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Plainfield, Illinois

Plainfield, Illinois

The Village of Plainfield is a municipality located in Will County, Illinois. The Village includes land in Plainfield and Wheatland Townships. Please note, however, that part of Plainfield is located in Kendall County (NuAuSay Township). Plainfield is the oldest community in Will County. Located within the Village are neo-Gothic churches, upright wing cottages, a school built in 1847, and a number of late-19th-century homes. According to a list prepared by the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, there are homes in Plainfield that rank sixth on a list of the 10 most endangered areas in the state of Illinois. The Village is the fastest growing in the county. The Plainfield Tornado, an F5 tornado, devastated the Village on August 28, 1990 killing 28 people. The first ice cream sundae is reported to have been created in Plainfield. It is claimed that a Plainfield druggist created it and named it the sonntag after his surname--Sonntag, which means Sunday in German. There is a building in downtown Plainfield where the name Sonntag is carved into stone. Plainfield is the headquarters city of Dale Coyne Racing, a team in the Champ Car World Series.

History

Plainfield was named Walker's Grove until its incorporation in 1834. The area was originally settled by a large community of Potawatomi. The earliest white people in the area were French fur traders. The first white settler in the area was James Walker, who traveled through the area with his father, Methodist Reverend Jessie Walker as early as 1826. Reverend Walker evangelized the Potawatomie during his trips to the area. In 1828, James Walker, in the company of several men, erected a sawmill around which the settlement of Walker's Grove developed. Walker's Grove flourished because of the DuPage River and established routes to Fort Dearborn in Chicago, as well as to Ottawa. Reuben Flagg hauled lumber from Walker's mill to Chicago in order to erect the first two frame structures in the city. Chicago also depended upon the settlement for mail and supplies. These are some of the reasons why Plainfield is known as "The Mother of Chicago." A population explosion started to take form in the 2000s with the removal of farms/rural communities. Before the population boom, the town was mostly an agricultural town, major ones being Rousonelos Farms, The Kings, etc.

Geography

Plainfield is located at 41°37'2" North, 88°12'10" West (41.617280, -88.202837). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 32.2 km² (12.4 mi²). 30.1 km² (11.6 mi²) of it is land and 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.67% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 13,038 people, 4,315 households, and 3,521 families residing in the village. According to a 2003 special census, the village has a population of 20,673. The population density is 433.6/km² (1,122.8/mi²). There are 4,609 housing units at an average density of 153.3/km² (396.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 95.85% White, 0.84% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. 3.87% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,315 households out of which 47.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.6% are married couples living together, 5.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% are non-families. 14.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.01 and the average family size is 3.37. In the village the population is spread out with 31.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the village is $80,799, and the median income for a family is $86,417. Males have a median income of $59,328 versus $35,861 for females. The per capita income for the village is $28,242. 1.8% of the population and 1.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.2% of those under the age of 18 and 2.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Education

Plainfield School District

External links

- [http://www.plainfield-il.org/ Plainfield, Illinois Official Website]
- [http://www.landmarks.org/ Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois] Category:Will County, Illinois Category:Villages in Illinois Category:Communities on U.S. Highway 66

Municipality

A municipality or "general-purpose district" (compare with: "special-purpose district") is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a city, town, or village government. Municipalities are not necessarily the same as townships. In most countries, this is the smallest administrative subdivision that has its own democratically elected representative leadership. In several European countries, municipalities as second level entities are referred to as communes.

Municipalities as second level entities

- In Australia, a municipality is a city, or shire and is a subdivision of a state
- In Austria, a municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Bezirk), which is in turn part of a state (Bundesland).
- In Belgium, a municipality (gemeente/commune) is part of a province (provincie/province)
- In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a municipality (općina or opština) is
- part of a canton (kanton)
- a subdivision (grouped in regions)
- In Brazil, a municipality (município) is part of a state (estado)
- In Canada, a municipality is a city, town, township, county, or regional municipality which has been incorporated by statute by the legislatures of the Provinces and territories of Canada. It is also a specific designation for certain municipalities in Quebec and Ontario.
- In Chile, a municipality (comuna) is part of a province (provincia)
- In Croatia, a municipality (općina) is part of a county (županija)
- In Denmark, a municipality (kommune) is part of a county (amt)
- In Finland, a municipality (kunta/kommun) is part of a province (lääni/län)
- In France, a municipality (commune) is part of a department (département)
- In Germany, a municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Kreis). Larger entities of the same level are named town (Stadt).
- In Greece, a municipality is either an urban demoi or rural koinotetes which is then part of a prefecture (nomos) and then a larger region known as a periphery.
- In Italy, a municipality (comune) is part of a province (provincia) which is part of a region (regione).
- In Japan, any government other than the Japanese national government is called a municipality.
- In Mexico, a municipality (municipio) is a subdivision of a state (estado) and a borogh (delegación) is a subdivision of the Federal District (see municipalities of Mexico and Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District).
- In the Netherlands, a municipality (gemeente) is part of a province (provincie).
- Every part of mainland New Zealand is part of either a "city" (mostly urban) or a "district" (mostly rural). The term "municipality" has become rare in New Zealand since about 1979 and has no legal status.
- In Norway, a municipality (kommune) is part of a county (fylke)
- In the Philippines, a municipality (bayan) is part of a province (lalawigan) and is composed of barangays.
- In Poland, a municipality (commune) (gmina) is a part of a county (powiat).
- In Portugal, a municipality (município) is subdivision of a district (distritos).
- In Puerto Rico, a municipality (municipio) is a city. Each municipality has an elected mayor.
- In Romania, a municipality (municipiu) is a town or a city ranked by law at this level. See Municipality in Romania for more information.
- In Serbia, a municipality (opština) is part of a county (okrug)
- In South Africa, municipalities are subdivisions of a province, and are ranked by size. In descending order: metropolitan, district, local.
- In Sweden, a municipality (kommun) is part of a county (län).
- In Switzerland, a municipality (commune/Gemeinde/comune) is part of a canton (canton/Kanton/cantone) and defined by cantonal law.
- In the United States, the entities that have status as a municipality vary from state to state. Cities, towns, boroughs, or villages are common terms for municipalities. Townships, counties, and parishes are not generally considered to be municipalities, although there are exceptions. In some states, towns have a non-municipal status similar to townships.

