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November 3

November 3

November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining.

Events


- 1493 - Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
- 1783 - John Austin, a highwayman, is the last to be publicly hanged at London's Tyburn gallows.
- 1783 - The Continental Army is disbanded.
- 1793 - French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
- 1817 - The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal, Quebec.
- 1838 - The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.
- 1844 - Debut of Giuseppe Verdi's I due Foscari, at Teatro Argentina, Rome.
- 1848 - A greatly revised constitution, drafted by Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, severely limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy, and strengthening the powers of the parliament and the ministers, is proclaimed. This constitution is still in effect today.
- 1868 - U.S. presidential election: Republican Ulysses S. Grant is elected to the first of his two terms in a victory over Democrat Horatio Seymour.
- 1883 - American Old West: Self-described "Black Bart the Po-8" gets away with his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves an incriminating clue that eventually leads to his capture.
- 1896 - U.S. presidential election: Republican William McKinley is elected over Democrat William Jennings Bryan.
- 1903 - With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent from Colombia. US President Theodore Roosevelt had wanted the United States to build the Panama Canal, but was not willing to pay what Colombia asked.
- 1908 - U.S. presidential election: Republican William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan, Democratic candidate in his third and final nomination.
- 1911 - Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T.
- 1913 - The USA introduces an income tax.
- 1918 - Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the World War I Allies, and the Habsburg-ruled empire dissolves.
- 1918 - Poland declares its independence from Russia.
- 1923 - Lady Louise Mountbatten marries Gustav, Crown Prince of Sweden
- 1930 - Getúlio Dornelles Vargas became Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24.
- 1935 - George II of Greece regains his throne.
- 1936 - U.S. presidential election, 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over Alf Landon.
- 1942 - World War II: Second Battle of El Alamein ends - German forces under Erwin Rommel are forced to retreat during the night.
- 1954 - The first in the Godzilla series of films is released in Japan.
- 1955 - The musical film Guys and Dolls, starring Marlon Brando and Frank Sinatra, debuts.
- 1956 - The Wizard of Oz is shown on television for the first time, with a viewing audience estimated at 45 million people.
- 1957 - Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit: a dog named Laika.
- 1964 - U.S. presidential election, 1964: Incumbent US President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater, Sr with over 60 percent of the popular vote.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Battle of Dak To begins - Around Dak To (located about 280 miles (450 km) north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides, with the Americans narrowly winning the battle on November 22.
- 1969 - Vietnam War: US President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies.
- 1970 - Salvador Allende is inaugurated as president of Chile.
- 1971 - The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published.
- 1973 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury, on March 29, 1974 becoming the first space probe to reach that planet.
- 1975 - An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States's largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth."
- 1975 - The television breakfast show Good Morning America premieres with co-anchors David Hartman and Nancy Dussault.
- 1978 - Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1978 The sitcom Diff'rent Strokes premieres on NBC.
- 1979 - Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally.
- 1982 - The Salang tunnel fire in Afghanistan kills up to 2,000+ people.
- 1986 - Iran-Contra Affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
- 1988 - Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours.
- 1991 - Fifteen people are killed in the Barrios Altos massacre in Lima, Peru.
- 1992 - U.S. presidential election: Democratic challenger Bill Clinton defeats incumbent Republican George H.W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot.
- 1994 - Red Hat Linux 1.0 is released.
- 1995 - At Arlington National Cemetery, U.S. President Bill Clinton dedicates a memorial to the victims of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing.
- 1998 - Former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura is elected Governor of the U.S. state of Minnesota.
- 2005 - Copernicus's remains are found.

