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Ronald Kessler

Ronald Kessler

we got the facts on his writting, little on the man. Ronald Kessler is a journalist and New York Times bestselling author of fifteen non-fiction books. He began his career in 1964 on the Worcester Telegram, followed by three years as an investigative reporter and editorial writer with the Boston Herald. In 1968, Kessler joined the Wall Street Journal as a reporter in the New York bureau. In 1970, he became an investigative reporter with the Washington Post and continued as a staff writer until 1985. Kessler’s first book was THE LIFE INSURANCE GAME, 1985, an exposé of the life insurance industry. His second book, THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD: The Story of Adnan Khashoggi, is the inside story of the world’s preeminent arms dealer. Kessler’s next book, SPY vs. SPY: Stalking Soviet Spies in America, is the only book on the FBI’s secret counterintelligence program and contains the first interview with Karl Koecher, a Soviet bloc spy who became a mole in the CIA. (For more on FBI counterintelligence, see Robert Hanssen.) Kessler’s fourth book, MOSCOW STATION, is about the security breaches at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, the involvement of U.S. Marines, and the resulting investigations. Kessler’s THE SPY IN THE RUSSIAN CLUB: How Glenn Souther Stole America’s Nuclear War Plans and Escaped to Moscow is the bizarre tale of one of America’s most damaging spies who defected to the Soviet Union and committed suicide there. Kessler’s sixth book, ESCAPE FROM THE CIA: How the CIA Won and Lost the Most Important KGB Spy Ever to Defect to the U.S., is about the defection and redefection of KGB officer Vitaly Yurchenko from a restaurant in Washington’s Georgetown section. It contains the only interview with Yurchenko by a western journalist and portrays the CIA’s disastrous mishandling of the case. Kessler’s INSIDE THE CIA: Revealing the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful Spy Agency depicts what the CIA really does and was the only book about the agency written with the CIA’s limited cooperation. For Kessler’s eighth book, THE FBI: Inside the World’s Most Powerful Law Enforcement, 1993, the FBI gave Kessler unprecedented access to the bureau. The book revealed for the first time the defection of Vasili Mitrokhin, whose notes from the KGB’s archives disclosed the existence over the years of hundreds of spies in the U.S. The book is the authoritative work on the modern FBI, and its findings led to the dismissal of William Sessions as FBI director over his abuses. Having probed the CIA and FBI, Kessler was prepared to take on the modern White House. INSIDE THE WHITE HOUSE: The Hidden Lives of the Modern Presidents and the Secrets of the World’s Most Powerful Institution depicts what the presidents and first families are really like and how the White House really operates, as seen by the Secret Service, Air Force One stewards, and White House aides and residence staff who know the true story. Kessler’s tenth book, THE SINS OF THE FATHER: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded, 1996, is the first major biography of Joe Kennedy in more than thirty years. Based in part on the only interview ever given by the surgeon who performed a lobotomy on her, the book reveals that for political reasons, Joe Kennedy covered up the fact that his daughter Rosemary was mentally ill rather than retarded as the family has long claimed. It documents payoffs Kennedy made to win the presidency for Jack. And it reveals an affair with his Hyannis Port secretary that lasted nine years—three times longer than his affair with movie star Gloria Swanson. In many ways, Congress is even more powerful than the president. Only Capitol Police officers, doormen, elevator operators, pages, professional staffers, and members of Congress themselves know what goes on behind the scenes and how Congress really works. For Kessler’s eleventh book, INSIDE CONGRESS: The Shocking Scandals, Corruption, and Abuse of Power Behind the Scenes on Capitol Hill, more than 350 such insiders talked for the first time. The book lifts the dome off the Capitol and suggests how Americans can take back their government by electing decent, honorable people. A 3.75-square-mile island, Palm Beach is known as the most wealthy, glamorous, opulent, sinful spot on earth. It is home to billionaires like Donald Trump, trust fund babies, women addicted to staying beautiful, and the sophisticated “walkers” who escort them. Kessler's THE SEASON: Inside Palm Beach and America’s Richest Society follows four characters through the season: the reigning queen of Palm Beach society, the night manager of Palm Beach’s trendiest bar and restaurant, a gay “walker” who escorts wealthy women to balls, and a knockout gorgeous blonde who says she “can't find a guy in Palm Beach.” Bit parts are played by Trump, who flew with Kessler and his wife on his Boeing 727-100 to spend a weekend with them at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, and Gianna Lahainer, who is worth $300 million but put her husband on ice because he died inconveniently in the middle of the season. After the White House, Congress, and the Supreme Court, no American institution is as powerful as the FBI. Yet until Kessler’s latest work, no book that Kessler knows of had presented the full story of the FBI from its beginnings in 1908 to the present. THE BUREAU: The Secret History of the FBI, 2002, is the definitive account of the FBI, revealing its strengths and weaknesses, triumphs and blunders, methods and secrets. The book focuses on the directors who have run the bureau, from J. Edgar Hoover through Louis Freeh and Robert Mueller, and the agents who have made its cases. The Bureau reveals the dramatic inside story of the FBI’s response to the attacks of September 11 and why the FBI was unprepared for those attacks. The book documents Freeh’s colossal mismanagement of the FBI and how Mueller—who gave Kessler the first interview since he became director—is restoring the bureau to its place as the world’s preeminent law enforcement agency. One of the most controversial statements of THE BUREAU was that Freeh had the computer removed from his office, a point which Kessler used in the book and during an appearance on a National Geographic special July 23, 2003 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0723_030723_fbi.html to drive home his opinion that Freeh lacked appreciation for what computers could do for the FBI. Freeh was questioned about removing the computer on a Meet The Press interview http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9684807/ on October 16, 2005 and forcefully denied it. How much of the delay in the FBI's Virtual Case File system was actually Freeh's fault http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/11/051r-111199-idx.html has been called into question by similar delays under the subsequent Director Robert Mueller. Mueller assumed control in 2001 and as of 2005 the estimate for having the FBI's computer information system fully operational is 2009. http://www.fcw.com/article88984 With the CIA at the core of the war on terror, no agency is as important to preserving America’s status quo. Yet the CIA is a closed and secretive world—impenetrable to generations of journalists—and few Americans know what really goes on among the spy masters who plot America’s worldwide campaign against terrorists. For THE CIA AT WAR: Inside the Secret Campaign Against Terror, the author was told he obtained unprecedented access to the CIA. The book explores whether the CIA can be trusted, whether its intelligence is politicized, and whether it is capable of winning the war on terror. In doing so, the book weaves in the history of the CIA and how it really works. Kessler’s latest book, A MATTER OF CHARACTER: Inside the White House of George W. Bush, is a complete biography and inside look at how Bush and his secretive White House really operate. For the book, Kessler interviewed all the key players — Andy Card, Karl Rove, Condoleezza Rice, Al Gonzales, Colin Powell, Donald Rumsfeld — supplemented by interviews with Bush’s close personal friends, Secret Service sources, and other insiders. Based on extraordinary access approved by Bush himself, the book demonstrates that much of what appears in the media about Bush is mythology. The book contrasts the respectful way George and Laura Bush treat Secret Service agents, military aides, and maids and butlers with the imperious, nasty way previous White House occupants Bill and Hillary Clinton treated them. Clearly an impartial work. :"Bush was happy to talk about Barney the dog, whom he described as “the son I never had.” " Kessler has won sixteen journalism awards, including two George Polk awards — one for national reporting and one for community service. He won the top prize for business and financial reporting given by the Washington chapter of the Sigma Delta Chi society of professional journalists. Kessler has also won the American Political Science Association’s Public Affairs Reporting Award, the Associated Press’ Sevellon Brown Memorial Award, and Washingtonian magazine’s Washingtonian of the Year award. He is listed in Who’s Who in America. Ronald Kessler lives with his wife Pamela Kessler in Potomac, Maryland. Also an author and former Washington Post reporter, Pam Kessler wrote UNDERCOVER WASHINGTON: Touring the Sites Where Famous Spies Lived, Worked and Loved. His daughter Rachel Kessler, an independent publicist, and son Greg Kessler, an artist, live in New York. Kessler’s web site is http://www.RonaldKessler.com, (mostly ad, little content) from which this wiki page was derived with Kessler's permission (see "discussion" link.) He knows how writing about those in power really works.

