:: wikimiki.org ::

Pope Urban VII

Pope Urban VII

Urban VII, né Giovanni Battista Castagna (August 4, 1521 – September 27, 1590) was pope for thirteen days in September 1590, was of Genoese origin, although born in Rome. He was chosen successor of Sixtus V on September 15, 1590, but died of malaria (September 27) before consecration, making his the shortest papal reign in history. He had previously served as governor of Bologna and as archbishop of Rossano, and was for many years nuncio to Spain; his election to the papacy was largely backed by the Spanish faction.

References

- The Death of the Popes by Wendy J. Reardon, 2004. Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 Urban 7 ko:교황 우르바노 7세 ja:ウルバヌス7世 (ローマ教皇)

August 4

August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining.

Events

- 1265 - The Battle of Evesham of the Second Barons' War is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of future King Edward I of England defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and killing de Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.
- 1578 - Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir - Moroccans defeat Portuguese. King Sebastian of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
- 1693 - Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of Champagne.
- 1704 - During the War of the Spanish Succession an Anglo-Dutch force seizes the rock of Gibraltar.
- 1735 - Freedom of the press: New York Weekly Journal writer John Peter Zenger is acquitted of seditious libel against the royal governor of New York, on the basis that what he published was true.
- 1753 - George Washington, then a young Virginia planter, becomes a Master Mason, the highest basic rank in the secret fraternity of Freemasonry.
- 1789 - The feudal system is abolished in France.
- 1790 - A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard).
- 1821 - Atkinson & Alexander publish the Saturday Evening Post for the first time as a weekly newspaper.
- 1824 - Battle of Cos fought between Turks and Greeks.
- 1854 - The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships.
- 1873 - Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clash for the first time with the Sioux (near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed).
- 1892 - The family of Lizzie Borden is found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home.
- 1902 - Greenwich foot tunnel under the River Thames opens.
- 1914 - World War I: Germany invaded Belgium; in response, the United Kingdom declares war on Germany. The United States proclaims neutrality.
- 1944 - Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family.
- 1947 - The Supreme Court of Japan is established.
- 1964 - American civil rights movement: Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney are found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21.
- Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS Maddox and USS C. Turner Joy are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks two, possibly three North Vietnamese gunboats.
- 1969 - Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, US representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail.
- 1975 - The Japanese Red Army takes more than 50 hostages at the AIA building housing several embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The hostages included the U.S. consul and the Swedish charge d'affaires. The gunmen win the release of five imprisoned comrades and fly with them to Libya.
- 1977 - US President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.
- 1983 - Thomas Sankara becomes president of Upper Volta.
- 1983 - New York Yankee outfielder Dave Winfield accidentally killed a seagull during a baseball game and was charged by police for his "act of cruelty to animals". His manager Billy Martin quipped, "It's the first time he's hit the cutoff man."
- 1984 - The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
- 1985 - In one of the most exciting days in sports, Tom Seaver of the Chicago White Sox won his 300th game and Rod Carew of the California Angels picked up his 3000th hit. It marked the only day in which two men reached baseball's three biggest milestones in the same day.
- 1987 - The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to "fairly" present controversial issues.
- 1991 The Greek cruise ship Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa.
- 1993 - A federal judge sentences LAPD officers Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating motorist Rodney King's civil rights.
- 1995 - Operation Storm begins in Croatia.
- 1997 - 185,000 Teamsters union United Parcel Service drivers walk off the job.
- 2005 - Prime Minister Paul Martin announces that Michaëlle Jean will be Canada's 27th — and first black — Governor General.