Births


- 39 - Lucan, Roman poet (d. 65)
- 1487 - Melin de Saint-Gelais, French poet (d. 1558)
- 1500 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist (d. 1571)
- 1560 - Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1609)
- 1587 - Samuel Scheidt, German composer (d. 1654)
- 1604 - Osman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1622)
- 1618 - Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1707)
- 1633 - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714)
- 1718 - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (d. 1792)
- 1793 - Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (d. 1836)
- 1794 - William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (d. 1878)
- 1801 - Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher (d. 1859)
- 1801 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
- 1816 - Jubal Early, American Confederate general (d. 1894)
- 1816 - Calvin Fairbank, American abolitionist minister (d. 1898)
- 1852 - Meiji Emperor, Japanese emperor (d. 1912)
- 1874 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian novelist (d. 1942)
- 1876 - Stephen Peter Alencastre, Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1940)
- 1887 - Samuil Marshak, Russian poet (d. 1964)
- 1893 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
- 1895 - Grand Duchess Olga Nicolaievna Romanova (d. 1918)
- 1901 - King Léopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
- 1901 - André Malraux, French writer (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Walker Evans, American photographer (d. 1975)
- 1908 - Bronko Nagurski, American football player (d. 1990)
- 1909 - James Reston, American journalist (d. 1995)
- 1910 - Richard Hurndall, British actor (d. 1984)
- 1918 - Bob Feller, baseball player
- 1918 - Russell B. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)
- 1919 - Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (d. 1995)
- 1920 - Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian writer (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Charles Bronson, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1924 - Samuel Ruiz García, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop
- 1930 - Brian Robinson, British cyclist
- 1933 - Ken Berry, American actor
- 1933 - Jeremy Brett, English actor (d. 1995)
- 1933 - Michael Dukakis, American politician
- 1933 - Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 - John Barry, English composer
- 1936 - Roy Emerson, Australian tennis champion
- 1938 - Martin Dunwoody, British mathematician
- 1946 - Tom Savini, American actor, filmmaker, and makeup artist
- 1948 - Lulu (singer), British actress and singer
- 1949 - Larry Holmes, American boxer
- 1952 - Roseanne Barr, American actress and comedienne
- 1953 - Dickie Fiske, American Business Owner, Slow Pitch Softball Legend
- 1953 - Kate Capshaw, American actress
- 1953 - Dennis Miller, American comedian
- 1954 - Adam Ant, English singer
- 1954 - Brigitte Lin, Taiwanese actress
- 1955 - Phil Simms, American football player
- 1956 - Kevin Murphy, American actor, author, and puppeteer
- 1957 - Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor
- 1960 - Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player
- 1962 - Marilyn, British musician
- 1963 - Ian Wright, English footballer
- 1967 - Steven Wilson, English singer Porcupine Tree
- 1970 - Dawn Marie Psaltis, American professional wrestler
- 1973 - Nemone, Athlete and broadcaster
- 1973 - Mick Thomson, American guitarist (Slipknot)
- 1974 - Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French basketball player
- 1976 - Ruben Espinosa, Famous Philosopher, co-author of the spample theory
- 1977 - Aria Giovanni, American model
- 1981 - Jackie Gayda, American professional wrestler
- 1982 - Evgeny Plushenko, Russian figure skater
- 1986 - Jasmine Trias, American singer
- 1987 - Gemma Ward, Australian model

Deaths


- 361 - Constantius II, Roman Emperor (b. 317)
- 1254 - John III Ducas Vatatzes, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1193)
- 1428 - Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)
- 1580 - Jeronimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (b. 1512)
- 1600 - Richard Hooker, English theologian (b. 1554)
- 1643 - John Bainbridge, English astronomer (b. 1582)
- 1643 - Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)
- 1711 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (b. 1666)
- 1787 - Robert Lowth, British bishop and grammarian (b. 1710)
- 1793 - Olympe de Gouges, french feminist and revolutionary (b. 1748)
- 1794 - François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1715)
- 1890 - Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1811)
- 1891 - Louis Lucien Bonaparte, French politician and linguist (b. 1813)
- 1918 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov, Russian scientist (b. 1857)
- 1926 - Annie Oakley, American sharp-shooter (b. 1860)
- 1929 - Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet (b. 1883)
- 1933 - Emile Roux, French scientist (b. 1853)
- 1939 - Charles Tournemire, French composer and organist (b. 1870)
- 1954 - Henri Matisse, French artist (b. 1869)
- 1957 - Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (b. 1897)
- 1964 - John Henry Barbee, American guitarist and singer (b. 1905)
- 1990 - Mary Martin, American actress (b. 1913)
- 1993 - Leon Theremin, Russian inventor (b. 1895)
- 1995 - Gordon S. Fahrni, physician and president of the Canadian Medical Association (b. 1887)
- 1996 - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
- 1998 - Bob Kane, comic artist & Batman co creator (b. 1915)
- 1999 - Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
- 2001 - Ernst Gombrich, Austrian art historian (b. 1909)
- 2002 - Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (b. 1931)
- 2002 - Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player (b. 1972)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - November 3rd is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
  - St. Acepsimas
  - St. Cristiolus
  - St. Domnus of Vienne
  - St. Elerius
  - St. Englatius
  - St. Florus
  - St. Germanus
  - St. Guenhael
  - St. Hermengaudis
  - St. Hubert
  - St. Malachy O' More
  - St. Peter Francis Neron
  - St. Papulus
  - St. Pirmin
  - St. Martin de Porres
  - St. Quaratus
  - St. Valentinian
  - St. Valentine & Hilary
  - St. Vulganius
  - St. Winifred
- Also see November 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Independence Day in Panama (1903, from Colombia), Dominica (1978, from Britain) and Federated States of Micronesia (1986, from France)
- Japan - Culture Day (post 1946), Emperors Birthday (pre 1946)
- International Men's Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 2 - November 4 - October 3 - December 3 – more historical anniversaries ko:11월 3일 ms:3 November ja:11月3日 simple:November 3 th:3 พฤศจิกายน

November 3

November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining.