First level entities and other forms of municipalities

- In the People's Republic of China, a municipality (直辖市 in pinyin: zhíxiéshì) is a city with equal status to a province: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing (see Municipality of China)
- In the Republic of China on Taiwan, a municipality (直轄市 in Wade-Giles: chi-hsia-shih) is a city with equal status to a province: Taipei and Kaohsiung. (see Municipality of China)
- In Portugal, a municipality (município/concelho) is the primary local administrative unit. Although it is a part of a district (distrito) for certain national administrative purposes, the municipality is not subordinate to the district and decentralization is doing away with the districts. A municipality contains one or more freguesias.
- In Puerto Rico, there are no first order administrative divisions, and the municipalities (municipio) serves as second-order, but first level, administrative divisions.
- In Montenegro, a municipality (opština) is the topmost regional division
- Municipalities of Libya, some very large.
- In Slovenia, a municipality (občina) is the primary local administrative unit. There are 193 of them, 11 of which have a special "Urban" status with additional autonomy.
- In Spain, a municipality (município) is the primary local administrative unit. It is a part of a province (provincia) for all national administrative purposes. A municipality contains one or more parroquias. In the Galiza region, the municipalities are called concellos.

Will County, Illinois

Will County is a county located in the northern part of the state of Illinois. This county is part of Chicagoland. As of 2000, the population is 502,266. The county seat of Will County is Joliet, Illinois. The towns in the northern part of the county form the southern suburbs of Chicago, Illinois while the southern part of the county contains small towns and farmland.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,200 km² (849 mi²). 2,168 km² (837 mi²) of it is land and 32 km² (12 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.47% water. The Kankakee River, Du Page River and the Des Plaines River run through the county and join on its western border. The Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal run through Will County. The 17,000 acre (69 km²) Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie is a U.S. Forest Service park in the county on the grounds of the former Joliet Arsenal. Other parks include Channahon State Park and the Des Plaines Fish & Wildlife Area.

History

Will County was formed in 1836 out of Cook, Iroquois and Vermilion Counties. It was named after Dr. Conrad Will, a businessman and politician who used slaves in his southern Illinois salt production. A law allowed slaves to be leased from other states and used in the free state of Illinois only for salt production.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 502,266 people, 167,542 households, and 131,017 families residing in the county. The population density is 232/km² (600/mi²). There are 175,524 housing units at an average density of 81/km² (210/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 81.83% White, 10.45% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.21% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.63% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. 8.71% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 167,542 households out of which 42.70% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.80% are married couples living together, 9.60% have a female householder with no husband present, and 21.80% are non-families. 17.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.00% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.94 and the average family size is 3.36. In the county the population is spread out with 30.00% under the age of 18, 8.10% from 18 to 24, 32.90% from 25 to 44, 20.60% from 45 to 64, and 8.30% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 99.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.40 males. The median income for a household in the county is $62,238, and the median income for a family is $69,608. Males have a median income of $50,152 versus $31,345 for females. The per capita income for the county is $24,613. 4.90% of the population and 3.40% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.60% of those under the age of 18 and 5.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Municipalities

- Aurora - partly in DuPage, Kane, and Kendall County
- Beecher
- Bolingbrook - small section in DuPage County
- Braidwood
- Channahon
- Crest Hill
- Crete
- Crystal Lawns
- Elwood
- Fairmont
- Frankfort
- Frankfort Square
- Goodings Grove
- Homer Glen
- Ingalls Park
- Joliet - small section in Kendall County
- Lakewood Shores
- Lockport
- Manhattan
- Mokena
- Monee
- Naperville - partly in DuPage County
- New Lenox
- Park Forest - partly in Cook County
- Peotone
- Plainfield
- Preston Heights
- Rockdale
- Romeoville
- Sauk Village - primarily in Cook County, very small parcel in Will County
- Shorewood
- Steger - partly in Cook County
- Symerton
- University Park - partly in Cook County
- Willowbrook - is an unincorporated census-designated place, not to be confused with the Village of Willowbrook, Illinois.
- Wilmington
- Woodridge - partly in DuPage and a small parcel in Cook County

Historic Sites

The following sites, in Will County, Illinois, are on the National Register of Historic Places Listing: 1 Briscoe Mounds Address Restricted Channahon 1978-12-22 2 Christ Episcopal Church 75 W. Van Buren St. Joliet 1982-08-12 3 Eagle Hotel 100--104 Water St. Wilmington 1994-02-16 4 Fitzpatrick House IL 53 Lockport 1984-02-09 5 Flanders House 405 W. Main St. Plainfield 1991-11-14 6 George, Ron, Round Barn NE of Romeoville off US 66 Romeoville 1982-12-07 Round Barns in Illinois TR 7 Heck, John, House 1225 S. Hamilton St. Lockport 1994-08-16 8 Henry, Jacob H., House 20 S. Eastern Ave. Joliet 1979-05-14 9 Illinois and Michigan Canal 7 mi. SW of Joliet on U.S. 6, in Channahon State Park Joliet 1966-10-15 10 Joliet East Side Historic District Roughly bounded by Washington and Union Sts., 4th and Eastern Aves. Joliet 1980-08-15

External links

- [http://www.willcountyillinois.com/ Official Will County Website]
- [http://www.willcountydemocrats.com/ Will County Democratic Organization]
- [http://www.wcgp.org/ Will County Green Party]
- [http://www.willcountylp.org/ Will County Libertarian Party]
- Will County Republican Party Category:Illinois counties

The Plainfield Tornado

The Plainfield Tornado occurred on August 28, 1990. Forming in a matter of hours from a HP (High-Precipitation) supercell, it was the strongest tornado to hit Illinois since The Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak, which occurred at Lake Zurich and Oak Park. The day started relatively normal according to late August standards. However, temperatures and dewpoints were above normal. Temperatures soared into the low 90's as dewpoints approached 80. At around 1 P.M., the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for northern Illinois until 8 P.M. In DeKalb County, a supercell thunderstorm spawned an F2 tornado near Oswego. Strengthening to an F5, the tornado travelled through Will County, before moving into Plainfield, Illinois, around 3:28 P.M. The tornado then moved to Crest Hill, where it caused F5 damage. A total of 29 people killed. The storm is seen as a historical turning point among meteorologists in that it had taken everyone by complete surprise. It is because of this storm that warning and detection systems have been vastly improved.

