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Missouri Pacific Railroad

Missouri Pacific Railroad

Missouri Pacific (MoPac; AAR reporting mark MP) was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. The company merged with Union Pacific in 1982.

History

On July 4, 1851 at St. Louis, Missouri, ground-breaking for the Pacific Railroad, chartered in 1849, marked the beginning of what would later be known as the Missouri Pacific Railroad. The first section of track was completed in 1852. In 1865, it became the first railroad to serve Kansas City, after construction was interrupted by the American Civil War. In 1871, the Texas and Pacific Railway, which merged with the Missouri Pacific in 1928, set plans to build a line from Marshall, Texas to San Diego, CA. In 1872, the Pacific Railroad was reorganized as the Missouri Pacific Railway by new investors after a railroad debt crisis. From 1879 to 1915, it was under the control of controversial New York financier Jay Gould. Gould developed a system extending through Colorado, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. In 1917 the line was merged with the St Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway (SLIMS) and reorganized as the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Later it acquired and controlled other lines near the Gulf of Mexico and in Texas, including the Texas and Pacific, extending its operating area to several midwestern and southwestern states. The Missouri Pacific was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers, including the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway (SLIMS), Texas and Pacific Railway (TP), Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad (C&EI), St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway (SLBM), Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway (KO&G), Midland Valley Railroad (MV), Gulf Coast Lines (GC), International-Great Northern Railroad (IGN), New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway (NOTM), Missouri-Illinois Railroad (MI), as well as the small Central Branch Railway (an early predecessor of MP in Kansas and south central Nebraska), and joint ventures such as the Alton and Southern Railroad (AS). By the 1980s the system would own 11,469 miles of rail line over 11 states bounded by Chicago to the east, Pueblo, Colorado in the west, north to Omaha, south to the U.S.-Mexico border in Laredo, Texas and southeast along the Gulf seaports of Louisiana. MoPac operated a fleet of over 1,500 diesel locomotives, most all purchased within the previous 10 years. The company was a pioneer in the early days of computer-guided rail technology. It was a major hauler of grain, TOFC (Trailer on Flat Car), coal, ore, autos and dry goods. At the time of their mega-merger in 1982, the MoPac owned newer locomotives, more locomotives and operated more track than partner Union Pacific Railroad. On December 22 1982 the Missouri Pacific merged with Union Pacific and Western Pacific Railroad companies to create the largest system in its day, the "Union Pacific System", under the holding company Union Pacific Corporation, but maintained its own corporate and commercial identity until January 1, 1997. Union Pacific continued to use the MoPac headquarters building at 210 N. 13th St. in downtown Saint Louis, MO for its customer service center until February 15, 2005. Union Pacific now has about 50 employees remaining at the St. Louis office. The MoPac building is slated for rehabilitation as offices, condominiums, and/or retail space. On July 30 2005, Union Pacific unveiled a brand new EMD SD70ACe locomotive, Union Pacific 1982, with Missouri Pacific paint and logos, as part of a new heritage program.

Passenger Train Operations

In the early years of the Twentieth Century, most Missouri Pacific and St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern passenger trains were designated by number only, with little emphasis on premier name trains. This changed in May 1915, with the inauguration of the Scenic Limited between St. Louis, Kansas City, and Pueblo, Colorado. Between Pueblo and Salt Lake City, the Scenic Limited operated through the Royal Gorge over the tracks of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. From Salt Lake City to San Francisco, the Scenic Limited operated over the Western Pacific Railroad. A second premier train, the Sunshine Special began operating on December 5, 1915 between St. Louis, Little Rock, Austin and San Antonio. Another named train, the Rainbow Special was placed in service in July 1921 between Kansas City and Little Rock, Arkansas. The Sunshine Special soon eclipsed the other trains in travel volume, becoming the signature train of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. An advertising slogan in 1933 proclaimed: Its 70-degrees in the Sunshine when its 100-degrees in the shade, referring to the fact that the Sunshine Special was one of the first air-conditioned trains in the southwest. When new streamlined trains were delivered, the Scenic Limited and Rainbow Special names faded, but the Sunshine Special had sufficient name recognition to co-exist along with the new streamliners into the late 1950s. In the streamliner era, the Missouri Pacific's premier passenger trains were collectively known as the Eagles. A variety of Eagle trains were operated, with the first such train inaugurated in 1940. Eagle routes included the Missouri River Eagle (St. Louis to Kansas City and Omaha), the Delta Eagle (Memphis to Tallulah, Louisiana), the Colorado Eagle (St. Louis to Pueblo and Denver, the Texas Eagle (St. Louis to Texas), and the Valley Eagle (Houston to Corpus Christi and Brownsville, Texas). Missouri Pacific gained a reputation for aggressively discontinuing passenger trains after the mid-1960s, and when the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) assumed passenger train operations on May 1 1971, the St. Louis to Kansas City route was the only Missouri Pacific route to be included as part of Amtrak's basic system. On March 13, 1974, Amtrak restored passenger train service over segments of Missouri Pacific-Texas and Pacific's original Texas Eagle route between St. Louis, Little Rock, Dallas, Austin, San Antonio, and Laredo.