Births

- 1222 - Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
- 1290 - Duke Leopold I of Austria (d. 1326)
- 1521 - Pope Urban VII, (d. 1590)
- 1604 - François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer (d. 1676)
- 1701 - Thomas Blackwell, Scottish classical scholar (d. 1757)
- 1719 - Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German minerologist and geologist (d. 1767)
- 1721 - Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (d. 1803)
- 1792 - Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (d. 1822)
- 1805 - William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician (d. 1865)
- 1834 - John Venn, British mathematician (d. 1923)
- 1840 - Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German psychiatrist (d. 1902)
- 1859 - Knut Hamsun, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
- 1899 - Ezra Taft Benson, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1994)
- 1900 - Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Mother of the United Kingdom (d. 2002)
- 1901 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (d. 1971)
- 1904 - Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist and dramatist (d. 1969)
- 1906 - Eugen Schuhmacher, German zoologist (d. 1973)
- 1908 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (d. 1994)
- 1909 - Glenn Cunningham, American politician (d. 2004)
- 1910 - William Schuman, American composer (d. 1992)
- 1912 - Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and mountaineer (d. 1999)
- 1912 - Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat
- 1913 - Robert Hayden, American poet (d. 1980)
- 1921 - Maurice Richard, Canadian hockey player (d. 2000)
- 1927 - Jess Thomas, American tenor (d. 1993)
- 1929 - Yasser Arafat, Palestine leader (d. 2004)
- 1929 - Kishore Kumar, Indian singer and actor (d. 1987)
- 1936 - Assia Djebar, Algerian writer and filmmaker
- 1937 - David Bedford, English musician
- 1942 - David Lange, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2005)
- 1943 - Bjørn Wirkola, Norwegian ski jumper
- 1944 - Richard Belzer, American actor and comedian
- 1947 - Klaus Schulze, German composer
- 1955 - Billy Bob Thornton, American actor and writer
- 1958 - Mary Decker, American athlete
- 1960 - Dean Malenko, American professional wrestler
- 1960 - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Prime Minister of Spain
- 1961 - Barack Obama, American politician
- 1962 - Roger Clemens, baseball player
- 1967 - Mike Marsh, American athlete
- 1968 - Marcus Schenkenberg, Swedish model
- 1970 - Michael DeLuise, American actor
- 1971 - Jeff Gordon, American race car driver
- 1972 - Stefan Brogren, Canadian actor
- 1974 - Cristian González, Argentine footballer
- 1977 - Luis Boa Morte, Portuguese footballer
- 1978 - Kurt Busch, American race car driver
- 1992 - Dylan and Cole Sprouse twin actors

Deaths

- 1060 - King Henry I of France (b. 1008)
- 1265 - Killed in the Battle of Evesham:
- Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (b. 1223)
- Henry de Montfort (b. 1238)
- Peter de Montfort
- Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (b. 1208)
- 1306 - King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (b. 1289)
- 1338 - Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, son of Edward I of England (b. 1300)
- 1526 - Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (b. 1476)
- 1578 - King Sebastian of Portugal (b. 1554)
- 1578 - Thomas Stucley, English adventurer
- 1598 - William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman (b. 1520)
- 1612 - Hugh Broughton, English scholar (b. 1549)
- 1639 - Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist
- 1727 - Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie, French general (b. 1647)
- 1741 - Andrew Hamilton, American lawyer
- 1784 - Giovanni Battista Martini, Italian musician (b. 1706)
- 1792 - John Burgoyne, British general (b. 1723)
- 1795 - Timothy Ruggles, American-born Tory politician (b. 1711)
- 1875 - Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (b. 1805)
- 1938 - Pearl White, American actress (b. 1889)
- 1957 - Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, President of Brazil (b. 1869)
- 1976 - Roy Herbert Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, Canadian publisher (b. 1894)
- 1977 - Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
- 1981 - Melvyn Douglas, American actor (b. 1901)
- 1998 - Yuri Artyukhin, cosmonaut (b. 1930)
- 1999 - Victor Mature, American actor (b. 1915)
- 2001 - Lorenzo Music, American actor, writer, and producer (b. 1937)
- 2003 - Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)

Holidays and observances

- Roman Catholicism - Saint John Vianney – Patron Saint of Priests
- Burkina Faso - Anniversary of the Revolution
- Cook Islands - Constitution Day (celebrations begin on the last Friday in July and last up to 2 weeks.)
- El Salvador - Transfiguration Bank Holiday
- Ancient Egypt - Jubilation of the Heart of Re

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/4 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050804.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- August 3 - August 5 - July 4 - September 4 -- listing of all days ko:8월 4일 ja:8月4日 simple:August 4 th:4 สิงหาคม

September 27

September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 95 days remaining.