External links

[http://www.nislwx.com/coverstory2.html Northern Illinois Storm Lab] [http://wgntv.trb.com/news/local/eveningnews/wgntv-news-030205plainfield,0,4436111.story?coll=wgntv-evening-news-1 Reflections on the Plainfield tornado by Tom Skilling] Category:Tornadoes Category:1990 meteorology Category:Historic weather events in the United States Category:Illinois history

August 28

August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining.

Events

- 475 - The Pannonian general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital of Ravenna and appoints Romulus Augustus in his place.
- 489 - Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
- 1521 - The Turks occupy Belgrade
- 1542 - Reinforced with at least 600 arquebusiers and cavalry, Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp in the Battle of Wofla. The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama captured and afterwards executed.
- 1565 - St. Augustine, Florida, established. It is the oldest surviving European settlement in the United States.
- 1609 - Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
- 1619 - Ferdinand II is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1830 - The Tom Thumb presages the first railway service in the United States.
- 1845 - Scientific American magazine publishes its first issue
- 1849 - After a month-long siege, Venice, which had declared itself independent, surrenders to Austria.
- 1850 - Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin premieres in Weimar, Germany.
- 1862 - Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as the battle of Second Manassas
- 1867 - The United States occupies Midway Island.
- 1879 - Cetshwayo, last king of the Zulus, is captured by the British.
- 1884 - First known photograph of a tornado is made.
- 1898 - Caleb Bradham renames his carbonated soft drink "Pepsi-Cola".
- 1913 - Queen Wilhelmina opens the Peace Palace in The Hague.
- 1914 - The British fleet beats the German fleet in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.
- 1916 - Germany declares war on Romania.
- 1916 - Italy declares war on Germany.
- 1917 - Ten suffragists are arrested when picketing the White House.
- 1937 - Toyota Motors becomes an independent company
- 1943 - In Denmark, a general strike against the Nazi occupation is started.
- 1944 - Marseille and Toulon are liberated.
- 1953 - Nippon Television broadcasts Japan's first television show, including its first TV advertisement.
- 1955 - Black Mississippian Emmett Till is murdered, allegedly for whistling to a white woman and calling her baby.
- 1963 - During a 200,000-person civil rights rally in at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his famous I have a dream speech.
- 1964 - The Philadelphia race riot began.
- 1968 - Riots in Chicago, Illinois, during the Democratic National Convention
- 1971 - The dollar is allowed to float against the yen for the first time.
- 1972 - During the Olympic Games in Munich, Mark Spitz gets his first of seven gold medals in swimming events.
- 1975 - Missionary Armand Doll is imprisoned in Mozambique by Marxist extremists.
- 1979 - An IRA bomb explodes on the Great Market in Brussels.
- 1981 - The National Centers for Disease Control announce a high incidence of Pneumocystis and Kaposi's sarcoma in gay men. Soon, these will be recognized as symptoms of an immune disorder, which will be called AIDS.
- 1986 - Stage of siege declared in Bolivia.
- 1986 - US Navy officer Jerry A. Whitworth is sentenced to 365 years imprisonment for espionage for the Soviet Union.
- 1988 - At an air show in Ramstein, West Germany, three stunt fighters collide; 69 people die.
- 1990 - Iraq declares Kuwait to be its newest province.
- 1990 - The Plainfield Tornado: An F5 tornado hits in Plainfield, Illinois, and Joliet, Illinois, killing 28 people.
- 1991 - A drunk motorman speeds into the Union Square station on the No. 4 line in New York City. The train derails on the curve, killing six passengers and injuring dozens.
- 1993 - A dam breaks in Qinghai, China. 223 die.
- 1993 - 76 die in an airplane crash in Tajikistan.
- 1993 - Ong Teng Cheong elected president of Singapore
- 1994 - First Japanese gay pride march.
- 1995 - A mortar shell kills 38 people in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
- 1996 - Britain's Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales, are divorced.
- 1998 - Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the "Qur'an and Sunnah" the "supreme law" but the bill is defeated in the Senate.
- 2001 - Dutch prime minister Wim Kok announces that he will not be available for another term as PvdA party leader or prime minister after the 2002 elections.
- 2005 - A mandatory evacuation is ordered by New Orleans, Louisiana mayor Ray Nagin and Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco as Hurricane Katrina moved nearer to Louisiana.