Other verbiage


- [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kessler200408160836.asp Bush Mythology] in National Review
- February 28, 2001, "Fire Freeh" by Ronald Kessler Page A23 Washington Post
- [http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kessler200408090855.asp interview in ] National Review
- [http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kessler200506010934.asp "Uncovering Deep Throat"] in National Review Kessler, Ronald Kessler, Ronald Category:ISBN needed

New York Times

The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr., and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. It is owned by The New York Times Company, which also publishes some 40 other newspapers including International Herald Tribune and The Boston Globe. The newspaper is nicknamed the "Gray Lady" and is often considered the newspaper of record in the United States.

History

United States The New York Times was founded on September 18, 1851 by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. Raymond was also a founding director of the Associated Press in 1856. Adolph Ochs acquired the Times in 1896, and under his guidance the newspaper achieved an international scope, circulation, and reputation. In 1897 he coined the paper's slogan "All The News That's Fit To Print," widely interpreted as a jab at competing papers in New York (the New York World and the New York Journal American) that were known for yellow journalism. After relocating the paper's headquarters to a new tower on 42nd Street, the area was named Times Square in 1904. Nine years later, the Times opened an annex at 229 43rd Street, their current headquarters, later selling Times Tower in 1961. The Times was originally intended to publish every morning except on Sundays; however, during the Civil War the Times started publishing Sunday issues along with other major dailies. It won its first Pulitzer Prize for news reports and articles about World War I in 1918. In 1919 it made its first trans-atlantic delivery to London. The crossword began to appear in 1942 as a feature, and the paper bought the classical station WQXR in the same year. The fashion section started in 1946. The Times also started an international edition in 1946, but stopped publishing it in 1967 and joined with the owners of the New York Herald Tribune and The Washington Post to publish the International Herald Tribune in Paris. The Op-Ed section started appearing in 1970. More recently, in 1996 The New York Times went online, giving access to readers all over the world on the Web at [http://www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com]. A new headquarters for the newspaper, a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano, is currently under construction at 41st Street and 8th Avenue in Manhattan. In 1964, the paper was the defendant in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which established the actual malice legal test for libel.

Times today

Today The New York Times is probably the most prominent American daily newspaper, sometimes being referred to as America's "newspaper of record". It has traditionally printed full transcripts of major speeches and debates. The newspaper is currently owned by The New York Times Company, in which descendants of Ochs, principally the Sulzberger family, maintain a dominant role. The Times has won 90 Pulitzer Prizes – the most prestigious award for journalism in the US, presented each year by Columbia University – including a record 7 in 2002. In 1971 it broke the Pentagon Papers story, publishing leaked documents revealing that the U.S. government had been painting an unrealistically rosy picture of the progress of the Vietnam War. This led to New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), which declared the government's prior restraint of the classified documents was unconstitutional. In 1972, the Times exposed the Tuskegee experiment, in which African Americans suffering from syphilis were surreptitiously denied treatment over a period of decades. More recently, in 2004 the Times won a Pulitzer award for a series written by David Barstow and Lowell Bergman on employers and workplace safety issues. The Times has been going through a downsizing, for several years, laying off workers and cutting expenses [http://www.wnbc.com/money/4998266/detail.html], in common with a general trend among print newsmedia. The Times is based in New York City. It has 16 news bureaus in the New York region, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus.[http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-times.html#nyt] For the year ending Dec. 26, 2004, the reported circulation data for The New York Times were: 1,124,700 Weekday[http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-times.html#nyt] and 1,669,700 Sunday[http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-times.html#nyt]. The newspaper continues to own classical WQXR (96.3 FM) and WQEW (1560 AM). The classical format was simulcast on both frequencies until the early 1990s, when the big-band and standards format of WNEW-AM (now WBBR) moved from 1130 AM to 1560. The AM station changed its call letters from WQXR to WQEW. By the beginning of the 21st century, The Times had begun leasing WQEW to ABC Radio for its Radio Disney format, which continues on 1560 AM to this day.
The New York Times is printed at the following sites: Ann Arbor, Michigan; Austin, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Billerica, Massachusetts; Canton, Ohio; Chicago, Illinois; College Point, New York; Concord, California; Dayton, Ohio (Sunday only); Denver, Colorado; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Gastonia, North Carolina; Edison, New Jersey; Lakeland, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Springfield, Virginia; Kent, Washington and Torrance, California. [http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-times.html#nyt]