Events

- 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona, and is defeated again.
- 1540 - The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.
- 1590 - Pope Urban VII dies 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, making his reign the shortest papacy in history.
- 1605 - The armies of Sweden are utterly defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm
- 1787 - The United States Constitution is delivered to the states for ratification.
- 1821 - Mexico gains its independence from Spain.
- 1822 - Jean-François Champollion announces that he has deciphered the Rosetta stone.
- 1825 - The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens, and begins operation of the world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains.
- 1854 - The steamship Arctic sinks with 300 people on board. This marks the first great disaster in the Atlantic Ocean.
- 1903 - Wreck of the Old 97, a train crash made famous by the song of the same name.
- 1905 - Albert Einstein publishes the paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?" in Annalen der Physik. This paper revealed the relationship between energy and mass.
- 1928 - The Republic of China is recognized by the United States.
- 1938 - Ocean liner Queen Elizabeth launched in Glasgow.
- 1940 - The Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Japan and Italy.
- 1941 - The SS Patrick Henry is launched becoming the first of more that 2,700 Liberty ships.
- 1942 - Glenn Miller and his Orchestra perform for the last time before Miller enters the US Army.
- 1949 - The first Plenary Session of the National People's Congress approves the design of the Flag of the People's Republic of China.
- 1954 - The nationwide debut of Tonight! (The Tonight Show) hosted by Steve Allen on NBC.
- 1959 - Nearly 5000 people die on the main Japanese island of Honshu as the result of a typhoon.
- 1964 - The Warren Commission releases its report, concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone, assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
- 1968 - The stage musical, "Hair", opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, where it played 1,998 performances until closure was forced by the roof collapsing in July, 1973.
- 1977 - The 300 metre tall CKVR-TV transmission tower in Barrie, Ontario, Canada is hit by a light aircraft in a fog, causing it to collapse. All aboard the aircraft are killed.
- 1979 - The United States Department of Education receives final approval from the U.S. Congress to become the 13th US Cabinet agency.
- 1980 - Marvin Hagler defeats Alan Minter to claim boxing's world Middleweight championship in London. They have to be escorted away by police after a riot forms.
- 1983 - Richard Stallman announces the GNU project to develop a free Unix-like operating system.
- 1986 - Cliff Burton, bassist for Metallica, dies after being crushed by the band's tour bus during their European tour.
- 1988 - The National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi is founded.
- 1995 - The Government of the United States unveils the first of its redesigned bank notes with the $100 bill featuring a larger portrait of Benjamin Franklin slightly off-center.
- 1996 - In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city Kabul after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.
- 1997 - Communications are lost with the Mars Pathfinder for unknown reasons.
- 1998 - Google is first established
- 2001 - Boyband 5ive announced their disbandment.
- 2002 - Timor-Leste (East Timor) joins the United Nations.
- 2003 - Smart 1 is launched.
- 2003 - The Uniterran Church was founded in Victor, NY
- 2004 - Virgin Group announces a joint venture with Mojave Aerospace Ventures to build VSS Enterprise for commercial space flights and a new company called Virgin Galactic.
- 2005 - 500 photos taken of a live giant squid.

Births

- 1275 - John II of Brabant (d. 1312)
- 1389 - Cosimo de Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1464)
- 1601 - King Louis XIII of France (d. 1643)
- 1627 - Jacques Benigne Bossuet, French bishop and author (d. 1704)
- 1643 - Solomon Stoddard, American Puritan clergyman
- 1696 - Alphonsus Liguori, Italian founder of the Redemptionist order (d. 1787)
- 1719 - Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician (d. 1800)
- 1722 - Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (d. 1803)
- 1729 - Michael Denis, Austrian poet (d. 1800)
- 1803 - Samuel Francis du Pont, American admiral (d. 1865)
- 1805 - George Müller, Prussian orphanage builder (d. 1898)
- 1818 - Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884)
- 1821 - Henri Frederic Amiel, Swiss writer (d. 1881)
- 1824 - William "Bull" Nelson, American Civil War general (d. 1862)
- 1830 - William Babcock Hazen, American Civil War general (d. 1887)
- 1840 - Thomas Nast, German-born political cartoonist (d. 1902)
- 1843 - Gaston Tarry, French mathematician (d. 1913)
- 1871 - Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- 1879 - Hans Hahn, Austrian mathematician (d. 1934)
- 1879 - Cyril Scott, English composer (d. 1970)
- 1885 - Harry Blackstone, American magician (d. 1965)
- 1896 - Sam Ervin, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (d. 1985)
- 1906 - William Empson, British poet and critic (d. 1984)
- 1907 - Maurice Blanchot, French philosopher and writer (d. 2003)
- 1907 - Bhagat Singh, Indian freedom fighter (d. 1931)
- 1913 - Albert Ellis, American psychologist
- 1918 - Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984)
- 1919 - James H. Wilkinson, American mathematician (d. 1986)
- 1920 - William Conrad, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1920 - Jayne Meadows, American actress
- 1922 - Carl Ballantine, American actor
- 1922 - Arthur Penn, American director
- 1924 - Fred Singer, American environmental scientist
- 1927 - Romano Scarpa, Italian comic book artist
- 1932 - Roger C. Carmel, American actor (d. 1986)
- 1932 - Michael Colvin, Canadian tenor
- 1932 - Oliver E. Williamson, American economist
- 1933 - Will Sampson, American actor (d. 1987)
- 1934 - Wilford Brimley, American actor
- 1934 - Claude Jarman Jr., American actor
- 1934 - Dick Schaap, American sports reporter (d. 2001)
- 1936 - Don Cornelius, American television host
- 1936 - Gordon Honeycombe, British author, playwright, and actor
- 1939 - Kathy Whitworth, American golfer
- 1942 - Dith Pran, Cambodian-born photojournalist
- 1942 - Alvin Stardust, English singer
- 1943 - Randy Bachman, Canadian musician
- 1945 - Jack Goldstein, Canadian-born artist (d. 2003)
- 1946 - Robin Nedwell, English comedy actor (d. 1999)
- 1947 - Barbara Dickson, Scottish singer
- 1947 - Meat Loaf, American singer and actor
- 1948 - Michele Dotrice, English actor
- 1948 - A. Martinez, American actor
- 1949 - Graham Richardson, Australian politician and broadcaster
- 1949 - Mike Schmidt, baseball player
- 1952 - Dumitru Prunariu, cosmonaut
- 1953 - Diane Julie Abbott, British politician
- 1953 - Mata Amritanandamayi, Indian religious leader
- 1958 - Shaun Cassidy, American singer and actor
- 1961 - Andy Lau, Hong Kong actor and singer
- 1965 - Steve Kerr, Lebanese-born basketball player
- 1965 - Peter MacKay, Canadian political leader
- 1972 - Clara Hughes, Canadian cyclist
- 1976 - Francesco Totti, Italian footballer
- 1977 - Andrus Värnik, Estonian athlete
- 1978 - Brad Arnold, American singer and songwriter (3 Doors Down)
- 1981 - Lakshmipathy Balaji, Indian cricketer
- 1981 - Brendon McCullum, New Zealand cricketer
- 1982 - Lil Wayne, American rapper and record producer
- 1984 - Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer and songwriter
- 1984 - Christian Choi, Argentine-born (Alpha Kappa Psi- Master of Rituals)