References


- based on article at [http://trainweb.org/screamingeagle/ Screaming Eagles]
- Goen, Steve Allen (1997) Texas & Pacific Color Pictorial, Four Ways West Publications, La Mirada, CA. ISBN 1885614179
- Stout, Greg (1995) Route of the Eagles, Missouri Pacific in the Streamlined Era, White River Productions, Bucklin, MO. ISBN 089745991

External links


- [http://trainweb.org/screamingeagle/ Screaming Eagles]
- [http://www.mopac.org/ Missouri Pacific Historical Society]
- [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/histequp/coach.shtml#sunshine Sunshine Special]

Association of American Railroads

right right The Association of American Railroads is an industry trade group representing the freight railroads of North America (Canada, Mexico and the United States). Amtrak and some regional commuter railroads are also members. AAR was created October 12, 1934 by the merger of five industry-related groups:
- the American Railway Association,
- the Association of Railway Executives,
- the Bureau of Railroad Economics,
- the Railway Accounting Officers Association, and
- the Railway Treasury Officers Association. One of the AAR's duties is to oversee the assignment of reporting marks – two to four letter codes that uniquely identify the owner of any piece of railroad rolling stock or intermodal freight transport equipment (trailers, containers, etc.) that can be carried on a railroad. The current president of AAR is Edward R. Hamberger.

References

# Association of American Railroads (2005), [http://www.aar.org/About_AAR/about_biog.asp Biography: Edward R. Hamberger]. Retrieved November 17 2005.

External links


- [http://www.aar.org/ Association of American Railroads website] Category:Rail transport Category:Industry trade groups

First railroads in the United States

Several railroads have been called the oldest in the United States. Those, as well as other railroads chartered or opened during that time period, are listed below.

