sushilkumar Shinde, Indian politician
- September 9 - Otis Redding, American musician (d. 1967)
- September 9 - Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist
- September 10 - Christopher Hogwood, English conductor
- September 10 - Gunpei Yokoi, Japanese computer game producer
- September 15 - George Saimes, American football player
- September 17 - Bob Matsui, U.S. Senator from Hawaii (d. 2005)
- September 19 - Cass Elliott, American singer (d. 1974)

October-November


- October 4 - Anne Rice, American writer
- October 5 - Eduardo Duhalde, President of Argentina
- October 16 - Tim McCarver, baseball commentator
- October 20 - Anneke Wills, British actress
- October 30 - Theodor W. Hänsch, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 6 - Doug Sahm, American musician (d. 1999)
- November 18 - David Hemmings, English actor (d. 2003)
- November 26 - G. Alan Marlatt, American psychologist
- November 27 - Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (d. 1998)
- November 29 - Bill Freehan, baseball player

December


- December 9 - Beau Bridges, American actor
- December 10 - Colin Kelly, American airman
- December 13 - John Davidson, American singer and actor
- December 18 - Prince William of Gloucester
- December 23 - Tim Hardin, American musician
- December 24 - John Levene, British actor
- December 30 - Mel Renfro, American football player

Unknown dates


- Thom Bell, American record producer
- T S Krishnamurthy, Chief Election Commissioner of India
- Peter Sarstedt, English singer and songwriter
- Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer

Deaths


- January 4 - Henri Bergson, French philiosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)
- January 5 - Amy Johnson, English aviator (b. 1903)
- January 8 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, English soldier and founder of Scouting (b. 1847)
- January 10 - Frank Bridge, English composer (b. 1879)
- January 10 - Joe Penner, American comedian and actor
- January 13 - James Joyce, Irish writer (b. 1882)
- February 9 - Aaron S. Watkins, American temperance movement leader (b. 1863)
- February 11 - Rudolf Hilferding, German economist and Minister of Finance (b. 1877)
- February 21 - Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1891)
- February 27 - William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman (b. 1895)
- February 28 - King Alfonso XIII of Spain (b. 1886)
- March 6 - Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor (b. 1867)
- March 8 - Sherwood Anderson, American author (b. 1876)
- March 15 - Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (b. 1864)
- March 28 - Virginia Woolf, English writer (b. 1882)
- April 13 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (b. 1863)
- May 16 - Minnie Vautrin, American missionary and heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. 1887)
- June 2 - Lou Gehrig, baseball player (b. 1903)
- June 6 - Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born automobile builder and race car driver (b. 1878)
- June 29 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and third Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1860)
- July 4 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- July 10 - Jelly Roll Morton, American jazz musician and composer (b. 1890)
- July 11 - Arthur Evans, English archaeologist (b. 1851)
- July 26 - Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (b. 1875)
- August 7 - Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- August 13 - James Stuart Blackton, American film producer (b. 1875)
- August 14 - Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
- August 31 - Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (suicide) (b. 1892)
- September 12 - Hans Spemann, German embryologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1869)
- October 26 - Arkady Gaidar, Soviet children's writer (killed in combat) (b. 1904)
- November 18 - Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- November 18 - Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1867)
- December 3 - Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (b. 1856)
- December 30 - El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (b. 1890)

Fiction


- Sometime in this year, events of the Doctor Who episodes The Empty Child and The Doctor Dances take place.
- Sometime in this year, in the movie Citizen Kane, Charles Foster Kane dies.

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - not awarded
- Chemistry - not awarded
- Medicine - not awarded
- Literature - not awarded
- Peace - not awarded Category:1941 Category:1940s ko:1941년 ms:1941 ja:1941年 simple:1941 th:พ.ศ. 2484

Providence, Rhode Island

Providence is the capital and largest city in Rhode Island, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 173,618, but a July 1, 2004 Census estimate put the city's population at 178,126. It is located in Providence County and is the second largest city in New England. Providence is nicknamed the "Beehive of Industry", while the downtown area is nicknamed "Downcity". Providence was named by Roger Williams in honor of "God's merciful Providence" in his finding this spot to settle when expelled by the Puritans from Massachusetts. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The city was one of the first cities to industrialize in the United States and was noted for its jewelry and silverware industry. Today, Providence is the economic, cultural, and political hub of Rhode Island.