Major sections

The newspaper is organized in three sections: ;1. News : Includes International, National, Washington, Business, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, New York Region, Education, Weather, Obituaries, and Corrections. ;2. Opinion : Includes Editorials, Op-Eds and Letters to the Editor. ;3. Features : Includes Arts, Books, Movies, Theater, Travel, NYC Guide, Dining & Wine, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword/Games, Cartoons, Magazine, and Week in Review

Style

Stylistically, the newspaper is quite conservative (see also: The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage). When referring to people, it uses titles, rather than unadorned last names (except among the sports pages, in which last names stand alone). Its headlines tend to be verbose, and, for major stories, come with subheadings giving further details, although it is moving away from this style. It stayed with an 8-column format years after other papers had switched to 6, and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography. In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-righthand column.

Web presence

The Times has had a strong presence on the web since 1995, and has been ranked one of the top web sites. It has a general policy of keeping articles freely available for a week and charges subscription for older articles. The website had 555 million pageviews in March 2005.[http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/nyt-digital/index.jsp?epi-content=GENERIC&newsId=20050418006138&ndmHsc=v2
- A1039266000000
- B1133914259000
- DgroupByDate
- J2
- N1001162&newsLang=en&beanID=555004527&viewID=news_view] In September 2005 the paper decided to experiment with TimesSelect by charging subscription for daily columns.

Famous mistakes

In 1920, a New York Times editorial ridiculed Robert Goddard and his claim that a rocket would work in space: :That Professor Goddard, with his "chair" in Clark College and the countenancing of the Smithsonian Institution, does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react – to say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools. In 1969, days before Apollo 11's landing on the moon, the newspaper published a tongue-in-cheek correction: :Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th century, and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error. On several occasions the Times has erroneously published premature obituaries, including:
- William Baer (a New York University professor) in 1942, as a result of a hoax by his students
- Alan Abel in 1980, who had faked his own death as an elaborate hoax
- Katharine Sergava (ballet dancer) in 2003, based on an earlier incorrect obituary in the Daily Telegraph.

Allegations of bias

The Times, like many major news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective journalism. One of the most serious of these charges is that before and during World War II, the New York Times downplayed evidence that the Third Reich had targeted Jews for genocide, at least in part because the publisher feared the taint of taking on any 'Jewish cause'.

Too liberal

More generally, many people believe that the Times hard news and soft news reportage have a consistent and pronounced liberal slant, particularly on social issues. Riccardo Puglisi from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has written a paper about the editorial choices of the New York Times from 1946 to 1994, entitled, "Being the New York Times: The Political Behaviour of a Newspaper" (December 6, 2004). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=573801] [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID630598_code363330.pdf?abstractid=573801&mirid=1]. He finds that the Times displays Democratic partisanship, with some watchdog aspects. For example, during presidential campaigns, the paper systematically gives more coverage to Democratic topics, but only so when the incumbent president is a Republican. Among other things, the intermix of political commentary with art criticism in the Arts section of the paper is pointed to as evidence of bias. For example, A. O. Scott's film reviews sometimes contain barbs directed at social conservatives, and Frank Rich's Arts columns regularly attacked conservatives. The op-ed section, the Times regular columnists — who operate largely independently of the rest of the paper, and are subject to relatively little editorial oversight — have a mixed range of political orientations. However, some claim that this mix is unbalanced, and that this imbalance demonstrates a liberal bias at the newspaper. The 2005 roster of regular columnists ranges in political position from Maureen Dowd, Paul Krugman, and Bob Herbert on the left, to Nicholas Kristof in the center-left, to Thomas Friedman in the center, to David Brooks, formerly of The Weekly Standard magazine, and John Tierney on the right. However, attempts to place these columnists' positions on a one-dimensional American political spectrum do not completely characterize their actions or views. For example, Dowd strongly criticized President Clinton; Krugman (a professional economist) spoke as an economic centrist before he began criticizing the George W. Bush administration; and libertarian-conservative former columnist William Safire criticized the Patriot Act. The editorial page of the Times has not endorsed a Republican Party candidate for president since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956.

Too conservative

Conversely, many liberals and progressives have professed a belief that the Times hard reporting of foreign policy issues tends to be biased towards conservative views. In the film Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media, Noam Chomsky's allegations of the paper's deliberate downplaying of Indonesia's brutal invasion and occupation of East Timor are extensively illustrated as an example of this. Some liberals also believe that the Times reporting of economic policy issues tends to be biased towards upper-middle class or upper-class concerns over the concerns of the poor or working-class. During the 1980s a magazine called Lies of our Times was published as a regular critique of alleged right-wing bias in the newspaper, particularly on international issues.

Distinctions between news, comment, ads

On November 25, 2002, the Times ran a front-page story with the headline, "CBS Staying Silent in Debate on Women Joining Augusta" — part of a string of stories focusing on the Augusta National Golf Club, the host of the Masters Tournament, effectively demanding a boycott. Critics complained that this was an editorial usurping news space. Mickey Kaus wrote that the editor-in-chief, Howell Raines, was "on the verge of a breakthrough reconceptualization of 'news' here, in which 'news' comes to mean the failure of any powerful individual or institution to do what Howell Raines wants them to do." The Times has also been criticized for allowing Exxon-Mobil Corporation to run a regular paid "advertorial" commentary piece on its editorial page, although the practice is common in other U.S. newspapers. Some studies have shown that the Times selection of op-ed pieces and letters to the editor seem to "bracket" their editorial position, making the editorials appear to be moderate — although again this practice is hardly unique to the Times.