Births

- 1025 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan (d. 1068)
- 1592 - George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1628)
- 1612 - Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch scholar (d. 1653)
- 1714 - Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
- 1749 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and scientist (d. 1832)
- 1774 - Elizabeth Ann Seton, first American-born Catholic saint (d. 1821)
- 1814 - Sheridan le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873)
- 1828 (O.S.) - Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)
- 1849 - Benjamin Godard, French composer (d. 1895)
- 1867 - Umberto Giordano, Italian composer (d. 1948)
- 1878 - George Whipple, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
- 1894 - Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (d. 1981)
- 1897 - Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978)
- 1903 - Bruno Bettelheim, American psychologist (d. 1990)
- 1904 - Secondo Campini, Italian jet engine pioneer (d. 1980)
- 1906 - John Betjeman, English poet (d. 1984)
- 1908 - Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and illustrator (d. 1996)
- 1910 - Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- 1911 - Joseph Luns, Dutch politician (d. 2002)
- 1913 - Robertson Davies, Canadian writer (d. 1995)
- 1913 - Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
- 1916 - Jack Vance, American author
- 1917 - Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994)
- 1919 - Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- 1919 - Gyula Várady, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002)
- 1924 - Janet Frame, New Zealand author
- 1924 - Peggy Ryan, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1925 - Donald O'Connor, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 2003)
- 1929 - Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
- 1930 - Ben Gazzara, American actor
- 1931 - John Shirley-Quirk, English bass-baritone
- 1938 - Paul Martin, Prime Minister of Canada
- 1938 - Maurizio Costanzo, Italian television journalist
- 1941 - Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps, Belgian aristocrat
- 1942 - Sterling Morrison, American guitarist (The Velvet Underground) (d. 1995)
- 1943 - David Soul, American actor
- 1943 - Lou Piniella, baseball manager
- 1944 - Marianne Heemskerk, Dutch swimmer
- 1947 - Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress
- 1957 - Daniel Stern, American actor
- 1957 - Rick Rossovich, American actor
- 1958 - Scott Hamilton, American figure skater
- 1960 - Emma Samms, English actress
- 1961 - Kim Appleby, British singer
- 1965 - Shania Twain, Canadian singer
- 1966 - René Higuita, Colombian football goalkeeper
- 1968 - Billy Boyd, Scottish actor
- 1969 - Jason Priestley, Canadian actor
- 1969 - Jack Black, American actor and musician
- 1971 - Janet Evans, American swimmer
- 1979 - Robert Hoyzer, German football referee
- 1981 - Martin Erat, Czech hockey player
- 1982 - LeAnn Rimes, American singer

Deaths

- 430 - Augustine of Hippo, North African saint and theologian (b. 354)
- 1341 - King Leo V of Armenia (murdered) (b. 1309)
- 1481 - King Afonso V of Portugal (b. 1432)
- 1645 - Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (b. 1583)
- 1654 - Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (b. 1583)
- 1678 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, English soldier (b. 1602)
- 1757 - David Hartley, English philosopher (b. 1705)
- 1784 - Junípero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (b. 1713)
- 1785 - Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (b. 1714)
- 1793 - Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, French general (executed) (b. 1740)
- 1805 - Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader (b. 1722)
- 1818 - Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, founder of Chicago
- 1839 - William Smith, English geologist (b. 1769)
- 1900 - Henry Sidgwick, English philosopher (b. 1838)
- 1903 - Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (b. 1822)
- 1919 - Louis Botha, Boer leader (b. 1862)
- 1943 - King Boris III of Bulgaria (b. 1894)
- 1959 - Bohuslav Martinů, Romanian composer (b. 1890)
- 1965 - Giulio Racah, Israeli physicist (b. 1909)
- 1975 - Fritz Wotruba, Austrian sculptor (b. 1907)
- 1981 - Béla Guttman, Hungarian footballer (b. 1900)
- 1985 - Ruth Gordon, American actress (b. 1896)
- 1987 - John Huston, American movie director (b. 1906)
- 1990 - Willy Vandersteen, Belgian cartoonist (b. 1913)
- 1993 - William Stafford, American writer (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Michael Ende, German writer (b. 1929)
- 2005 - Esther Szekeres, Hungarian mathematician
- 2005 - George Szekeres, Hungarian mathematican (b. 1911)

Holidays and observances

- Hong Kong: Liberation Day (1945)
- Many Christian churches: feast day of Saint Augustine of Hippo.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/28 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 27 - August 29 - July 28 - September 28 – listing of all days ko:8월 28일 ms:28 Ogos ja:8月28日 simple:August 28 th:28 สิงหาคม

Ice cream

Ice cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from dairy products such as cream (or equivalents), combined with flavourings and sweeteners. This mixture is super-cooled by stirring while reducing its temperature to prevent large ice crystals from forming. Traditionally, the temperature has been reduced by placing the ice cream mixture into a container that is immersed in a mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt allows liquid water to be below the freezing point of pure water, allowing the immersed container with cream to make better contact with the melted water/ice mixture. Although the term "ice cream" is sometimes used to mean frozen desserts and snacks in general, it is usually reserved for frozen desserts and snacks made with a high percentage of milk fat. Many countries, including the United States, regulate the use of some of these terms based on quantities of ingredients. Modern commercial ice cream is made from a mixture of ingredients:
- 10-16% milk fat
- 9-12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk
- 12-16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and/or glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners
- 0.2-0.5% stabilizers and emulsifiers e.g., agar or carrageenan extracted from seaweed
- 55%-64% water which comes from milk solids or other ingredients These ingredients make up the solid part of the ice cream, but only a portion of the final volume, the remainder being air incorporated during the whipping process. Generally, the cheaper the ice-cream, the cheaper the ingredients, and the more air is incorporated, sometimes as much as 50% of the total volume. (Since ice cream is sold by volume, it's economically advantageous for producers to reduce the density of the product). Artisan-produced ice creams, such as Berthillon's, often contain very little air, although some is necessary to produce the characteristic creamy texture of the product. Ice-creams come in a wide variety of flavours, often with additives such as chocolate flakes or chips, nuts, fruit, and small candies/sweets. Some of the most popular ice cream flavours in supermarkets are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and Neapolitan (a combination of the three). Many people also like ice cream sundaes, which often have ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, and other toppings. Ice cream is truly a classic dessert.

Production

Before the development of modern refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s, ice cream was a luxury item reserved for very special occasions and was consumed with gusto. The making of ice cream was originally an extremely laborious process. Ice was cut commercially from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps in holes in the ground, insulated by straw. Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl surrounded by packed ice. The hand-cranked churn was invented in 1846, making production simpler, and the world's first commercial ice-cream factory opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1851. The development of modern refrigeration during the 1870s obviated the cutting and storing of natural ice. The continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, allowing commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice-cream industry. The most common method for producing ice-cream at home is to use an ice-cream machine, generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream while refrigerated inside a household freezer.