Events


- 1493 - Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
- 1783 - John Austin, a highwayman, is the last to be publicly hanged at London's Tyburn gallows.
- 1783 - The Continental Army is disbanded.
- 1793 - French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
- 1817 - The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal, Quebec.
- 1838 - The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.
- 1844 - Debut of Giuseppe Verdi's I due Foscari, at Teatro Argentina, Rome.
- 1848 - A greatly revised constitution, drafted by Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, severely limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy, and strengthening the powers of the parliament and the ministers, is proclaimed. This constitution is still in effect today.
- 1868 - U.S. presidential election: Republican Ulysses S. Grant is elected to the first of his two terms in a victory over Democrat Horatio Seymour.
- 1883 - American Old West: Self-described "Black Bart the Po-8" gets away with his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves an incriminating clue that eventually leads to his capture.
- 1896 - U.S. presidential election: Republican William McKinley is elected over Democrat William Jennings Bryan.
- 1903 - With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent from Colombia. US President Theodore Roosevelt had wanted the United States to build the Panama Canal, but was not willing to pay what Colombia asked.
- 1908 - U.S. presidential election: Republican William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan, Democratic candidate in his third and final nomination.
- 1911 - Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T.
- 1913 - The USA introduces an income tax.
- 1918 - Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the World War I Allies, and the Habsburg-ruled empire dissolves.
- 1918 - Poland declares its independence from Russia.
- 1923 - Lady Louise Mountbatten marries Gustav, Crown Prince of Sweden
- 1930 - Getúlio Dornelles Vargas became Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24.
- 1935 - George II of Greece regains his throne.
- 1936 - U.S. presidential election, 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over Alf Landon.
- 1942 - World War II: Second Battle of El Alamein ends - German forces under Erwin Rommel are forced to retreat during the night.
- 1954 - The first in the Godzilla series of films is released in Japan.
- 1955 - The musical film Guys and Dolls, starring Marlon Brando and Frank Sinatra, debuts.
- 1956 - The Wizard of Oz is shown on television for the first time, with a viewing audience estimated at 45 million people.
- 1957 - Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit: a dog named Laika.
- 1964 - U.S. presidential election, 1964: Incumbent US President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater, Sr with over 60 percent of the popular vote.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Battle of Dak To begins - Around Dak To (located about 280 miles (450 km) north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides, with the Americans narrowly winning the battle on November 22.
- 1969 - Vietnam War: US President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies.
- 1970 - Salvador Allende is inaugurated as president of Chile.
- 1971 - The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published.
- 1973 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury, on March 29, 1974 becoming the first space probe to reach that planet.
- 1975 - An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States's largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth."
- 1975 - The television breakfast show Good Morning America premieres with co-anchors David Hartman and Nancy Dussault.
- 1978 - Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1978 The sitcom Diff'rent Strokes premieres on NBC.
- 1979 - Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally.
- 1982 - The Salang tunnel fire in Afghanistan kills up to 2,000+ people.
- 1986 - Iran-Contra Affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
- 1988 - Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours.
- 1991 - Fifteen people are killed in the Barrios Altos massacre in Lima, Peru.
- 1992 - U.S. presidential election: Democratic challenger Bill Clinton defeats incumbent Republican George H.W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot.
- 1994 - Red Hat Linux 1.0 is released.
- 1995 - At Arlington National Cemetery, U.S. President Bill Clinton dedicates a memorial to the victims of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing.
- 1998 - Former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura is elected Governor of the U.S. state of Minnesota.
- 2005 - Copernicus's remains are found.