Times self-examination of bias

In summer 2004, the Times public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote a piece on the Times alleged liberal bias. He concluded that the Times did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues, gay marriage being the example he used. He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City. Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news", such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties. However, he noted that the paper's coverage of the Iraq war was, among other things, insufficiently critical of the George W. Bush administration (see below). (In May 2005 Okrent was succeeded by Byron Calame.)

Recent controversies

In 2003, the Times admitted to journalism fraud committed over a span of several years by one of its reporters, Jayson Blair, and the general professionalism of the paper was questioned, though Blair immediately resigned following the incident. Questions of affirmative action in journalism were also raised, since Blair was African American. The paper's top two editors – Howell Raines, the executive editor, and Gerald Boyd, managing editor – resigned their posts following the incident. Since the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, the Times has persistently referred to "insurgents" rather than "terrorists" being responsible for the bombing and other acts of violence. This has been aggressively criticized, such as by frequent Times contributor Christopher Hitchens, as carrying a connotation of justification; Times columnist Thomas Friedman refers to them as "terrorists" or "Islamo-fascists". In April, 2004 the Times [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=New_York_Times reversed its policy] of not using the term Armenian Genocide. Despite publishing [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide_Contemporary_Articles dozens of articles about the Armenian Genocide] as it progressed, the Times for a period shied away from using the term in its articles as part of its editorial policy. The Turkish Government still actively denies a genocide occurred. Incidentally, Times columnist and former reporter Nicolas Kristof, a Pulitzer prize winner, has mentioned being of Armenian descent and has criticized the ongoing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government, in his Times column. On May 26, 2004, the Times published another significant admission of journalistic failings, admitting that its flawed reporting during the buildup to war with Iraq helped promote the misleading belief that Iraq possessed large stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html] While this "From the Editors" piece didn't mention names, a large part of the incriminated articles had been written by Times reporter Judith Miller. A second self-criticism by Okrent went further. "The failure was not individual, but institutional," he wrote. "War requires an extra standard of care, not a lesser one. But in the Times's WMD coverage, readers encountered some rather breathless stories built on unsubstantiated 'revelations' that, in many instances, were the anonymity-cloaked assertions of people with vested interests. Times reporters broke many stories before and after the war - but when the stories themselves later broke apart, in many instances Times readers never found out. ... Other stories pushed Pentagon assertions so aggressively you could almost sense epaulets sprouting on the shoulders of editors. ... The aggressive journalism that I long for, and that the paper owes both its readers and its own self-respect, would reveal not just the tactics of those who promoted the WMD stories, but how the Times itself was used to further their cunning campaign." [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/weekinreview/30bott.html] In August 2005, the Times was accused of attempting to unseal the adoption records of United States Supreme Court nominee Justice John Roberts's children, an unprecendented investigation by a newspaper. Journalist Brit Hume, of Fox News reported that the Times has been asking lawyers that specialize in adoption cases for advice on how to get into the sealed court records. The report went on, "Sources familiar with the matter tell Fox News that at least one lawyer turned the Times down flat, saying that any effort to pry into adoption case records, which are always sealed, would be reprehensible." The Times admitted, "Our reporters made initial inquiries about the adoptions." However they also claimed, "They did so with great care, understanding the sensitivity of the issue." The Times was condemned by the National Council for Adoption, “NCFA denounces, in the strongest possible terms, the shocking decision of The New York Times to investigate the adoption records of Justice John Roberts’ two young children. The adoption community is outraged that, for obviously political reasons, the Times has targeted the very private circumstances, motivations, and processes by which the Roberts became parents." [http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/special_packages/election2004/12316546.htm] Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, The Times has referred to those displaced by the hurricane as "refugees", while most news media refer to them as "evacuees". The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees defines "refugees" as those who have crossed a national border to escape unbearable conditions at home, while those who have been driven from home within their own nation are referred to as "internally displaced persons" (or "IDP's"). The The American Heritage Dictionary, however, defines refugee as "one who flees in search of refuge." In October 2005, Judith Miller was released from prison after an 85-day stay, when she agreed to testify to Patrick Fitzgerald's grand jury. She said she finally relented only after receiving a personal waiver, both on the phone and in writing, of her earlier confidential source agreement with Lewis "Scooter" Libby, although Libby's lawyer claimed the offer of a waiver had been standing for a year. After Miller's appearance before the grand jury, she was released from her contempt of court finding, after which the New York Times became free to write their own account of the affair. This account [http://nytimes.com/2005/10/16/national/16leak.html] was published on October 16, along with a personal account by Miller [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/national/16miller.html]. However, these accounts were widely criticized as revealing even more flaws and failings of both Miller and the Times than they answered, including uncooperativeness and dissembling by Miller to the Times and a lack of reasonable oversight of Miller’s work by the Times, as summarized for example in the Washington Post [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/16/AR2005101601040.html]. This included several predictions and calls for Miller to be fired, including by Alex Jones, director of the Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University (and a former New York Times reporter); Jay Rosen, journalism professor at New York University; and Editor and Publisher columnist Greg Mitchell. Mitchell said Miller was guilty of “crimes against journalism” and “did far more damage to her newspaper than did Jayson Blair, and that’s not even counting her WMD reporting, which hurt and embarrassed the paper in other ways.” [http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/columns/pressingissues_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001306699] Miller resigned from the paper on 9 November, 2005.