Commercial delivery

Baltimore, Maryland Today, ice cream is enjoyed around the world on a daily basis thanks to mass production. Ice cream can be purchased in large tubs and squrounds from supermarkets/grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual serves from small carts or vans at public events and places. There are even some ice-cream manufacturers who sell ice-cream products door-to-door from travelling refrigerated vans. On the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, ice cream is sometimes sold to beachgoers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. Eddie Murphy provided a memorable anecdote about the ice-cream man in his movie Delirious.

History

Persia

In 400 BCE Persia, a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of rosewater and vermicelli, working out as something like a cross between a sorbet and a rice pudding, was served to the royalty during summers. The Persians had already mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally cooled refrigerators known as yakh-chals. These storages kept ice brought in from the winter or from nearby mountains well into the summer. The storages worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures. The ice was then mixed in with saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. The treat, widely made today in Iran, is called "faludeh", which is made from starch (wheat, probably), spun in a kind of sieve-like contraption which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rosewater and lemons, before serving. [http://www.krysstal.com/inventions_06.html 1] [http://www.mmdtkw.org/VAncientInventions.html 2]

Arabia

Ice cream was the favourite dessert for the Caliphs of Baghdad, Arabs were the first to make it or at least commercially as there were ice cream factories in the 10th century and the first to sugar Ice cream, it was sold in markets of all Arab cities in the past. It was made of a chilled syrup or milk with fruits and some nuts in the face. Arabs introduced gelato to the west through Sicily. There are many kinds of Arabian Ice cream "Butha" we can find in the market they have advantages of being healthy and fresh as they are made of fresh milk.

China

There are several popular legends surrounding the discovery of ice cream. Saltpeter was used for the production of gunpowder in China, and the Chinese discovered that saltpeter in water caused the water to absorb heat, thus creating ice in summer. The Chinese put sugar in the ice and sold them as food during the summer. It is believed that the Song dynasty (宋朝) was the time when people began putting fruit juice in the water used to create the ice; milk was beginning to be used in the Yuan dynasty (元朝). Marco Polo supposedly saw ice cream being made on his trip to China, bringing the recipe home to Italy with him on his return. From there, Catherine de Medici's Italian chefs are said to have carried the recipe to France when she went there in 1533 to marry the Duc d'Orléans. Charles I was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative. There is, however, no historical evidence to support this legend, which first appeared during the 19th century and was probably created by imaginative ice cream vendors. Ice cream most likely did originate in China, but it is unknown how and when the idea made its way into the Western world. While it was not yet ice cream per se, some examples of early pre-planned, ice dishes include the Roman emperor Nero (37-68) who is said to have ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (618-97) of the Shang Dynasty who is said to have had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. People living directly alongside snow and ice have probably always put sweet things like honey and fruit juice on frozen water for variety, as some still do to this day. Snow-cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world.

The West

Contemporary western-style ice cream, however was probably “discovered” in the 1600’s, and was introduced to the United States jointly by Ben Franklin (who brought the idea from France), George Washington (who bought the first ice cream maker in the U.S.), and Thomas Jefferson (who enthusiastically served it at parties and included a recipe in his published cook book). This was followed in the mid 19th century by the invention of the ice cream soda, then the ice cream sundae later in the century to placate religious conservatives, and both the ice cream cone and banana split in the first years of the 20th century. Dolley Madison is closely associated with the history of ice cream in the United States. [http://members.aol.com/acalendar/May/Dolley.html]

20th century

Dolley Madison, Austria, July 2005]] The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increase in availability and popularity. Retail storefront outlets developed as chains of ice cream stores, such as Baskin Robbins. Around the turn of the 20th century, the ice cream soda was probably the single most popular teen delicacy in America, so much so that religious conservatives considered it sinful and subversive, giving rise to actual legal prohibition of the stuff on holy days, which probably influenced the creation of the modern ice cream sundae. Ice cream became extremely popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common, and wages became high enough to indulge in such minor luxuries. Soon there was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors." Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy; the company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties. One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream. This allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, saving money. The ice cream was also very popular amongst consumers who preferred the light flavour, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process. Interestingly enough the 1990s saw a return of the older, thicker, ice creams being sold as elite varieties. Both Ben and Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs fall into this category. A peculiar development in ice cream of the 21st century is Heston Blumenthal's egg and bacon flavoured ice cream [http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=site%3Awww.guardian.co.uk+OR+site%3Awww.ntk.net+OR+site%3Anews.bbc.co.uk+OR+site%3Awww.timesonline.co.uk+OR+site%3Awww.telegraph.co.uk++%22heston+blumenthal%22+egg+and+bacon+ice+cream&btnG=Search&meta=]

Ice cream throughout the world

Heston Blumenthal] Globalization has made available ice-cream styles from around the world. For example, Japanese mochi ice cream is now popular in California, even outside Japanese restaurants and Little Tokyos.

Italy

Ice cream today is a traditional dessert in Italy, where it is still mostly hand-made, though one of the most known ice-cream machine makers is the Carpigiani. Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, Italian street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a 'penny lick' or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little"). Italian ice-cream parlours (Eisdielen) are common and popular in Germany where many Italians have immigrated and set up business.

United Kingdom

Germany In the United Kingdom, much of the lower-priced ice cream sold, including that from some ice cream vans, has no milk or milk solids content at all. Instead, it is made with vegetable oil, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil. However, ice cream sold as dairy ice cream must contain milk fat, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging or businesses. In apparent contradiction to the above paragraph, the Ice Cream Alliance Ltd, a trade association for the UK ice-cream industry, says that: "It is necessary for a manufacturer to be aware of the compositional requirements of the country in which he intends to sell his ice cream. In the UK this is a minimum of 5% fat and a minimum of 2.5% milk protein (Schedule 8, the Food Labelling Regulations 1996) [http://www.ice-cream.org/UPLOAD/ICAFACTSHEET4.PDF] (pdf).