Births


- 39 - Lucan, Roman poet (d. 65)
- 1487 - Melin de Saint-Gelais, French poet (d. 1558)
- 1500 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist (d. 1571)
- 1560 - Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1609)
- 1587 - Samuel Scheidt, German composer (d. 1654)
- 1604 - Osman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1622)
- 1618 - Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1707)
- 1633 - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714)
- 1718 - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (d. 1792)
- 1793 - Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (d. 1836)
- 1794 - William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (d. 1878)
- 1801 - Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher (d. 1859)
- 1801 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
- 1816 - Jubal Early, American Confederate general (d. 1894)
- 1816 - Calvin Fairbank, American abolitionist minister (d. 1898)
- 1852 - Meiji Emperor, Japanese emperor (d. 1912)
- 1874 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian novelist (d. 1942)
- 1876 - Stephen Peter Alencastre, Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1940)
- 1887 - Samuil Marshak, Russian poet (d. 1964)
- 1893 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
- 1895 - Grand Duchess Olga Nicolaievna Romanova (d. 1918)
- 1901 - King Léopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
- 1901 - André Malraux, French writer (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Walker Evans, American photographer (d. 1975)
- 1908 - Bronko Nagurski, American football player (d. 1990)
- 1909 - James Reston, American journalist (d. 1995)
- 1910 - Richard Hurndall, British actor (d. 1984)
- 1918 - Bob Feller, baseball player
- 1918 - Russell B. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)
- 1919 - Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (d. 1995)
- 1920 - Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian writer (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Charles Bronson, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1924 - Samuel Ruiz García, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop
- 1930 - Brian Robinson, British cyclist
- 1933 - Ken Berry, American actor
- 1933 - Jeremy Brett, English actor (d. 1995)
- 1933 - Michael Dukakis, American politician
- 1933 - Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 - John Barry, English composer
- 1936 - Roy Emerson, Australian tennis champion
- 1938 - Martin Dunwoody, British mathematician
- 1946 - Tom Savini, American actor, filmmaker, and makeup artist
- 1948 - Lulu (singer), British actress and singer
- 1949 - Larry Holmes, American boxer
- 1952 - Roseanne Barr, American actress and comedienne
- 1953 - Dickie Fiske, American Business Owner, Slow Pitch Softball Legend
- 1953 - Kate Capshaw, American actress
- 1953 - Dennis Miller, American comedian
- 1954 - Adam Ant, English singer
- 1954 - Brigitte Lin, Taiwanese actress
- 1955 - Phil Simms, American football player
- 1956 - Kevin Murphy, American actor, author, and puppeteer
- 1957 - Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor
- 1960 - Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player
- 1962 - Marilyn, British musician
- 1963 - Ian Wright, English footballer
- 1967 - Steven Wilson, English singer Porcupine Tree
- 1970 - Dawn Marie Psaltis, American professional wrestler
- 1973 - Nemone, Athlete and broadcaster
- 1973 - Mick Thomson, American guitarist (Slipknot)
- 1974 - Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French basketball player
- 1976 - Ruben Espinosa, Famous Philosopher, co-author of the spample theory
- 1977 - Aria Giovanni, American model
- 1981 - Jackie Gayda, American professional wrestler
- 1982 - Evgeny Plushenko, Russian figure skater
- 1986 - Jasmine Trias, American singer
- 1987 - Gemma Ward, Australian model

Deaths


- 361 - Constantius II, Roman Emperor (b. 317)
- 1254 - John III Ducas Vatatzes, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1193)
- 1428 - Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)
- 1580 - Jeronimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (b. 1512)
- 1600 - Richard Hooker, English theologian (b. 1554)
- 1643 - John Bainbridge, English astronomer (b. 1582)
- 1643 - Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)
- 1711 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (b. 1666)
- 1787 - Robert Lowth, British bishop and grammarian (b. 1710)
- 1793 - Olympe de Gouges, french feminist and revolutionary (b. 1748)
- 1794 - François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1715)
- 1890 - Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1811)
- 1891 - Louis Lucien Bonaparte, French politician and linguist (b. 1813)
- 1918 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov, Russian scientist (b. 1857)
- 1926 - Annie Oakley, American sharp-shooter (b. 1860)
- 1929 - Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet (b. 1883)
- 1933 - Emile Roux, French scientist (b. 1853)
- 1939 - Charles Tournemire, French composer and organist (b. 1870)
- 1954 - Henri Matisse, French artist (b. 1869)
- 1957 - Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (b. 1897)
- 1964 - John Henry Barbee, American guitarist and singer (b. 1905)
- 1990 - Mary Martin, American actress (b. 1913)
- 1993 - Leon Theremin, Russian inventor (b. 1895)
- 1995 - Gordon S. Fahrni, physician and president of the Canadian Medical Association (b. 1887)
- 1996 - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
- 1998 - Bob Kane, comic artist & Batman co creator (b. 1915)
- 1999 - Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
- 2001 - Ernst Gombrich, Austrian art historian (b. 1909)
- 2002 - Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (b. 1931)
- 2002 - Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player (b. 1972)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - November 3rd is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
  - St. Acepsimas
  - St. Cristiolus
  - St. Domnus of Vienne
  - St. Elerius
  - St. Englatius
  - St. Florus
  - St. Germanus
  - St. Guenhael
  - St. Hermengaudis
  - St. Hubert
  - St. Malachy O' More
  - St. Peter Francis Neron
  - St. Papulus
  - St. Pirmin
  - St. Martin de Porres
  - St. Quaratus
  - St. Valentinian
  - St. Valentine & Hilary
  - St. Vulganius
  - St. Winifred
- Also see November 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Independence Day in Panama (1903, from Colombia), Dominica (1978, from Britain) and Federated States of Micronesia (1986, from France)
- Japan - Culture Day (post 1946), Emperors Birthday (pre 1946)
- International Men's Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 2 - November 4 - October 3 - December 3 – more historical anniversaries ko:11월 3일 ms:3 November ja:11月3日 simple:November 3 th:3 พฤศจิกายน



1493

Events


- January 4 - Christopher Columbus leaves the New World.
- March 15 - Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas.
- July 28 - Great fire in Moscow
- November 19 - Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he saw for the first time only the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).