Management and Employees

Publishers


- Adolph Ochs (1896-1935)
- Arthur Hays Sulzberger (1935-1961)
- Orvil Dryfoos (1961-1963)
- Punch Sulzberger (1963-1992)
- Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. (1992- )

Executive editors


- Turner Catledge (1964-1968)
- James Reston (1968-1969)
- position vacant (1969-1976)
- Abe Rosenthal (1977-1986)
- Max Frankel (1986-1994)
- Joseph Lelyveld (1994-2001)
- Howell Raines (2001-2003)
- Bill Keller (2003- )

Current columnists


- David Brooks
- Maureen Dowd
- Thomas L. Friedman
- Bob Herbert
- Nicholas D. Kristof
- Paul Krugman
- Frank Rich
- John Tierney
- William Safire (retired as an Op-Ed columnist as of late January 2005, but continues as Language columnist)

See also


- CIA leak grand jury investigation
- New York Times bestseller list
- Current History
- Bulldog edition

Further reading


- Alex S. Jones, Susan E. Tifft. The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times. Back Bay Books (2000), ISBN 0316836311.
- Hess, John. My Times: A Memoir of Dissent, Seven Stories Press (2003), cloth, ISBN 1583226044; trade paperback, Seven Stories Press (2003), ISBN 1583226222
- Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power, World Publishing Company, New York, Cleveland (1969), ISBN 0844662844.
- Leff, Laurel. Buried by the Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Famous Newspaper, Cambridge University Press (2005), cloth, ISBN 100521812879.
- Mnookin, Seth. Hard News: The Scandals at The New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media, Random House (2004), cloth, ISBN 1400062446.
- Campomenosi, Louis Joseph, III. New York Times Editorial Coverage of the American Involvement in Vietnam, 1945-1965: A Case Study to Test the Huntington Thesis of the Existence of an Oppositional Press in the United States.. Tulane University (1994)
- The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, revised edition. Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly. New York: Times Books, 1999. ISBN 0812963881. Self-indexed.

External links


- [http://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times on the Web]
- [http://www.wqxr.com/ WQXR, the Times radio station]
- [http://www.nytco.com/company-timeline-1851.html Official history of the Times]
- [http://www.sianews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1618 Celebrated NYT reporter was a federal informant] citing David Cay Johnston Perfectly Legal ISBN 1591840198
- "[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html The Times and Iraq]," New York Times, May 26, 2004.
- Daniel Okrent, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/weekinreview/30bott.html Weapons of Mass Destruction? Or Mass Distraction?]" New York Times, May 30, 2004.
- "[http://www.timeswatch.com/ Times Watch]", documents alleged liberal bias in the Times, run by the Media Research Center
- [http://www.newsfollowup.com/leakgate1.htm Plamegate timeline, AIPAC / Franklin Pentagon mole indictment, Niger yellowcake connections? at NewsFollowUp.com]. New York Times Category:The New York Times New York Times, The ja:ニューヨーク・タイムズ

1968

1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar).

Events

January


- January 5 - Alexander Dubček elected as the leader of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party - the "Prague Spring" begins in Czechoslovakia.
- January 15 - An earthquake occurs in Sicily - 231 dead, 262 injured.
- January 21 - US B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland and in the process discharges four nuclear bombs.
- January 23 - North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.
- January 25 - The Israeli Submarine Dakar sinks in the Mediterranean Sea - 69 dead.
- January 27 - French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean with 52 men.
- January 30 - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
- January 31 - Viet Cong soldiers attack the United States embassy in Saigon.
- January 31 - Nauru's president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia.

February


- February - Classical Gas by Mason Williams is released.
- February 1 - Vietnam War: A Viet Cong officer is executed by Nguyen Ngoc Loan a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The execution was videotaped and photographed and helped sway public opinion against the war.
- February 8 - Boeing 747 made its maiden flight.
- February 8 - American civil rights movement: A civil rights protest staged at a white-only bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina is broken-up by highway patrolmen leading to the deaths of three college students.
- February 11 - Israeli-Jordan border clashes.
- February 11 - Madison Square Garden III closes, Madison Square Garden IV opens in New York.
- February 13 - Civil rights disturbances at the University of Wisconsin and University of North Carolina.
- February 16 - In Haleyville, Alabama the first 9-1-1 emergency telephone system goes into service.
- February 18 - British Standard Time introduced.
- February 24 - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted - South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
- February 28 - Ex-singer Frankie Lymon is found dead from heroin overdose.

March


- March 7 - Vietnam War: The First Battle of Saigon begins.
- March 12 - Mauritius achieves independence from British Rule.
- March 14 - Nerve gas leaks from US Army Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, Utah.
- March 15 - George Brown, British Foreign Secretary, resigns.
- March 16 - Vietnam War: My Lai massacre American troops kills scores of women and children.
- March 17 - A demonstration in London's Grosvenor Square against US involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence - 91 police injured, 200 demonstrators arrested.
- March 18 - Gold standard: The U.S. Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back US currency.
- March 27 - Russian space pioneer Yuri Gagarin killed in a crash during a training flight.
- March 31 - American President Lyndon Johnson announces he will not seek re-election.

April


- April - Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, becomes the first amputee certified to make diving missions, after a long battle which started with the accident which amputated his leg in 1966.
- April 2 - Bombs placed by Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin explode at midnight in two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main - 3 dead. Culprits are later arrested and sentenced for arson.
- April 4 - Martin Luther King, Jr assassinated.
- April 7 - Racing driver Jim Clark killed in a Formula 2 race at Hockenheim.
- April 11 - London Bridge sold to Robert McCullough for £1 million. It is later re-erected in Arizona.
- April 11 - Joseph Bachmann tries to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, leader of a left-wing movement.APO in Germany and tries to commit suicide afterwards – failing in both.
- April 11 - German left-wing students blockade the Springer Press HQ in Berlin and many are arrested - one of them Ulrike Meinhof.
- April 20 - Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes Canada's fifteenth prime minister.
- April 20 - English politician Enoch Powell makes controversial Rivers of Blood Speech.
- April 23-April 30 - Vietnam War: Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university.
- April 23 - Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in Congo.
- April 23 - Surgeons at the Hopital de la Pitie, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant on Clovis Roblain.
- April 29 - Official opening of the musical Hair on Broadway.