Deaths

- 1249 - Count Raymond VII of Toulouse (b. 1197)
- 1304 - John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English soldier
- 1404 - William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman (b. 1320)
- 1557 - Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (b. 1497)
- 1590 - Pope Urban VII (b. 1521)
- 1651 - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1573)
- 1660 - Vincent de Paul, French saint (b. 1580)
- 1700 - Pope Innocent XII (b. 1615)
- 1719 - George Smalridge, English Bishop of Bristol (b. 1662)
- 1730 - Laurence Eusden, English poet (b. 1688)
- 1735 - Peter Artedi, Swedish naturalist (drowned) (b. 1705)
- 1737 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (b. 1680)
- 1742 - Hugh Boulter, Irish Archbishop of Armagh (b. 1672)
- 1832 - Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, German philosopher (b. 1781)
- 1876 - Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (b. 1817)
- 1891 - Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (b. 1812)
- 1917 - Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834)
- 1921 - Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (b. 1854)
- 1933 - Ring Lardner, American writer (b. 1885)
- 1940 - Walter Benjamin, German philosopher (b. 1892)
- 1940 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1857)
- 1944 - Aimee Semple McPherson, American evangelist (b. 1890)
- 1956 - Gerald Finzi, English composer (b. 1901)
- 1956 - Babe Didrikson Zaharias, American athlete and golfer (b. 1911)
- 1960 - Sylvia Pankhurst, English suffragette and social activist (b. 1882)
- 1965 - Clara Bow, American actress (b. 1905)
- 1967 - Prince Felix Yussupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (b. 1887)
- 1972 - S. R. Ranganathan, Indian mathematician and librarian (b. 1892)
- 1975 - Jack Lang, Australian politician (b. 1876)
- 1979 - Dame Gracie Fields, Lancastrian comedienne and singer (b. 1898)
- 1981 - Robert Montgomery, American actor (b. 1904)
- 1985 - Lloyd Nolan, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1986 - Cliff Burton, American musician (Metallica) (b. 1962)
- 1993 - Jimmy Doolittle, U.S. general and World War II hero (b. 1896)
- 1996 - Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (b. 1947)
- 1998 - Narita Bryan, Japanese racehorse (b. 1991)
- 1998 - Doak Walker, American footballer (b. 1927)
- 2003 - Donald O'Connor, American actor, dancer, and singer (b. 1925)
- 2005 - Ronald Golias, Brazilian Comedian and actor (b. 1929)

Holidays and observances

- RC Saints - Saint Vincent de Paul
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church - Meskel
- Brazilian Umbanda Cults - "Cosme e Damião" - "Ibeijii", children's saints party Also see September 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Mashíyyat (Will) - First day of the eleventh month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- Belgium - French Community Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/27 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 26 - September 28 - August 27 - October 27 – more historical anniversaries ko:9월 27일 ms:27 September ja:9月27日 simple:September 27 th:27 กันยายน