Births


- June 5 - Justus Jonas, German protestant reformer (died 1555)
- September 28 - Agnolo Firenzuola, Italian poet
- October 14 - Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (died 1568)
- November 12 - Bartolommeo Bandinelli, Italian artist and sculptor (died 1560)
- Jean du Bellay, French cardinal and diplomat
- Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and Lord Chancellor
- Simon Grynaeus, German scholar and theologian (died 1541)
- Takeda Nobutora, Japanese warlord (died 1573)
- Paracelsus, Swiss physician and scientist (died 1541)
- François Rabelais, French writer

Deaths


- May 10 - Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll, Scottish politician
- June 14 - Ermolao Barbaro, Italian scholar (born 1454)
- August 19 - Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1415)
- James Blount, English soldier
- James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
- Martin Alonzo Pinzón, Spanish navigator and explorer
- Pietro Antonio Solari, Italian architect (born 1450)
- Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler of Tahuantinsuyu Category:1493 als:1493 ko:1493년

Dominica

The Commonwealth of Dominica, popularly known as Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It should not be confused with the Dominican Republic, another Caribbean nation. The name is pronounced IPA: ("do-min-EE-ka"). In Latin the name means "Sunday", which was the day of its discovery by Europeans. Dominica's pre-Columbian name is Wai'tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body." Because it lies between two overseas départements (territories) of France, Guadeloupe to the north and Martinique to the south, and due to a considerable historical influence from France, the island is sometimes called "French Dominica." The island is also nicknamed "The Nature Isle of the Caribbean" due to its seemingly unspoiled natural beauty. Dominica is a lush island of mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal and bird species. The isle of Dominica is one of the youngest islands in the Lesser Antilles, and it is still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on both tourism and agriculture.

History

Main article: History of Dominica Dominica was first sighted by Europeans, including Christopher Columbus, in 1493. They encountered the indigenous peoples known as the Caribs, but soon left the island after being defeated by the Caribs. In 1627 the British also tried and failed to capture Dominica. In 1635 the French claimed the island and sent missionaries, but were unable to wrench Dominica from the Caribs. They abandoned the island, along with the island of Saint Vincent, in the 1660s. For the next hundred years Dominica remained isolated, and even more Caribs settled there after being driven from surrounding islands as European powers entered the region. France formally ceded possession of Dominica to Britain in 1763. Britain then set up a government and made the island a colony in 1805. The emancipation of African slaves occurred throughout the British Empire in 1834, and by 1838 Dominica became the first British Caribbean colony to have a Black-controlled legislature. In 1896 Britain re-took governmental control of Dominica and turned it into a crown colony. Half a century later, from 1958 to 1962, Dominica became a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation. In 1978 Dominica finally became an independent nation. Dominica's fortunes improved in 1980 when its corrupt and tyrannical administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia Charles, the first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who remained in office for 15 years.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Dominica Dominica is a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth of Nations. The President is head of state, while executive power rests with the Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister. The unicameral parliament consists of the 30-member House of Assembly, which consists of twenty-one directly elected members and nine Senators, who may either be appointed by the President or elected by the other members of the House. Unlike other former British colonies in the region, Dominica was never a Commonwealth realm with the British monarch as head of state, as it instead became a republic on independence. Dominica is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

Parishes

Main article: Parishes of Dominica Dominica is divided into ten parishes, each named after a saint.

Geography

saint Main article: Geography of Dominica Dominica is an island nation and borderless country in the Caribbean Sea. The size of the country is about 751 square kilometers (290 square miles). The capital is Roseau. Dominica is largely covered by rainforest and is home to the world's second-largest boiling lake. Dominica also has many waterfalls, springs and rivers. Some plants and animals thought to be extinct on surrounding islands can still be found in Dominica's forests. The volcanic nature of the island and the lack of sandy beaches have made Dominica a popular scuba diving spot. The Commonwealth of Dominica is engaged in a long-running dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's territorial claims to the sea surrounding Isla Aves (Bird Island), a tiny islet located 110 km (70 miles) west of the island of Dominica.