May-June


- May - "May of 68" is a symbol of the resistance of that generation. Agitations and strikes in Paris leads many young to believe that a revolution is starting. Student and worker strikes sometimes referred to as the French May nearly bring down the French government.
- May 1 - Professor Giorgios Rosas declares independence of his platform nation Isle of the Roses off Rimini, Italy. Italian troops demolish it two months later.
- May 2 - The Israel Broadcasting Authority commence television broadcasts.
- May 22 - The US nuclear-powered submarine the USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard 400 miles southwest of the Azores.
- June 1 - Helen Keller dies in her sleep in Connecticut.
- June 3 - Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol as he enters his studio, wounding him.
- June 5 - U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy died from his injuries the next day.
- June 8 - James Earl Ray is arrested for the murder of Doctor Martin Luther King Jr.
- June 10 - Italy beat Yugoslavia 2-0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship. The original final on June 8 ended 1-1.
- June 20 - Austin Currie, Member of Parliament (MP) at Stormont in Northern Ireland, along with others, squats a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations.
- June 23 - Soccer stampede in Buenos Aires - 74 dead, 150 injured.
- June 29 - Pope Paul VI announces an encyclical entitled "Humanae Vitae", condemning birth control.

July-September


- July 1 - The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
- July 4 - 59-year-old Yachtsman Alec Rose received a hero's welcome as he sailed into Portsmouth after his 354-day round-the-world trip.
- July 15 - The soap opera One Life to Live premieres on the ABC network.
- July 17 - Saddam Hussein becomes the Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état.
- July 23-July 28 - African American militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio
- July 26 - Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
- July 29 - Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time for centuries.
- August 20 - 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 5,000 tanks invade Czechoslovakia to end the "Prague Spring" of political liberalization.
- August 22-August 30 - Police clash with antiwar protesters in Chicago, Illinois outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
- September 6 - Swaziland becomes independent.
- September 17 - the D'Oliveira Affair - Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the side.
- September 27 - Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.
- September 29 - A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.

October


- October 2 - A student demonstration ends in a massacre at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico ten days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics.
- October 5 - A civil rights march in Derry, (of the six counties of northern) Ireland, which included several Stormont and British MPs, is batoned off the streets by the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
- October 8 - Vietnam War: Operation Sealords - United States and South Vietnamese forces launched a new operation in the Mekong Delta.
- October 11 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele and Walter Cunningham aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver.
- October 12 - The Games of the XIX Olympiad in Mexico City, Mexico is inaugurated. The games concludes October 27th.
- October 14 - Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will be sending about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.
- October 16 - Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two African-Americans competing in the Olympic 200 meter run, raise their arms in a black power salute after winning the gold and bronze medals for first and third place.
- October 16 - Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, inspired by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country.
- October 19 - Cool dela Peña is born in Paniqui, Tarlac.
- October 20 - Aristotle Onassis and Jacqueline Kennedy marry on the Greek island of Skorpios.
- October 31 - Vietnam War: Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson.announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.

November-December


- November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1968: In one of the closest elections in US history, Republican challenger Richard M. Nixon defeats Vice President Hubert Humphrey and American Independent Party candidate George C. Wallace.
- November 5 - Luis A. Ferre is elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
- December 6 - Donald Crowhurst leaves to sail around the globe in hopes of winning Golden Globe award of Sunday Times.
- November 11 - Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt initiated to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, 3 million tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail operations.
- November 11 - A second republic is declared in the Maldives.
- November 14 - Yale University announced it is going co-educational.
- November 26 - Vietnam War: United States Air Force 1st Lt. and Bell UH-1F helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire, earning a Medal of Honor for his bravery.
- December 9 - Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco.
- December 13 - Nichols Hall on the campus of Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas burns to the ground precipitating the use of the Wabash Cannonball as a KSU fight song.
- December 24 - US spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the moon and planet earth as a whole.

Undated


- Booker Prize for Fiction is established by Booker plc.
- 1968 is known as the year of the Prague Spring and also the year of the Paris riots.
- The ASCII character code is standardized as ANSI Standard X3.4.
- Nauru adopt its national anthem of the Nauru Bwiema.
- The Hong Kong Flu pandemic begins in Hong Kong.
- The International Baccalaureate Organisation is founded.
- Equatorial Guinea became independent from Spain.
- In Panama Gen. Omar Torrijos with a coupe d`etat became president and leader.

Births

January-March


- January 2 - Cuba Gooding Jr., American actor
- January 6 - John Singleton, American film director and writer
- January 14 - LL Cool J, American rapper and actor
- January 24 - Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast
- January 27 - Mike Patton, American singer
- January 28 - Sarah McLachlan, Canadian singer
- January 29 - Edward Burns, American actor
- February 1 - Lisa Marie Presley, American actress
- February 3 - Oscar Cabot, Vice-President Bonicca Natural Body Care
- February 5 - Roberto Alomar, baseball player
- February 8 - Gary Coleman, American actor
- February 10 - Atika Suri, Indonesian television newscaster
- February 14 - Jules Asner, American model and television personality
- February 22 - Brad Nowell, American musician (d. 1996)
- February 22 - Jeri Ryan, American actress
- February 27 - Matt Stairs, baseball player
- March 4 - Patsy Kensit, English actress
- March 11 - Lisa Loeb, American singer
- March 15 - Mark McGrath, American musician (Sugar Ray)
- March 23 - Mike Atherton, English cricketer
- March 23 - Damon Albarn, English musician (Blur and Gorillaz)
- March 26 - Kenny Chesney, American musician
- March 26 - James Iha, American musician (Smashing Pumpkins)
- March 28 - Iris Chang, American author (d. 2004)
- March 28 - Nasser Hussain, English cricketer
- March 29 - Lucy Lawless, New Zealand actress and singer
- March 30 - Céline Dion, Canadian singer