1590

Events

- March 14 - Battle of Ivry - Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
- May - August - Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
- May 17 - Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
- August 18 - John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
- September 15 - Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
- December 5 - Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
- Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
- Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
- Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Births

- March 18 - Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Spanish and Portuguese historian and poet (died 1649)
- April 18 - Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor (died 1617)
- May 12 - Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1621)
- July 13 - Pope Clement X (died 1676)
- August 19 - Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (d. 1649)
- William Bradford, English leader of Plymouth Colony (died 1657)
- William Browne, English poet (died 1645)
- Francis Burgersdyk, Dutch logician (died 1629)
- Isaac de Caus, French landscaper (died 1648)
- William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros (died 1618)
- Anne Clifford, English noblewoman (died 1676)
- Crellius, Polish–German theologian (died 1633)
- Theophilus Eaton, merchant (died 1658)
- Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres, French soldier (died 1640)
- Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English courtier and soldier (died 1649)
- Gerhard van Honthorst, Dutch painter (died 1656)
- Roger Ludlow, one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut (died 1664)
- Boris Morozov, Russian statesman and boyar (died 1661)
- Michael O'Clery, Irish chronicler (died 1643)
- Jakub Sobieski, Polish noble (died 1646)
- Simon Vouet, French painter (died 1649)
- Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester (died 1646)
- Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese adventurer (died 1630) See also :Category:1590 births.

Deaths

- February 1 - Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (born 1527)
- February 4 - Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian music theorist and composer (born 1517)
- February 12 - François Hotman, French Protestant lawyer and writer (born 1524)
- April 6 - Francis Walsingham, English spymaster (born 1530)
- July 10 - Archduke Charles II of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (born 1540)
- August 27 - Pope Sixtus V (born 1521)
- September 20 - Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (born 1534)
- September 27 - Pope Urban VII (born 1521)
- September 29 - Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch politician and theologian (b. 1522)
- October 12 - Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter (born 1543)
- November 18 - George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (born 1528)
- November 29 - Philipp Nikodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (born 1547)
- December 20 - Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (born 1510)
- Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Jesuits (born 1511)
- Catharine de Ricci, Catholic prioress and saint (born 1522)
- Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (born 1539)
- Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (born 1520)
- Roger Dudley, British soldier (born 1535)
- Sorley Boy MacDonnell, Irish chieftain (born 1505)
- Bernard Palissy, French potter (born 1510)
- Juan Bautista de Pomar, Spanish colonial historian and writer
- Bernardino de Sahagún, Franciscan missionary (born 1499) See also :Category:1590 deaths. Category:1590 ko:1590년

1590

Events

Births

Deaths

Genoa

:For alternate uses see Genoa (disambiguation). Genoa (disambiguation) Genoa (disambiguation) Genoa (Italian Genova, Genoese Zena, French Gênes, German Genua, Spanish Genova) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of ca. 600,000, the metropolitan area has a population of ca. 800,000. Genua was a city of the ancient Ligurians. Its name is probably Ligurian, meaning "knee" (from Proto-Indo-European
- genu 'knee'), i.e. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of Geneva. Alternatively, the name has been claimed to derive from Latin Janua ("gate"), the two-headed god Janus, or an ancient word that means "foreigners", as the early settlers were considered foreign by the neighbouring population.

History

Ancient history

Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. Destroyed by the Carthaginians in 209 BC, the town was rebuilt by Rome, under which the city enjoyed municipal rights and exported skins, wood, and honey. Although remaining faithful to Rome while other Ligurian and Celtic peoples of northern Italy stood by Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, its importance as a Roman port city was eclipsed by the rise of Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Genoa was occupied by the Ostrogoths , then by the Lombards. For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center. It was subsequently ruled by Arabs until after the fall of the Fatimid Empire.

Middle Ages & Renaissance

Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state. Nominally, the Holy Roman Emperor was overlord and the Bishop of Genoa was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (Repubbliche Marinare), along with Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the Mediterranean. The Republic of Genoa extended over modern Liguria and Piedmont, Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Through Genoese participation on the Crusades, colonies were established in the Mideast, in the Aegean in Sicily and Northern Africa. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the Levant, which Genoese long regarded as the Holy Grail. The collapse of the Crusader States was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the Byzantine Empire, which opened opportunities of expansion into the Black Sea and Crimea. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the Grimaldi, Doria, Spinola, and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over Pisa in 1284, and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298. However, this prosperity did not last. The Black Death was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at Kaffa (Feodosiya) in the Crimea, on the Black Sea. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a doge (see Doges of Genoa). The wars with Venice continued, and the War of Chioggia (1378-1381), ended with a victory for Venice. After a period of French domination from 1394-1409, Genoa came under rule by the Visconti of Milan. Genoa lost Sardinia to Aragon, Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the Ottoman Empire and the Arabs. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of San Giorgio in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. The Spanish connection was reinforced by Andrea Doria, who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese family amassed tremendous fortunes. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including Rubens, Caravaggio, and Van Dyke. The famed architect Galeazzo Alessi (1512-1572) designed many of the city’s splendid palazzo. Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by Austria in 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1768, Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to France. War of the Austrian Succession