History

This area was first settled in 1636 by Roger Williams, and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies. Williams secured a title to the land from the Narragansett natives around this time, renaming the area "Providence," because of "God's merciful providence." Williams cultivated Providence as a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as he himself had been exiled from Massachusetts. Shortly after being settled, much of Providence was burned down in King Philip's War, which lasted from 1675 to 1676. 1676 Providence's growth was slow during the next quarter-century. The first census of the colony, taken in 1708, recorded 1,446 residents. However, in the second census taken in 1730, the colony's population had almost tripled to 3,916 people. The Providence territory would become smaller as more and more of the land would become part of different towns, including Scituate and Johnston. The city's slow growth was also due to the rocky, hilly, and heavily wooded land which made farming difficult, as well as the tradition of dissent and independent-mindedness. Residents often fought over land titles, politics, and religion. In the mid-1770s, Providence was focused on fishing and maritime trade, and was becoming a major commercial center. Nevertheless, the British government's passage of several laws levying various taxes caused Providence to join the other colonies in renouncing allegiance to the British Crown. One such law was the Sugar Act, which levied a tax on sugar and molasses imports, and impacted Providence's distilleries and its trade in rum and slaves. During this period, Providence's population had exceeded 4,300 citizens by 1776, and Providence was able to avoid occupation by British soldiers during the American Revolutionary War, though the city did suffer major interruptions in education and trade as a result of its location and facility as quarters for many troops passing through the area. Following the war, Providence's main focus on its economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing. Samuel Slater is credited as having begun the shift in about 1790, and historians mark the transformation's completion at about 1830. Manufacturing would be the city's major industry for the next one hundred years, particularly in jewelry and textiles. The city's industries attracted many people, including immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Sweden, England, and French Canada. Nevertheless, the city experienced social strife, notably with a series of race riots between whites and blacks during the 1820s. In response to continued growth and social conflicts, Providence residents issued ratified a city charter in November 1831. The city became the sole capital of Rhode Island in 1900. From, 1854 to 1900, Providence was the joint capital of the state with Newport. The city began to see a decline by the mid-1920s as industries, notably in textiles, began to shut down and unemployment rose. The Great Depression hit the city hard, and Providence was further hit by the New England Hurricane of 1938, which flooded the downtown area. The city saw further decline with the construction of highways and increased suburbanization after World War II. The city began to revive beginning in the 1970s. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of Community Development money, including funds from other federal, state, and city sources, were invested in the downtown area and neighborhoods throughout the city. In the 1990s, Mayor Vincent Cianci, Jr. showcased the city as a center for the arts and pushed for further revitalization. These included opening up the Providence River and moving the railroad tracks underground, building Waterplace Park and riverwalks along the river's banks, and the construction of the Fleet Skating Rink (now the Bank of America Skating Rink) in downtown and the Providence Place Mall.

Geography and climate

Providence is located at 41°49'25" North, 71°25'20" West (41.823550, -71.422132). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 53.2 km² (20.5 mi²). 47.8 km² (18.5 mi²) of it is land and 5.3 km² (2.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 10.03% water. mi² Providence is located at the head of Narragansett Bay, with the Providence River running into the bay through the center of the city. The Waterplace Park amphitheater and riverwalks line the river's banks through downtown. Constitution Hill (near downtown), College Hill (east of the Providence River), and Federal Hill (west of downtown and is the city's Italian district) are the most prominent of the city's seven hills. The downtown area (Downcity) is the location of the city's tallest buildings, with the tallest being the Bank of America Building at 426 feet (130 m). The building imitates the Art Deco skyscrapers of New York City. Downcity is also the location of the Providence Biltmore and Westminster Arcade, the oldest enclosed shopping mall in the U.S. that was built in 1828. The city's waterfront, the location of many oil tanks and a power plant, is primarily industrial. Downcity primarily consists of modern structures as well as buildings in the Federal and various Victorian architectural styles. The rest of the city consists of small commercial districts and old mills interspersed amongst single-family and multi-family homes, and apartment buildings. Providence's climate is humid continental, with hot summers, cold winters, and high humidity year-round. The USDA rates the city at Zone 6, which is an "in-between" climate. The influence of the Atlantic Ocean keeps Providence, and the rest of the state of Rhode Island, warmer than many inland locales in New England. Average precipitation ranges from 3.38 inches (8.05 cm) in June to 4.43 inches (10.57 cm) in March, with the heaviest precipitation occurring from November to April. Average temperatures range from 20 °F (-6.7 °C) in January to 83 °F (27.2 °C) in July. The lowest recorded temperature was -13 °F (-25 °C) on January 23, 1976, while the highest recorded temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on August 2, 1975. Though not frequent, Providence's location at the head of Narragansett Bay makes it vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes.