April-June


- April 3 - Sebastian Bach, West Indian-born musician (Skid Row)
- April 8 - Patricia Arquette, American actress
- April 15 - Stacey Williams, American model
- April 19 - Ashley Judd, American actress
- April 23 - Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist
- May 1 - D'Arcy Wretzky, American musician
- May 7 - Traci Lords, American actress
- May 9 - Marie-José Perec, French athlete
- May 12 - Tony Hawk, American skateboarder
- May 26 - Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark
- May 27 - Jeff Bagwell, baseball player
- May 27 - Frank Thomas, baseball player
- May 28 - Kylie Minogue, Australian actress and singer
- June 4 - Rachel Griffiths, Australian actress
- June 20 - Peter Paige, American actor
- June 26 - Shannon Sharpe, American football player and commentator
- June 28 - Adam Woodyatt, British actor
- June 29 - Theoren Fleury, Canadian hockey player
- June 30 - Philip Anselmo, American musician

July-September


- July 7 - Jorja Fox, American actress
- July 10 - Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- July 15 - Stan Kirsch, American actor
- July 16 - Dhanraj Pillay, Indian field hockey player
- July 16 - Barry Sanders, American football player
- July 27 - Julian McMahon, Australian actor
- July 30 - Robert Korzeniowski, Polish racewalker
- August 9 - Gillian Anderson, American actress
- August 9 - Eric Bana, Australian actor
- August 17 - Ed McCaffrey, American football player
- August 31 - Todd Carty, British actor
- September 1 - Mohamed Atta al Sayed, Egyptian terrorist
- September 4 - Mike Piazza, baseball player
- September 7 - Marcel Desailly, French footballer
- September 11 - Kay Hanley, American musician
- September 18 - Toni Kukoc, Croatian basketball player
- September 20 - Darrell Russell, race car driver (d. 2004)
- September 25 - Will Smith, American rapper and actor
- September 26 - James Caviezel, American actor
- September 28 - Naomi Watts, English-born actress, star of Peter Jackson's King Kong

October-December


- October 7 - Toni Braxton, American singer
- October 10 - Bart Brentjens, Dutch mountainbiker
- October 11 - Jane Krakowski, American actress
- October 12 - Hugh Jackman, Australian actor
- October 31 - Vanilla Ice, American rapper
- November 4 - Lee Germon, New Zealand cricket captains
- November 8 - Zara Whites, Dutch actress
- November 9 - Nazzareno Carusi, Italian pianist
- November 12 - Sammy Sosa, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- November 13 - Pat Hentgen, baseball player
- November 15 - Jennifer Charles, American singer
- November 15 - Ol' Dirty Bastard, American rapper (d. 2004)
- November 18 - Owen Wilson, American actor
- November 23 - Hamid Hassani, Iranian scholar
- November 27 - Michael Vartan, French actor
- December 2 - Lucy Liu, American actress
- December 8 - Mike Mussina, baseball player
- December 9 - Kurt Angle, American amateur and professional wrestler
- December 12 - Rory Kennedy, son of Robert F Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy
- December 17 - Paul Tracy, Canadian race car driver

Deaths

January-April


- January 11 - Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- January 19 - Ray Harroun, American race car driver (b. 1879)
- January 21 - Will Lang Jr., Chief Regional Director of Life (magazine)
- January 22 - Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer (b. 1890)
- January 26 - Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (b. 1883)
- February 4 - Neal Cassady, American writer (b. 1926)
- February 11 - Howard Lindsay, American playwright (b. 1888)
- February 20 - Anthony Asquith, British director and writer (b. 1902)
- February 21 - Howard Walter Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (b. 1898)
- February 22 - Peter Arno, American cartoonist (b. 1904)
- February 27 - Frankie Lymon, American singer (b. 1942)
- February 29 - Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (b. 1886)
- March 16 - Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (b. 1895)
- March 27 - Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut (b. 1934)
- April 1 - Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- April 4 - Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (assassinated) (b. 1929)
- April 7 - Jimmy Clark, Scottish race car driver (b. 1936)
- April 10 - Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (b. 1899)
- April 14 - Al Benton, baseball player (b. 1911)
- April 22 - Stephen H. Sholes, American record executive (b. 1911)
- April 25 - John Tewksbury, American athlete (b. 1876)

May-December


- May 7 - Mike Spence British race car driver (b. 1936)
- May 9 - Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (b. 1893)
- May 14 - Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (b. 1882)
- June 1 - Helen Keller, American spokeswoman for deaf and blind (b. 1880)
- June 6 - Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator and U.S. Attorney General (assassinated) (b. 1925)
- June 14 - Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- June 15 - Sam Crawford, baseball player (b. 1880)
- July 11 - Mervyn Peake, British writer and illustrator (b. 1911)
- July 18 - Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- July 23 - Henry Hallett Dale, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1875)
- July 28 - Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
- August 19 - George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (b. 1904)
- August 27 - Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (b. 1906)
- August 29 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (b. 1881)
- September 12 - Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (b. 1894)
- October 2 - Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
- October 13 - Bea Benaderet, American actress (b. 1906)
- October 30 - Rose Wilder Lane, American author and reporter (b. 1886)
- November 4 - Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (b. 1892)
- November 6 - Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (b. 1891)
- November 25 - Upton Sinclair, American writer (b. 1878)
- November 26 - Arnold Zweig, German writer (b. 1887)
- December 10 - Karl Barth, German protestant theologian (b. 1888)
- December 10 - Thomas Merton, American author (b. 1915)
- December 12 - Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (b. 1902)
- December 19 - Norman Thomas, American politician (b. 1884)
- December 20 - John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- December 30 - Trygve Lie, first United Nations Secretary General (b. 1896)
- December 30 - Vladimir Peter Tytla, American animator (b. 1904)

Month/day unknown


- Berthold Bartosch, Czech animator (b. 1893)
- Robert Wood Johnson, American business leader and philanthropist (b. 1893)
- Jouett Shouse, American politician (b. 1879).