Later history

However, with the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline. In 1797, under pressure from Napoleon, Genoa became a French protectorate called the Ligurian Republic, which was annexed by France in 1805. Although the Genoese revolted against France in 1814 and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the Congress of Vienna sanctioned its incorporation into Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia), thus ending the three century old struggle by the House of Savoy to acquire the city. The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. With the growth of the Risorgimento movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified Italy under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi set out from Genoa with a over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign. Famous Genoese include Christopher Columbus, Admiral Andrea Doria, violinist Niccolò Paganini and Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini.

Demographics

The population is quite homogenous Italian. Southern and northern Italians alike have flocked to the city during the late 1900's. An estimated 95.3% of the population is of Italian origin. But there has been a sharp increase of immigrants mostly from South America, Eastern Europe, and a very meagre number from Asia. [http://demo.istat.it/str2004/index.html] Immigrants by country (2004)
- Ecuadorians - 10,169
- Albanians - 2,781
- Moroccans - 2,189
- Peruvians - 1,795
- Chinese - 910
- Romanians - 746

Miscellaneous

- The port of Genoa is the first in Italy. It ranks second in the Mediterranean after neighbouring Marseille, France.
- The Aquarium of Genoa is the largest in Europe.
- Other landmarks of the city are the Palazzo Ducale (Genoa)|Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace), St. Lawrence Cathedral (Cattedrale di San Lorenzo), The Old Harbor (Porto Antico), transformed into a mall by architect Renzo Piano, Via Garibaldi with its superb palaces and the monumental cemetery on Staglieno's hill.
- The Museo d'Arte Orientale is one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.
- The University of Genoa, with 40,000 students (one of the larger universities in Italy,) was founded in 1481.
- Genoa Cricket & Football Club founded in 1893.
- UC Sampdoria, football club founded in 1946.
- The 27th G8 summit took place in Genoa in July 2001, resulting in riots and the shooting of a protestor and a violent crackdown by the police.
- For 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as European Capital of Culture, along with the French City of Lille.
- In 1922 the Genoa Conference was the first economic conference that included a representitative from the newly-communist Soviet Socialist Republics.

External links

Ligurian language
- [http://www.sampdoria.it UC Sampdoria - the main football club]
- [http://www.genoacfc.it Genoa Cricket and Football Club]
- [http://www.comune.genova.it/index.jsp Official Site]
- [http://digilander.libero.it/fotogian/genova.html Photos of Genoa]
- [http://www.italianvisits.com/liguria/genoa/ ItalianVisits.com]
- it.wiki:Cimitero monumentale di Staglieno
- [http://www.genova-2004.it/aeimages/mappa_genova.jpg Bird's eye view map of Genoa] Category:Italian Riviera Category:Coastal cities Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy Category:Repubbliche Marinare of Italy ko:제노바 ja:ジェノヴァ