Economy

The Dominican economy is dependent on both tourism and agriculture. Forty percent of Dominican workers are in the agricultural sector, and Dominica's primary agricultural exports include tobacco, bananas, vegetables, citrus, copra, coconut oil, and essential oils such as bay oil. The country's industries, other than tourism, include soap, furniture, cement blocks, and shoes. Dominica is further benefited by the presence of an offshore medical school, [http://www.rossmed.edu/ Ross University], in the northern town of Portsmouth. About 900 students live and study in Portsmouth. The Dominican economy has high poverty (30%), high unemployment (23%), and a low per capita GDP (US$5,400). The Dominican economy has been hurt by problems in the banana industry. The entire economy suffers when weather conditions damage the banana crop, or when the price of bananas falls. The European Union has phased out preferred access of bananas to its markets, causing banana demand to fall. In response, the Dominican government privatized the banana industry. Also, the government has attempted to diversify the economy and has lifted price controls in an attempt to improve the lagging economy. The government is also trying to develop tourism, especially ecotourism. The lack of a large international airport and lack of sandy beaches decrease opportunities for standard tourism, but the heavily rainforested island could lure those who want unconventional ecotourism experiences. Indeed, it is remarked that of all the islands of the Caribbean, Dominica is the only one Christopher Columbus would still recognise.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Dominica Almost all of the seventy thousand nationals of Dominica today are descendants of African slaves, brought in by colonial planters in the 18th century. However, Dominica is also one of the few islands in the Eastern Caribbean to possess a population of pre-Columbian Carib Indians, about 3,000 of whom live on the island's east coast in their own territory. The population growth rate of Dominica is very low, due primarily to emigration to more developed Caribbean Islands, the United Kingdom, the United States, or Canada. English is the official language of Dominica and is universally understood; however, because of historic French domination, Antillean Creole "Patwa", a French-based creole language, is also widely spoken. About 80% of the population is Catholic, though in recent years a number of Protestant churches have been established.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Dominica The famed novelist Jean Rhys was born and raised in Dominica. The island is obliquely depicted in her best-known book, Wide Sargasso Sea. Rhys's friend, the political activist and writer Phyllis Shand Allfrey, set her 1954 novel, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/081352332X/103-8440080-4084612?v=glance&n=283155 The Orchid House, in Dominica...

See also


- Communications in Dominica
- Foreign relations of Dominica
- Politics of Dominica
- Economy of Dominica
- Demographics of Dominica
- Military of Dominica
- Transportation in Dominica
- Music of Dominica
- Culture of Dominica
- List of people of Dominica

External links

News


- [http://www.news-dominica.com Latest news from Dominica]

Directories


- [http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com Dominica's history & culture]
- [http://www.liquidguru.com Videos and Photos of Dominica, above and under the waves]

Tourism


-
- [http://www.dominica.dm/index.php Official tourism website]
- [http://www.worldcreolemusicfestival.dm/ Dominica World Creole Music Festival]
- [http://www.avirtualdominica.com/home.cfm In-depth travel & tourism site]
- Category:CARICOM member states Category:Republics zh-min-nan:Dominica ko:도미니카 ms:Dominica ja:ドミニカ国 simple:Dominica

Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a tropical body of water adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean and southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. It covers most of the Caribbean Plate and is bounded on the south by Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama, to the west by Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, to the north by the Greater Antilles islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, and to the east by the Lesser Antilles. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest salt water seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km² (1,063,000 square miles). The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trench, between Cuba and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,220 feet) below sea level. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, especially the numerous islands, is known as the Caribbean.

See also


- Antilles
- Caribbean South America Category:Seas Category:Caribbean ko:카리브 해 ja:カリブ海 zh-min-nan:Carib-hái

Highwayman

This page is about the criminal occupation of highwayman, for groups of that name, see The Highwaymen. ---- Highwayman was a term used particularly in Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries to describe criminals who robbed people travelling by stagecoach and other modes of transport along public highways. Such outlaws would use or threaten violence in order to seize money and other valuables from their victims. A highwayman rode a horse, and usually carried a pistol. Well-known highwaymen's haunts included several places around London: Blackheath and nearby Shooter's Hill, Hounslow Heath, and Wimbledon and Barnes Commons.

List of well known highwaymen


- Jerry Abershawe
- John Austin (the last person to be publicly hanged from the gallows at Tyburn, London, on 3 November 1783)
- Claude Duval
- Captain Gallagher
- Tom King
- Humphrey Kynaston
- The fictitious MacHeath (aka 'Mack the Knife') originally in The Beggar's Opera by John Gay, but now more famous through The Threepenny Opera by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill
- James MacLaine
- John Nevison (aka William Nevison, aka 'Swift Nick' or Swiftnicks)
- Neesy O'Haughan
- William Plunkett
- Dick Turpin

Decline

The early years of the 19th century saw the gradual disappearance of the traditional highwayman. The better law enforcement resulting from the introduction of organized city and county police forces (eg: London’s Bow Street Runners); the enclosure of common land, combined with improvements to the roads themselves, which reduced the areas in which highwaymen could operate undetected, and the banking reforms which cut the amounts of cash carried by road were all factors in this decline.

In culture

Poet Alfred Noyes made a highwayman the subject of one of his most well-known poems, aptly named "The Highwayman", which Phil Ochs later molded into a song. Famous traditional songs about highwaymen include the 1840s broadsheet ballad "Whiskey in the Jar", and other lesser known titles such as "Bold Nevison", "Gilderoy", "MacPherson's Lament", "Newlyn Town" and "Brennan on the Moor". Although not all highwaymen commanded their victims to "stand and deliver", or demanded "Your money or your life!", they are often popularly associated with these famous phrases. This is notable in "Stand and Deliver", a hit by 1980s British pop group Adam and the Ants.