Ice cream cone

The use of a cone for serving ice cream can be traced back to Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book published in 1888. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquid gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution. The first ice cream cones were introduced at the World's Fair in 1904. The popularity of selling ice cream in cones increased greatly after Charles E. Menches of St. Louis, Missouri used them at the St. Louis World's fair in 1904. The story behind why ice creams were sold at the World's Fair is that the ice cream seller had run out of small cups, and without them could not sell anymore ice cream. Next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth, the waffle maker offered to make cones out of stiff waffles, and the new product became extremely popular at the fair and was widely copied by other vendors.

Using liquid nitrogen

Adding liquid nitrogen with the rest of the ingredients and stirring vigorously produces a very smooth ice cream. The preparation is spectacular, since it results in a column of white condensed vapor, reminiscent of movie depictions of witches' cauldrons. The result, due to the extreme rapid cooling of the mixture, is a very smooth ice cream containing only small ice crystals. Warning: Nitrogen will displace breathable oxygen in the air when boiled. The use of a large quantity of liquid nitrogen in an inadequately ventilated space poses a possible suffocation risk. As long as the liquid nitrogen has completely vaporized, the remaining nitrogen bubbles are perfectly harmless, since nitrogen is the major component of air. Note that the nitrogen used in laboratories may have been contaminated by possibly harmful chemicals. Furthermore, care has to be taken not to leave chunks of very cold ice inside the mix. See Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer.
Ice cream alternatives
The following is a partial list of ice-cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:
- Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States.
- Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1.4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare.
- Frozen yogurt
- Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat
- Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert.
- Sherbet: 1-2% milk fat and more sweetener than ice cream.
- Sorbet: fruit puree and no milk products
- Pop: frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavored sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve.
- Kulfi: brought to Pakistan and India by the Mughals from Persia during the 1500s, later brought to the West as the result of colonialism and immigration. Some ice creams are made without milk. Soy ice cream and rice ice cream are made with soy milk or rice milk instead. A minority of non-dairy ice creams are based on nut butter.
See also

- List of ice cream brands, including Cornetto, Eskimo Pie, Klondike Bar
- Arctic Roll, Baked Alaska
- Astronaut ice cream
- Brain freeze
- Fried ice cream
- Ice cream sandwich
- Snow cream
External links

- [http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icecream.html The Complete Guide To Ice Cream]
- [http://www.zingersicecream.com/history.htm Ice Cream History and "who really invented the ice cream cone?"]
- [http://www.milioni.com/Gelati/default1.htm History of Icecream]
- [http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/sweets/icecream/history.htm Ice Cream: A Short History - It all began in China and Arabia]
- [http://www.quamut.com/home/food/icecream/index.php Great free downloadable guide to how to make ice cream from Quamut.com]
- [http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/henry/icecream/icecream.html Cooking with Chemistry, Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream]
- [http://www.rossmanufacturing.com/frozencustard/custardhistory.htm Frozen Custard the Milwaukee Secret.]
- [http://www.howstuffworks.com/ice-cream.htm HowStuffWorks's How Ice-Cream Works.]
References

- David, Elizabeth (1994). "Harvest of the Cold Months: the Social History of Ice and Ices". London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-017641-1 . Category:Ice cream ja:アイスクリーム nb:Iskrem simple:Ice cream

Champ Car World Series

Champ Car, a shortened form of "Championship Car", has been the name for a class of cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades. It is is also the common name for the Champ Car World Series, a North American open-wheel racing series that was formerly known as CART, or Championship Auto Racing Teams. The series was formerly known as the CART PPG IndyCar World Series and the CART FedEx Championship Series.

The Champ Car World Series (CCWS)

As of 2005, Champ Car is the official name of the racing series that has been promoted as Bridgestone Presents The Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford since early 2003. Champ Car, as a corporate entity, replaced CART in 2004 after Championship Auto Racing Teams Inc., a company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, filed for bankruptcy. CART was founded in November 1978 by Roger Penske, Pat Patrick, Dan Gurney, and several other team owners who had been participating in USAC events involving cars known as Champ Cars and IndyCars. They oversaw the day-to-day business and sanctioning of Champ Car racing at locations that today include the United States, Canada, Mexico and Australia. The Champ Car organization runs the Champ Car World Series and the Toyota Atlantic Championship. Champ Car also operates the Trans-Am Series in a cooperative agreement with SCCA Pro Racing.

Comparison with Formula One car

A Champ Car is a single seater (commonly called open wheel) racing car. For much of their history Champ Cars have been similar to Formula One cars, although there have traditionally been several key differences between the two.
- Over the years, Champ Cars raced mainly on high speed oval tracks. The increased stress and speed of these tracks mean that the cars tended to be heavier and more sluggish than F1 cars, which race exclusively on road and street courses.
- Since the late 1960s Champ Cars have used turbocharged engines. Turbos were banned in Formula One on safety grounds in 1989. For some periods of their history, notably in the early 1970s and late 1990s, turbocharging gave Champ Cars up to 300 horsepower (220 kW) more than F1 cars - in qualifying trim, the Champ Cars could at one time approach 1000 horsepower (750 kW) before regulations on turbo boost were tightened. The current generation of cars are now less powerful than F1 cars, and the turbo is used mainly to improve the spectacle rather than lap-times with the so-called 'push-to-pass' system giving drivers an increased amount of power for a limited duration during the race. Another reason for retaining the turbocharger is with many city street races on the calendar, the muffling effect it has on the exhaust note helps keep the cars inside noise-limits.
- Champ Cars use methanol for fuel rather than gasoline, and refuelling has always been permitted during the race. This is a legacy of a crash at the 1964 Indianapolis 500 in which a crash involving cars filled with more than 75 US gallons (285 L) of gasoline killed two drivers in an immense fireball. Until 1994, when refuelling was re-introduced to F1, the prominent coupling for the refuelling hose was a notable difference between Champ Cars and European Formula cars.
- Champ Cars continue to have sculpted undersides to create ground effect. This innovation was originally created in Formula One by Lotus in 1978, and was immediately used on the Chaparral Champ Car in 1979. F1 banned ground effects for safety reasons in 1982.
- While F1 and GP2 use grooved tires to limit performance, Champ Cars remain using tread-less 'slick' racing tires. To make races more unpredictable, drivers are permitted to use one set of higher performance softer compound tires. Informally called 'alternates', these tires are made visible to the spectators by their red sidewalls.
- Unlike in F1, Champ Car teams are not obliged to construct their own chassis, and in recent times have tended to buy chassis constructed by independent suppliers such as Lola, Reynard and March. The most notable exception was Penske Racing, although they also bought other cars when their own chassis was uncompetitive. For many years Champ Cars were also called "Indy Cars" after the Indianapolis 500. However, since 1996 they have not run at the Indianapolis 500 as that race became part of the separate Indy Racing League which uses different specifications for its cars. The term IndyCar is now trademarked to the IRL in the United States, but Champ Car races in Australia and Canada continue to bear the Indy name.