Pope Sixtus V

Sixtus V, born Felice Peretti (December 13, 1521 -– August 27, 1590) was pope from 1585 to 1590. Peretti was born at Grottammare, in the Marche. He was reared in poverty; his father was a gardener, and his having been a swineherd in his youth is less than shocking today. His father originated from Dalmatia - not much else is recorded about him, but when Felice eventually became a pope, he rebuilt the church of Saint Jerome in Rome (finished in 1589), to be used specifically for the people who spoke the Illyrian language, referring to the Slavs from the eastern Adriatic. He also established a college of eleven Slavonic clerics in his papal bull Sapientiam Sanctorum of August 1, 1589. This was later transformed into the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. At an early age he entered a Franciscan monastery at Montalto. He soon gave evidence of rare ability as a preacher and a dialectician. About 1552 he was noticed by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi (1500-1564), protector of his order, Ghislieri (later Pope Pius V) and Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV), and from that time his advancement was assured. He was sent to Venice as inquisitor general, but was so severe and carried matters with such a high hand that he became embroiled in quarrels. The government asked for his recall in 1560. After a brief term as procurator of his order, he was attached to the Spanish legation headed by Buoncampagno (later Pope Gregory XIII) in 1565, which was sent to investigate a charge of heresy levelled against Archbishop Carranza of Toledo. The violent dislike he conceived for Buoncampagno exerted a marked influence upon his subsequent actions. He hurried back to Rome upon the accession of Pius V, who made him apostolic vicar of his order, and, later (1570), cardinal. During the pontificate of Gregory XIII the Cardinal Montalto, as he was generally called, lived in retirement, occupied with the care of his villa erected by Domenico Fontana on the Esquiline Hill, overlooking the Baths of Diocletian. The first phase (1576-1580) was enlarged after Peretti became Pope and could clear buildings to open four new streets in 1585-1586. The villa contained two residences, the Palazzo Sistino or "di Termini" ("of the Baths") and the casino, called the Palazzetto Montalto e Felice. Displaced Romans were furious. The decision to build the central pontifical railroad station (begun in 1869) in the area of the Villa marked the beginning of its destruction. The Cardinal Montalto's other concern was with his studies, one of the fruits of which was an edition of the works of Ambrose; not neglecting, however, to follow the course of affairs, but carefully avoiding every occasion of offence. This discreetness contributed not a little to his election to the papacy on April 24, 1585; but the story of his having feigned decrepitude in the conclave, in order to win votes, is a pure invention. One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals was his physical vigour, which seemed to promise a long pontificate. The terrible condition in which Gregory XIII had left the ecclesiastical states called for prompt and stern measures. Against the prevailing lawlessness Sixtus proceeded with an almost ferocious severity, which only extreme necessity could justify. Thousands of brigands were brought to justice: within a short time the country was again quiet and safe. Sixtus next set to work to repair the finances. By the sale of offices, the establishment of new "Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a crusade or the defence of the Holy See. Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much money from circulation could not fail to cause distress. Immense sums, however, were spent upon public works. Sixtus set no limit to his plans; and what he achieved in his short pontificate is almost incredible; the completion of the dome of St. Peter's; the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions or repairs to the Quirinal, Lateran and Vatican palaces; the erection of four obelisks, including that in St Peter's Square; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the aqueduct of Septimius Severus ("Acqua Felice"); besides numerous roads and bridges, an attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes, and the encouragement of agriculture and manufacture. But Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquity: the columns of Trajan and Antoninus were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the Minerva of the Capitol was converted into "Christian Rome"; the Septizonium of Severus was demolished for its building materials. The subsequent administrative system of the Church owed much to Sixtus. He limited the College of Cardinals to seventy; and doubled the number of the congregations, and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the principal role in the transaction of business (1588). He regarded the Jesuits with disfavour and suspicion. He meditated radical changes in their constitution, but death prevented the execution of his purpose. In 1589 was begun a revision of the Vulgate, the so-called Editio Sixtina. This proposed revision to the Vulgate was widely regarded as an extremely poor translation. Sixtus died before he was able to make any formal changes to the Vulgate. The proposed revisions were soon repudiated by Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605) who immediately ordered a new edition. This "Clementine" Vulgate of 1592 became the standard Bible text of the Catholic Church until the 1960s, when worship in vernacular languages was permitted. In his larger political relations, however, Sixtus showed himself visionary and vacillating. He entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the Turks, the conquest of Egypt, the transporting of the Holy Sepulchre to Italy, and the accession of his nephew to the throne of France. The situation in which he found himself was embarrassing: he could not countenance the designs of heretical princes, and yet he distrusted Philip II of Spain and viewed with apprehension any extension of his power. Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada of King Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing till the expedition should actually land in England. In this way he was saved his million crowns, and spared the reproach of having taken futile proceedings against what Roman Catholics views as the heretic queen. This excommunication which Catholics of the day considered richly deserved, and there is extant a proclamation to justify it, which was to have been published in England if the invasion had been successful. It was signed by Cardinal Allen, and is entitled "An Admonition to the Nobility and Laity of England". It was intended to comprise all that could be said against Queen Elizabeth, and the indictment is therefore fuller and more forcible than any other put forward by the religious exiles, who were generally very reticent in their complaints. Allen also carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and we only know of it through one of Elizabeth's ubiquitous spies, who had previously stolen a copy. Sixtus V excommunicated Henry of Navarre, and contributed to the Catholic League, but he chafed under his forced alliance with Philip, and looked for escape. The victories of Henry and the prospect of his conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus's hopes, and in corresponding degree determined Philip to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally. The pope's negotiations with Henry's representative evoked a bitter and menacing protest and a categorical demand for the performance of promises. Sixtus took refuge in evasion, and temporized until death relieved him of the necessity of coming to a decision (August 27, 1590). On his death his subjects loathed Sixtus, but history has recognized in him as one of the great figures of the Counter Reformation. On the negative he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic. On the positive was open to large ideas and threw himself into his undertakings with an energy as well as determination. This often led to success. His reign saw great enterprises and large achievements.