See also


- Footpad
- Rapparees
- Bushranger

External links


- [http://www.potw.org/archive/potw85.html Alfred Noyes poem, "The Highwayman"]
- [http://ingeb.org/songs/tisofabr.html lyrics of "Brennan on the Moor"]
- [http://www.stand-and-deliver.org.uk/poetry/bold_nevison.htm lyrics of "Bold Nevison"] Category:Crimes Category:Illegal occupations

Hanging

Hanging is a form of execution or a method for suicide. Hanging may involve breaking of the neck (cervical fracture, in the case of a "long-drop"), or one or more of the following (in the case of a "short-drop"):
- Closing the airway
- Closing the carotid arteries
- Closing the jugular veins
- Carotid reflex (which reduces heartbeat when the pressure in the carotid arteries is high) causing cardiac arrest As punishment it has been used throughout history. In England the short drop method was used until the 19th century, when the long-drop was introduced. The short-drop could be a protracted affair and was primarily for the entertainment of the watching public, the struggling of the victim giving rise to such terms as "the hangman's hornpipe".

History

Hanging has been used as punishment throughout history; it is known to have been invented and used by the Persian Empire. The typical sentence involving hanging is that the condemned person "be hanged by the neck until dead". A more elaborate sentence, once used for particularly heinous crimes (e.g., high treason in Britain), was for the person to be "hanged, drawn and quartered" – here the victim was saved from asphyxiation in order to endure the further ordeals. Hanging has historically been the method of execution used for common criminals; in feudal England, for example, peasants were usually hanged for crimes, while the nobility were usually beheaded. Since as a result hanging has become associated with dishonorable execution, the courts in the post-World War II war crimes trials in Germany (the Nuremberg trials) and Japan mandated its use for war criminals rather than execution by firing squad. As a form of judicial execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the Saxon period, circa AD 400. Records of the names of British hangmen begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s; complete records extend from the 1500s to the last hangmen, Robert Leslie Stewart and Harry Allen, who conducted the last British executions in 1964. Early methods of hanging simply involved a hangman's noose on a rope placed around the victim's neck, with the loose end thrown over or tied to a tree branch; the hangman then drew up the criminal, who slowly strangled. An early refinement had the victim climb a ladder or stand in a cart that the hangman then removed. As the number of executions increased, purpose-built gallows, which usually consisted of two posts joined by a crossbeam, replaced trees. Soon virtually every major town and city in Britain had its own gallows. Although hangmen had introduced the "drop" by the late 1700s, it was initially only a substitute for the ladder or the cart. The first well-known practitioner of "the drop" was William Calcraft, but his successor William Marwood (who was often quoted as saying "Calcraft hanged them, I execute them"), introduced the "long drop". Marwood realised that each person required a different drop, based on the prisoner's weight, which would dislocate the cervical vertebrae resulting in "instantaneous" death. vertebrae A process of sometimes grisly experimentation led to the discovery that an energy of 1260 foot pounds (1710 joules) would have the desired effect, so one could calculate the required drop by dividing 1260 by the weight of the victim: a person weighing 112 pounds (50.8 kg) required a drop of 11'4" (3.43 m). Over time, Marwood refined this basic formula to take account of the prisoner's age, stature, and physical condition, especially after some early mistakes when too great a drop resulted in decapitation. Marwood also experimented with the positioning of the knot, and discovered that placing it under the left ear or under the angle of the left jaw would jerk the head backwards at the end of the drop and instantly sever the spinal cord and dislocate the cervical vertebrae. Prison governors and staff who were required, following the abolition of public executions in 1868, to witness executions at close quarters, welcomed the development of swift and "clean" methods of hanging. As time went by, hanging became more of a science than an art. By the mid-20th century the average time between taking a victim from the cell and death was around fifteen seconds – although on May 8, 1951 Albert Pierrepoint conducted the fastest hanging on record when James Inglis, whom a court had only three weeks earlier convicted and sentenced for the murder of a prostitute, fell through the trap only seven seconds after leaving his cell. Extra-legal primitive forms of hanging persisted well into the 20th Century in the United States in the form of lynchings, where torture and/or mutilation of the corpse often accompanied the hanging. Death is cause by severing the spinal cord between C1 and C2, which stops breathing by effectively stopping the diaphragm from working. Forensic experts can tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. If the hyoid bone is broken, it usually means the person has been murdered. Also, there have been cases of autoerotic asphyxiation leading to death; recently, kids have died from playing the choking game.