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Luis Walter Alvarez
- Chemistry - Lars Onsager
- Physiology or Medicine - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
- Literature - Yasunari Kawabata
- Peace - René Cassin

Further reading


- Mark Kurlansky (2004), 1968: the year that rocked the world, Jonathan Cape
- ko:1968년 ms:1968 ja:1968年 simple:1968 th:พ.ศ. 2511

Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with a worldwide average daily circulation of more than 2.6 million as of 2005. For many years, it had the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States, although it is currently second to USA Today with the Journal having a US circulation of 1.8 million[http://www.businesswire.com/webbox/bw.110303/233075695.htm]. The Journal also publishes Asian and European editions. Its main rival as a daily financial newspaper is the London-based Financial Times, which also publishes several international editions. The Wall Street Journal is owned by Dow Jones & Company. The Journal newspaper primarily covers U.S. and international business and financial news and issues—the paper's name comes from Wall Street, the street in New York City which is the heart of the financial district. It has been printed continuously since its founding on July 8, 1889 by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser. The newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize twenty-nine times, including the 2003 and 2004 Pulitzer Prize for explanatory journalism. The Journal boasts a readership profile of about 60% top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1 million, and an average age of 55. The paper still uses ink dot drawings called hedcuts rather than photographs of people, a practice unique among major newspapers. However, the use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more "lifestyle" sections. A complement to the print newspaper, the Wall Street Journal Online is the largest paid subscription news site on the Web — with 712,000 paid subscribers as of the fourth quarter of 2004.

Sections

The Journal features several distinct sections:
- Section One – features U.S. and international corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting
- Marketplace – includes coverage of health, technology, media, and marketing industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980)
- Money and Investing – covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988)
- Personal Journal – published Tuesday-Thursday, this section covers personal investments, careers and cultural pursuits (the personal section was introduced April 9, 2002)
- Weekend Journal – published Fridays, explores personal interests of business readers, including real estate, travel, and sports (the weekend section was introduced March 20, 1998) On average, The Journal is about 96 pages long. For the year 2004, the inclusion of 45 additional Special Reports is planned. In September 2005, the Journal resumed Saturday publication after a lapse of some 30 years.

Editorial page

The position of the editorial opinion and op-ed sections is typically conservative. The editorial page commonly publishes pieces by U.S. and world leaders in government, politics and business. The Journal won its first two Pulitzer Prizes for its editorial writing, in 1947 and 1953. The Journal describes the history of its editorials thus: :They are united by the mantra "free markets and free people," the principles, if you will, marked in the watershed year of 1776 by Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. So over the past century and into the next, the Journal stands for free trade and sound money; against confiscatory taxation and the ukases of kings and other collectivists; and for individual autonomy against dictators, bullies and even the tempers of momentary majorities. If these principles sound unexceptionable in theory, applying them to current issues is often unfashionable and controversial. Its historical position was much the same, and spelled out the conservative foundation of its editorial page: :On our editorial page, we make no pretense of walking down the middle of the road. Our comments and interpretations are made from a definite point of view. We believe in the individual, his wisdom and his decency. We oppose all infringements on individual rights, whether they stem from attempts at private monopoly, labor union monopoly or from an overgrowing government. People will say we are conservative or even reactionary. We are not much interested in labels but if we were to choose one, we would say we are radical. —William H. Grimes, 1951 The editorial and news page staffs are completely independent from each other, with the former showing a conservative and the latter--especially in its Washington analyses--a more liberal cast.

Notable reporting

The Journal has had several series of articles which have gone on to have significant impact. Many of these have been transformed into books.

Insider trading

In the 1980s, Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading, winning the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988 for such stories. He expanded on this theme in his book, Den of Thieves.

RJR Nabisco buyout

In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant RJR Nabisco. This was documented in several Journal articles by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar. These articles were later used as the basis of a bestselling book, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco, and then into a made-for-TV movie.

Enron

In 2001, the Journal was ahead of most of the journalistic pack in appreciating the importance of the accounting abuses at Enron, and two of its reporters in particular, Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller, played a crucial role in bringing these abuses to light.

Related links


- The Wall Street Journal Europe
- The Wall Street Journal Asia
- The Wall Street Journal Special Editions
- Financial Times
- Barron's Magazine
- Far Eastern Economic Review
- The Index of Economic Freedom – an annual report published by the Journal together with the Heritage Foundation
- Daniel Pearl – a WSJ journalist killed while reporting in Pakistan
- "Lucky duckies"

External links


- [http://www.wsj.com/ The Wall Street Journal Online] - Official site
- [http://www.ketupa.net/dow.htm A brief history of the Journal]
- [http://www.opinionjournal.com/ OpinionJournal] - A sampling of the Journal's editorial pages (subscription not required)
- [http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/ Best of the Web Today] - James Taranto's daily column
- [http://www.sprouls.com/ WSJ Stipple drawings] - website of Kevin Sprouls, Creator of the Wall Street Journal stipple portrait style.
- [http://www.nolinovak.com/ Stipple drawings] - Stipple drawings by lead Wall Street Journal stipple portrait artist Noli Novak
- [http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/journal/index.htm Hedcuts] - The Wall Street Journal’s distinctive portrait heads, known as “hedcuts”
- [http://www.dj.com/Products_Services/PrintPublishing/KEHletterchair.htm Letter From the Publisher] 8 January 2004
- [http://www.dj.com/Products_Services/PrintPublishing/Melloan.htm Journal Editorials and the Common Man] 23 June 1989
- [http://www.dj.com/Products_Services/PrintPublishing/Grimes.htm A Newspaper's Philosophy by William H. Grimes] 2 January 1951
- [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/ Index of Economic Freedom] Wall Street Journal, The Wall Street Journal, The Wall Street Journal, The ja:ウォールストリート・ジャーナル

Washington Post

:This article concerns the newspaper. The Washington Post is also a patriotic march by John Philip Sousa The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It gained worldwide fame in the early 1970s for its Watergate investigation by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, which played a major role in the undoing of the Nixon presidency. It is generally considered among the best three daily American newspapers along with the The New York Times, which is known for its general reporting and international coverage, and The Wall Street Journal, which is known for its financial reporting. The Post, unsurprisingly, has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress, and other aspects of the U.S. government. Unlike the Times and the Journal, however, it sees itself as a strictly regional newspaper, and does not print a national edition for distribution away from the East Coast. The majority of its readership is in the District of Columbia, as well as in the well-to-do suburbs