History

Canada In 1909 the American Automobile Association (AAA) established the national driving championship and became the first sanctioning body for auto racing in the United States. In 1956, the United States Automobile Club (USAC) was founded to take over sanctioning from the AAA which ceased sanctioning auto racing in the general outrage over motor racing safety that followed the Pierre Levegh disaster at Le Mans Sarthe. USAC controlled the championship until 1979. In that year, CART began operating its own competing series, which quickly became dominant. The split away from USAC in 1979 was spurred by a group of activist car owners who had grown disenchanted with what they saw as an inept sanctioning body. Complaining of poor promotion and small purses, this group coalesced around Dan Gurney, who, in early 1978, wrote what came to be known as the "Gurney White Paper", the blueprint for an organization called Championship Auto Racing Teams. Gurney took his inspiration from the improvements Bernie Ecclestone had forced on Formula 1 with his creation of the Formula One Constructors Association. The white paper called for the owners to form CART as an advocacy group to promote USAC's national championship, doing the job where the sanctioning body wouldn't. The group would also work to negotiate television rights and race purses, and ideally hold seats on USAC's governing body. Gurney, joined by other leading team owners including Roger Penske and Pat Patrick, took their demands to USAC's board and were turned down flat. This rejection turned disenchantment into defiance. In 1979, the rebel team owners laid plans to run CART, their own racing series, competing with the established USAC National Championship. The new series quickly gained the support of the vast majority of USAC Champ Car team and track owners, with the only notable holdout being A.J. Foyt. As the morning of March 11, 1979 dawned, the open-wheel landscape had been transformed. The formerly all-powerful USAC was left with a slim, hodge-podge schedule of seven races, while CART could lay claim to the sport's notable drivers and tracks—except Foyt and Indianapolis. On that day, CART—sanctioned then by the Sports Car Club of America—dropped the green flag on its very first race, the Arizona Republic/Jimmy Bryan 150 at Phoenix International Raceway. Gordon Johncock would claim the checkered flag, but it was Rick Mears who would go on to capture the inaugural CART championship. USAC's competing championship was dominated by Foyt, but it would be the last National Championship for both the driver and the sanctioning body, as USAC relented at the end of the season and folded its National Championship Trail. Champ Car, like its predecessor USAC, was dominated by North American drivers the 1990s. Many road-racing stars, including Mario Andretti, Bobby Rahal, and Danny Sullivan found success in the then-PPG IndyCar World Series. After former F1 champion Emerson Fittipaldi won the series title in 1989, the floodgates of talented South American and European drivers began to open. These pilots discovered that competing in Champ Car could often be more lucrative than an average career in F1 and consequently there was an increased presence of non US drivers (from mainly F1 and the European Formula 3000). The easy victory of world champion Nigel Mansell in 1993 highlighted the competitiveness of non-US drivers which some interpreted as superiority. This, combined with CART's move to include more road racing on the schedule, led to a split of the series after the 1995 season due to a dispute between egos at CART and Tony George, owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. George went on to form a new racing series, the Indy Racing League (IRL), which initially included an- all oval schedule, all races on US soil and mostly American drivers. In the early years of the split, CART seemed to be dominant. It controlled most of the races and most of the "name" drivers, while George's primary asset was Indianapolis Motor Speedway and its 500. The first IRL schedule consisted of only four races, including the 500, and most of the drivers, even in the Indy 500, were virtual unknowns. The only major mistake that CART made early on seemed to be its attempt to create a rival showcase event, the U.S. 500, at Michigan International Speedway on the same day as the Indy 500. This event proved a failure with regard to both live gate and television ratings and was soon moved and then discontinued. In 2000\, CART designated the Vanderbilt Cup as its series championship trophy. During the 2003 offseason, CART went bankrupt, and shares of the stock were worth only 25 cents. The assets of CART were liquidated and put up for sale. Tony George made a bid for the company in an attempt to bury the series once and for all, while a trio of CART owners (Gerald Forsythe, Paul Gentilozzi, and Kevin Kalkhoven), who had formed the OWRS (Open Wheel Racing Series), also made bids. In the end, a judge ruled that the OWRS group should be the purchaser of CART, which ensured a 25th anniversary season in 2004, running as Champ Car. Today, there are still many questions about the future of the series, particularly whether or not it will continue the series' long-running tradition of American road races. In the past two seasons, several traditional circuit venues have been dropped in favor of street courses, which some fans view as counterproductive and damaging to the health of the sport. A dearth of noteworthy, name drivers has also hurt the series in its quest to recapture the popularity it held in the early 1990s. However, new owners Forsythe, Gentilozzi, and Kalkhoven have so far demonstrated a commitment to the series, notably expressed in their November 2004 purchase from Ford of the sole engine supplier, Cosworth Racing. While the owners may have no qualms about spending the money it will take to build Champ Car back up, whether their efforts will be successful or not is a question that can only be answered by time.