List of railroads


- 1720: A railroad is reportedly used in the construction of the French fortress at Louisburg, Nova Scotia (Brown, Robert R., Canada's Earliest Railway Lines, Railway & Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin #78, October 1949).
- 1764: Between 1762 and 1764 a gravity railroad (Montresor's Farmway) was built by British military engineers at the Niagara Portage in Lewiston, New York.
- 1795: A wooden railway on Beacon Hill in Boston carried excavations down the hill to clear the land for the State House.
- 1799: Boston developers begin to reduce the height of Mount Vernon, prior to building streets and homes. Silas Whitney constructs a gravity railroad to move excavated material down the hill to fill marshy areas (Whitehill, Walter Muir, Boston - A Topographical History, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1959, p.62).
- September 1809: An experimental railroad was built next to a Philadelphia tavern by a millwright named Somerville. The track, built for Thomas Leiper, has a grade of 1-1/2 inch to the yard (about 4 percent) over its total length (60 yards) and proves satisfactory when tested with a loaded car (Dunbar, Seymour, A History of Travel in America, p. 876-7).
- 1810: The Leiper Railroad connecting Crum Creek to Ridley Creek, Pennsylvania opened in 1810. It closed in 1829 and was replaced by the Leiper Canal, but a railroad once again replaced the canal in 1852. This became the Crum Creek Branch of the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad (part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) in 1887. This was the first railroad meant to be permanent, and the first to evolve into a common carrier.
- 1811: George Magers designs and builds a 1-mile wooden gravity railroad between a gunpowder mill and its powder storage bunker at Falling's Creek, Virginia (Dunbar, p.878-9, quoting Thomas McKibben of Baltimore in the American Engineer, 1886).
- 1815: New Jersey grants a charter on February 6, 1815 for a company to "erect a rail-road from the river Delaware near Trenton, to the river Raritan, at or near New Brunswick", as proposed by John Stevens (1749-1838).
- 1816: A railroad is reportedly used at Kiskiminetas Creek, Pennsylvania (Dunbar, p.880).
- 1818: An iron-smelting funace at Bear Creek, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania reportedly has a wooden railroad in operation (Dunbar, p.880). Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
- 1826: The Granite Railway was incorporated March 4, 1826 by Gridley Bryant. Construction began on April 1, 1826, and operations began on October 7, 1826. It later became a branch of the Old Colony Railroad (which became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad). This is often called the first railroad in the U.S., and may have been the first to evolve into a common carrier without an intervening closure. It also may have been the first to be chartered.
- 1829: The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's gravity railroad in northeast Pennsylvania opened, with the Stourbridge Lion, the first locomotive to run on rails in the United States, first running on August 8. The canal company, chartered in 1823, called itself "America's oldest continually operated transportation company".
- 1830: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was chartered February 23, 1827, and construction began July 4, 1828. The first 1.5 mile section opened January 7, 1830; the line opened to Ellicott's Mills May 22, 1830, with regular passenger service beginning May 24.[http://www.geocities.com/scott_w_dunlap/BORRTIME.htm] This was the first railroad that evolved into a major system rather than being gobbled up by another, and was probably the first passenger railroad.
- 1830: The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road was chartered December 19, 1827, construction began January 9, 1830, and the first section opened December 25, 1830. This was the first railroad to use steam locomotives regularly.[http://www.railfanclub.org/archives/newsletters/January05/ThisMonth.htm] It later became part of the Southern Railway, now part of Norfolk Southern.
- 1831: The New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike and Rail Road opens in Delaware and Maryland, originally using horse power.
- 1831: The Chesterfield Railroad began operations by September 1831 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.
- 1831: The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad between Albany and Schenectady, New York was chartered in 1826. Construction began August 1830 and the railroad opened September 24, 1831. It later became part of the New York Central Railroad.
- 1832: The New York and Harlem Railroad was incorporated April 25, 1831, and the first section opened November 26, 1832. This was probably the first street railway in the U.S.
- 1835: The Boston and Lowell Railroad opens.
- 1836: The Lake Wimico and St. Joseph Canal and Railroad was the first steam railroad in Florida, opening on September 5.
- 1836: The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens in Quebec, Canada.

Tunnels


- 1834: The Allegheny Portage Railroad opened in March 1834, including the Staple Bend Tunnel, the first railroad tunnel in the U.S., completed in June 1833. Trains stopped running through it in 1857, and it is now part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site. Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site]]
- 1837: The New York and Harlem Railroad began running through the Yorkville Tunnel on October 26, 1837. It was absorbed in the 1870s by the longer and wider Park Avenue Tunnel, and is used by all Metro-North Railroad commuter trains. The old tunnel carries the two center tracks, and two new tunnels carry outer tracks.
- 1839: The Norwich and Worcester Railroad opened in 1839 or 1840 through Bundy Hill Tunnel north of Norwich, Connecticut. This is the oldest tunnel still in use in its original form in the U.S.

West of the Mississippi River


- 1841: The Red River Railroad in Louisiana was operational by 1841. [http://www.csa-railroads.com/Red%20River.htm]
- 1852: The first section of the Pacific Railroad, later part of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, opened near St. Louis, Missouri.