References

Notes

#
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727c.htm The Spanish Armada: IV. Catholic co-operation]

External links

- [http://www.mmdtkw.org/VPiazzaTermini.html Piazza di Termini, Rome: timeline, including the Villa] Sixtus 5 Sixtus 5 Sixtus 5 Sixtus 5 Sixtus 5 ko:교황 식스토 5세 ja:シクストゥス5世 (ローマ教皇)

Malaria

Malaria (Italian: "bad air"; formerly called ague or marsh fever in English) is an infectious disease which in humans causes about 350-500 million infections and approximately 1.3 million deaths annually, mainly in the tropics. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 85% of these fatalities. Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium (one of the Apicomplexa), and the transmission vector for human malarial parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito. The P. falciparum variety of the parasite accounts for 80% of cases and 90% of deaths. Pregnant women and children under the age of five are most vulnerable to malaria. For his discovery of the cause of malaria, French army doctor Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1907. Britain's Sir Ronald Ross also received a Nobel prize (in 1902) for describing the life cycle of the malaria parasite as it develops in the bodies of its mosquito and human hosts.

Symptoms

Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia, and convulsions. There may be the feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by P. falciparum. Complications of malaria include coma and death if untreated—young children are especially vulnerable. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), intense headaches, cerebral ischemia and hemoglobinuria with renal failure may occur.

Mechanism of the disease

Infected female Anopheles mosquitoes carry Plasmodium sporozoites in their salivary glands. If they bite a person, which they usually do starting at dusk and continuing throughout the night, the sporozoites enter the person's body via the mosquito's saliva, migrate to the liver where they multiply within hepatic liver cells. There they develop into merozoites which then enter red blood cells, where they multiply further, periodically breaking out of the red blood cells. The classical description of waves of fever coming every two or three days arises from simultaneous waves of merozoites breaking out of red blood cells during the same day. The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the body's immune system because for most of its human life cycle it stays inside liver and blood cells. However, circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen. To avoid this fate, the parasite produces certain surface proteins which infected blood cells present on their cell surface, causing the blood cells to stick to the walls of blood vessels. These surface proteins known as PfEMP1 are highly variable (there are at least 50 variations) and cannot serve as a reliable target for the immune system. By the time the human immune system learns to recognise the protein and starts making antibodies against it, the parasite has switched to another form of the protein, making it difficult for the immune system to keep up. The stickiness of the red blood cells is particularly pronounced in Plasmodium falciparum malaria and this is the main factor giving rise to hemorrhagic complications of malaria. Some merozoites turn into male and female gametocytes. If a mosquito bites the infected person and picks up gametocytes with the blood, fertilization occurs in the mosquito's gut, new sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of stillbirths, infant mortality and low birth weight. The recognised species causing disease in humans are P. falciparum (which alone accounts for 80% of the recognised cases and ~90% of the deaths), P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Infections with P. knowlesi and P. semiovale are also known to cause malaria but are of limited public health importance. High endothelial venules (the smallest branches of the circulatory system) can be occluded by the infected red blood cells, such as in placental and cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells affect the integrity of the blood brain barrier possibly leading to reversible coma. Even when treated, serious neurological consequences may result from cerebral malaria, especially in children. Other mammals (bats, rodents, non-human primates) as well as birds and reptiles also suffer from malaria. However, the form of malaria found in animals is usually different than that found in humans. Three human forms (which account for most malaria cases) are completely exclusive to humans. Only one form, P. malariae, can cause malaria in both humans and higher primates. Other animal forms of malaria do not infect humans at all. Mosquitos which are "virgin" (i.e. have never bitten someone before) cannot transmit malaria, even if the eggs were laid by a female carrier of the disease.

Sickle cell anemia and other genetic effects

Carriers of the sickle cell anemia gene are protected against malaria because of their particular hemoglobin mutation; this explains why sickle cell anemia is particularly common among people of African origin. They have a specific variant of the beta-globin gene. Some scientists hypothesize that another hemoglobin mutation, which causes the genetic disease thalassemia, may also give its carriers an enhanced immunity to malaria. Another disease which is linked to protection against malaria is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD). It protects against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum as the presence of this enzyme is critical to survival of these parasites within red blood cells. It is thought that humans have been affected by malaria for about 50,000 years, and several human genes responsible for blood cell proteins and the immune system have been shaped by the struggle against the parasite.

Diagnosis

The