Specifications

Cosworth A Champ Car has a Ford (Cosworth) turbocharged, 2.65 litre (162 in³) displacement V8 engine, fuelled by methanol to produce about 650 kW (850 horsepower). It has a top speed of about 390 km/h (240 mph). The car is 4.8 to 5.1 m (190 to 199 inches) long, weighs 700 kg (1,550 pounds), and sits on a 3.0 to 3.2 m (120 to 126 inch) wheelbase.

2005 race locations

- Long Beach, California (Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach), April 8–10
- Monterrey, Mexico (Tecate/Telmex Grand Prix of Monterrey), May 20–22
- West Allis, Wisconsin (Time Warner Cable Road Runner 225), June 2–4
- Portland, Oregon (Champ Car Grand Prix of Portland), June 17–19
- Cleveland, Ohio (Grand Prix of Cleveland), June 24–26
- Toronto, Canada (Molson Indy Toronto), July 8–10
- Edmonton, Canada (West Edmonton Mall Grand Prix of Edmonton), July 15–17
- San Jose, California (Taylor Woodrow Grand Prix of San José), July 29–31
- Denver, Colorado (Centrix Financial Grand Prix of Denver), August 12–14
- Montreal, Canada (Molson Indy Montreal), August 26–28
- Las Vegas, Nevada (Las Vegas Motor Speedway), September 22–24
- Surfer's Paradise, QLD, Australia (Lexmark Indy 300), October 21–23
- Mexico City, Mexico (Grand Premio de México), November 4–6

2006 race locations

- Long Beach, California (Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach), April 7–9
- Houston, Texas (Race Name to named later), May 12–13
- Monterrey, Mexico (Tecate/Telmex Grand Prix of Monterrey), May 19–21
- West Allis, Wisconsin (Time Warner Cable Road Runner 225), June 2–4
- Portland, Oregon (Champ Car Grand Prix of Portland), June 16–18
- Cleveland, Ohio (Grand Prix of Cleveland), June 23–25
- Toronto, Canada (Molson Indy Toronto), July 7–9
- Edmonton, Canada (West Edmonton Mall Grand Prix of Edmonton), July 21–23
- San Jose, California (Taylor Woodrow Grand Prix of San Jose), July 28–30
- Denver, Colorado (Centrix Financial Grand Prix of Denver), August 11–13
- Montreal, Canada (Molson Indy Montreal), August 25–27
- Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, (Road America) September 21–23
- Ansan, South Korea (Champ Car World Grand Prix of Ansan), October 13–15
- Surfer's Paradise, Australia (Lexmark Indy 300), October 20–22
- Mexico City, Mexico (Grand Premio de México), November 3–5

Notes

- Molson Indy Montreal race may be off schedule in 2006, depending on the outcome of a lawsuit between Champ Car and Montreal promoter Normand Legault.
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Beijing, China could each host street races in 2006, depending on both sides meeting to terms.

2007 Season

Champ Car officials have confirmed that Panoz will be the sole supplier of Champ Cars for three years from 2007. The Panoz DP01 will be built by sister company Elan Motorsports Technologies and will be powered by a turbo-charged Cosworth engine. They will sell badging to various automotive manufacterers.

Champions

CART Season Champions: (1979 to 2003)

Champ Car World Series Season Champions: (2004—)

- 2004 - Sebastien Bourdais, France
- 2005 - Sebastien Bourdais, France

Rookies of the Year

CART Rookies of the Year: (1979 to 2003)

- 1979 - Bill Alsup, United States
- 1980 - Dennis Firestone, United States
- 1981 - Bob Lazier, United States
- 1982 - Bobby Rahal, United States
- 1983 - Teo Fabi, Italy
- 1984 - Roberto Guerrero, Colombia
- 1985 - Arie Luyendyk, Dutch
- 1986 - Dominic Dobson, United States
- 1987 - Fabrizio Barbazza, Italy
- 1988 - John Jones, Canada
- 1989 - Bernard Jourdain, Mexico
- 1990 - Eddie Cheever, United States
- 1991 - Jeff Andretti, United States
- 1992 - Stefan Johansson, Sweden
- 1993 - Nigel Mansell, England
- 1994 - Jacques Villeneuve, Canada
- 1995 - Gil de Ferran, Brazil
- 1996 - Alex Zanardi, Italy
- 1997 - Patrick Carpentier, Canada
- 1998 - Tony Kanaan, Brazil
- 1999 - Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombia
- 2000 - Kenny Brack, Sweden
- 2001 - Scott Dixon, New Zealand
- 2002 - Mario Dominguez, Mexico
- 2003 - Sebastien Bourdais, France

Champ Car World Series Rookies of the Year: (2004 to present)

- 2004 - A.J. Allmendinger, United States
- 2005 - Timo Glock, Germany

External links

- [http://www.champcarworldseries.com Official website of Champ Car World Series]
- [http://www.champcarfanatics.com Champ Car Fanatics: News, Commentary & Discussion Forums] (Registration required to post on the forums)
- [http://www.CART-Racing.com Champ Car News & Commentary]
- [http://www.champcarnews.com Champ Car News]
- [http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/CART/ Champ Car Fan Discussion Forum] (registration required)
- [http://www.clutchout.com Clutchout - Champ Car/Motorsports Blog]
- [http://www.fastmachines.com/archives/cat_champ_car.php Champ Car blog]
- [http://checkpoint10.blogspot.com Open-wheel racing blog]
- [http://www.champcars.blogspot.com Champ Car Racing blog]

Other meanings of CART

- Communication Access Real-Time Translation Category:Auto racing competitions Category:Auto racing organizations Category:Open wheel racing ja:チャンプカー

1834

1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 - Abolition of customs charges at borders within Germany.
- January 3 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City
- January 13 - John Mason Cook, whom JMC Air is named after was born.
- January 25 - Hillsborough County was cr