Demographics

hurricane As of the census of 2000, there were 173,618 people, 62,389 households, and 35,873 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,629.4/km² (9,401.7/mi²). There were 67,915 housing units at an average density of 1,419.7/km² (3,677.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 54.53% Caucasian, 14.54% African American, 1.14% Native American, 6.01% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 17.55% from other races, and 6.08% from two or more races. 30.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Providence receives refugees in cooperation with the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement. The 2000 US Census estimate for the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) including Providence, Fall River, Massachusetts, and Warwick was 1,188,613. There were 62,389 households out of which 32.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.9% were married couples living together, 20.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.33. In the city the population was spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,867, and the median income for a family was $32,058. Males had a median income of $28,894 versus $23,472 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,525. 29.1% of the population and 23.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 40.1% of those under the age of 18 and 19.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Economy

Providence was one of the first cities to industrialize in the U.S. By 1830, the city had manufacturing industries in metals, machinery, textiles, jewelry, and silverware. Though manufacturing has declined, the city is still one of the largest centers for jewelry and silverware design and manufacturing. Services, particularly education, health care, and finance, also make up a large portion of the city's economy. Since it is the capital of Rhode Island, Providence's economy also consists of government services. The conglomerate Textron is headquartered in the city. Another company whose origins are in the city is Fleet Bank. Once Rhode Island's largest bank, it moved its headquarters to Boston after acquiring Shawmut Bank in 1995. Before its acquisition by Bank of America, Fleet merged with BankBoston to become New England's largest commercial bank. The city is home to the Rhode Island Convention Center, opened in December 1993. Along with a hotel, the convention center is connected to the Providence Place Mall through a skywalk. The Providence Place Mall is a major retail center in the city. Providence also maintains a seaport which handles cargo such as cement, chemicals, heavy machinery, petroleum, and scrap metal.

Government

seaport Providence has a mayor-council form of government. There are fifteen city councilors, one for each of the city's wards. The city council is tasked with enacting ordinances and passing an annual budget. Providence also has probate and superior courts. The U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island is located downtown on the opposite end of Kennedy Plaza from City Hall. Vincent Cianci, Jr, who was often credited with Providence's 1990s renaissance, was the city's longest serving mayor and a major presence in Providence politics. Nevertheless, during Operation Plunder Dome, Cianci was indicted in April 2001 on various federal criminal charges including racketeering, conspiracy, extortion, witness tampering, and mail fraud. He was ultimately convicted of conspiracy and is currently serving his sentence in federal prison. In 2002, David N. Cicilline was elected Mayor in a landslide, making him the first openly homosexual Mayor of an American state capital.

Education

Providence is the home of Brown University, an Ivy League university, and the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), a very well respected art college. Several other institutions of higher learning include Johnson and Wales University, Providence College, Rhode Island College, the Community College of Rhode Island (Providence campus), and the Providence campus of the University of Rhode Island. The Providence Public School District serves about 26,000 students from pre-Kindergarten to grade 12. The district has 25 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and thirteen high schools. There are also two centers for students with special needs.

Culture

University of Rhode Island Providence is one of the most culturally diverse cities for its size. Because of the presence of Brown University and the Rhode Island School of Design, the city attracts many intellectual minds. Much of the cultural awareness of the city arose after the Providence Renaissance, which was started by former mayor Vincent "Buddy" Cianci Jr.. Vincent "Buddy" Cianci Jr. The East Side neighborhood of Providence includes the largest contiguous area of National Historic Society-designated buildings in the U.S. The nearby Blithewold Mansion, Gardens and Arboretum has a collection of trees and plants, including the largest sequoia on the East Coast. The southern part of the city is home to the famous roadside attraction Nibbles Woodaway (also known as the "Big Blue Bug"), the world's largest termite, as well as Roger Williams Park. The park contains a zoo and the Museum of Natural History and Planetarium. The main art museum is the RISD Museum. In addition to the Providence Public Library and its nine branches, the city is home to the Providence Athenaeum, which is one of the oldest lending libraries in the world. Edgar Allan Poe, a longtime Providence resident, was a regular fixture there. The city is also the home of the Tony winning theater group Trinity Repertory Company and the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra. Providence is also the home of several performing arts centers such as the Veterans Memorial Auditorium and the Providence Performing Arts Center. The Bank of America Skating Center, formerly the Fleet Skating Center, is located near Kennedy Plaza in the downtown district. During the summer months, the city regularly hosts WaterFire, an environmental art installation that consists of about 100 bonfires that blaze just above the surface of the three rivers that pass through the middle of downtown Providence. There are multiple Waterfire events that are accompanied by various pieces of classical and world music. The public art displays, most notably sculptures, change on a regular basis. Providence and the surrounding area have been used as a backdrop for movies and television series. The animated television series Family Guy takes place in Quahog, a fictional suburb of Providence. The city and its name were used in the television series Providence. The Farrelly brothers used the city as a backdrop for several of their movies, notably Dumb and Dumber and There's Something About Mary.

Media

The city is served by the daily