Britain

Until 1808 the law in Britain offered the death penalty for some 200 offenses, including:
- Attempting suicide
- Being in the company of gypsies for one month
- Vagrancy for soldiers and sailors
- "Strong evidence of malice" in children aged 7–14 years old A variety of loopholes in British criminal law, together with judicial leniency, tempered the law's tendency to prescribe hanging for what many would today consider minor offences. First-time offenders could escape a capital sentence for some crimes through the benefit of clergy, and of those criminals actually sentenced to death, many were later pardoned. Only about half the death sentences pronounced at common law in the 18th century were carried out, and by the beginning of the 19th century, growing doubt over the appropriateness of capital punishment led to nearly 90% of British capital sentences being commuted to lesser punishments. Between 1832 and 1834 Parliament abolished the death penalty for:
- Shoplifting goods worth five shillings (£0.25) or less
- Returning from Transportation
- Letter-stealing
- Sacrilege In 1861 The Parliament reduced the number of capital crimes to four:
- Murder
- Treason
- Arson in Royal Dockyards
- Piracy with violence Britain ended public hangings in 1868 and formally abolished the hanging, beheading and quartering of traitors in 1870. In 1965 Parliament passed the 'Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act' abolishing capital punishment for murder. And with the introduction of the Human Rights Act in 1998, the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, the last persons to be sentenced to death by hanging were Andrey Vlasov and 11 other officers of his army on August 1, 1946.

Iran

1946 One of the hanging execution procedures currently used in Iran does not use a drop, but involves using an automotive telescoping crane to hoist the condemned aloft. This method may have been adapted from yardarm hangings carried out by the Royal Navy. A recent hanging carried out by this method in Iran was that of a 16 year old girl, Ateqeh Rajabi, who was hanged in August 2004 for sexual misdemeanours. The conduct of her case and her actual execution were very controversial internationally.

The United States

In the United States, other forms of capital punishment, such as the electric chair and more recently lethal injection, have largely replaced hanging. At present, only Washington and New Hampshire still retain hanging as an option. Laws changed in 1996 that penalties of death must be executed by injection unless the convict chooses hanging, but none has taken place ever since. In New Hampshire if it found "... to be impractical to carry out the punishment of death ..." by lethal injection, then the condemned will be hanged.[http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/lxii/630/630-5.htm] In Washington, the default method is lethal injection, though the condemned can choose hanging.[http://www.leg.wa.gov/RCW/index.cfm?section=10.95.180&fuseaction=section] Serial killer and child molester Westley Allan Dodd chose it over injection in 1992. (See the book Driven to Kill.) Charles Campbell was another person hanged in the same State on 27 May 1994. The last person hanged in the United States was Billy Bailey, on January 25 1996 in Delaware, and later the same state abolished this practice.

Singapore

Singapore has an extensive history of hanging, currently employing mandatory execution as punishment for various crimes. The government controlled media of Singapore relinquish attention from anti-death penalty movements which are graphically stirring in the country since the execution of a 25-year old Australian, Nguyen Tuong Van, who was hanged on December 2, 2005 despite pleas from Australian politicians, religious leaders, cultural leaders, diplomats, Amnesty International and numerous other international pressure to allow a stay. Hanging remains the primary form of capital punishment in Singapore. Local laws mandate the death penalty for drug trafficking above certain quantities. Whether recent debate and international pressure resulting from the hanging of Nguyen Tuong Van will lead to changes remains to be seen. Singapore is one of the few countries in which citizens who hold contrary views to the death penalty are liable to criminal charges as well as state sponsored harassment. Evidence of this can be seen in the recent backlash against artistic displays vilifying 'state sponsored murder' as the artists put it, with officials destroying the artworks within hours of the displays opening.

Recent hangings

Nguyen Tuong Van, 2005). [http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html][http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596].]] Hanging is commonly the method of executing penalties of death in Commonwealth countries that still have it, e.g., Malaysia and Singapore. A recent case of capital punishment by hanging is that of Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was convicted of the 1990 murder and rape of a 14 year old girl in Kolkata(Calcutta) in India. Although the Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment be given in the rarest of rare cases, Chatterjee was executed on August 14 2004 in the first execution in West Bengal for eleven years. On February 27 2004 the mastermind of the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, Shoko Asahara, was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Hanging is the common method of execution in capital punishment cases in Japan, although the punishment is rarely executed. On July 19 2005, two Iranian boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, were publicly hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in Mashhad, northeast Iran, on charges of homosexuality and rape. The punishment has been met with international outrage. At the ages of 15 and 17, respectively, they were discovered having sexual relations. They were imprisoned for fourteen months and subjected to 228 lashes each, then executed. According to the ISNA report as translated by OutRage "They admitted having gay sex but claimed in their defense that most young boys had sex with each other and that they were not aware that homosexuality was punishable by death." Subsequent to their execution the government broadcast the allegation that they had raped a 13-year-old boy, a story rejected by MAHA, the voice of the Iranian gay community.[http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/07/iran_executes_2.html][http://www.gayrussia.ru/en/detail.php?ID=1596] In Singapore, a 25-year old Australian, Nguyen Tuong Van, was hanged on December 2, 2005 on charges of drug trafficking in 2002. Numerous efforts from both the Australian government, numerous QCs (Queens C