References

General information


- [http://cprr.org/Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html First Railroads in North America]
- [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/rrintro.html Library of Congress - History of Railroads and Maps]
- [http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp Railroad History Database]
- William D. Middleton, Where is America's oldest railroad tunnel?, Trains May 2002

Specific railroads


- [http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~morlok/morlokpage/transp_data.html First Permanent Railroad In The U. S. And Its Connection To The University Of Pennsylvania] (Leiper Railroad)
- [http://ci.quincy.ma.us/tcpl/legacy/railway/firstrr1.htm The First Railroad in America 1826-1926: A History of the Origin and Development of the Granite Railway at Quincy, Massachusetts] Category:Rail transport in the United States Category:Railway lines Category:Portages

Union Pacific

The Union Pacific Railroad is the largest railroad in the United States. Its primary AAR reporting mark is UP. Richard K. Davidson, who began his career as a Missouri Pacific brakeman in 1960, has headed Union Pacific Railroad since 1991 and parent Union Pacific Corporation since 1997. James R. Young is president and chief operating officer and Richard "Dick" K. Davidson is the CEO of the Railroad. The Union Pacific's route map covers most of the central and western United States, westward of Chicago and New Orleans. It has achieved this size thanks to purchasing a large number of other railroads; notable purchases include the Missouri Pacific, Chicago and North Western, Western Pacific, Missouri-Kansas-Texas, and Southern Pacific (which itself was purchased by the Rio Grande before UP purchased it). Union Pacific's chief competitor is the BNSF Railway, which covers much of the same territory.

History

BNSF Railway The Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated on July 1, 1862 in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The first rails were laid in Omaha, Nebraska. They were part of the railroads which came together at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869 as the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Subsequently the Union Pacific took over the Utah Central extending south through Salt Lake City, and the Utah & Northern, extending from Ogden through Idaho into Montana, and it built or absorbed local lines, which gave it access to Denver and to Portland, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest. It acquired the Kansas Pacific (originally called the Union Pacific, Eastern Division, though in essence a separate railroad). It also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. Union Pacific was entangled in the Credit Mobilier scandal of 1872. The railroad's early troubles led to bankruptcy during the 1870s, the result of which was reorganization of the Union Pacific Railroad as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24, 1880. The new company also declared bankruptcy, in 1893, but emerged on July 1, 1897, reverting again to the original name, Union Pacific Railroad. Such minor changes in corporate titles were a common result of reorganization after bankruptcy among American railroads. The recovered railroad was strong enough to take control of Southern Pacific Railroad in 1901 and then was ordered in 1913 by the U.S. Supreme Court to surrender control of the same. The Union Pacific Railroad also founded the Sun Valley resort in Idaho. In 1996, the UP finally acquired the Southern Pacific Railroad in a transaction that was envisioned nearly a century earlier. From 1948 to the early 1970s the UP operated a series of gas turbine-electric locomotives. No other railroad in the world operated turbines on such a scale. At one point, UP claimed that the turbines hauled ten percent of the railroad's freight. They were retired due to rising fuel costs. Two of them can now be seen in museums. UP has the headquarters of the railroad located in Omaha, Nebraska since its inception and moved in 2003 into the recently completed Union Pacific Center, also in Omaha.

Union Pacific Corporation

In 1986 Union Pacific purchased Overnite Transportation, a fairly major less-than-truckload shipping carrier. Union Pacific divested itself of Overnite Trucking through an IPO in late 2003 but still owned a sizable stake until UPS agreed to purchase Overnite in May 2005 for $1.25 billion. That same year, the Union Pacific Corporation was created as a holding company for Union Pacific and its related properties, initially including the railroad and Overnite. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Union Pacific Corporation purchased several non-railroad companies, such as Skyway Freight Systems of Watsonville, California and United States Pollution Control, Inc., but by 2000, following the accession of Richard K. Davidson as CEO of the Corporation, it had divested itself of all non-railroad properties except for Overnite Trucking, and its holding company for logistical technology, Fenix Enterprises. The Corporation was located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania until 1997, when Richard K. Davidson announced that the headquarters of the Corporation was moving to Dallas in September of that year. Upon the sale of Skyway and the impending divestiture of Overnite, however, the corporate headquarters were moved to Omaha to join the headquarters of the railroad only two years later, in 1999.

Current Trackage

Primarily concentrated west of the Mississippi River, the Union Pacific Railroad directly owns and operates track in 23 U.S. states: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. For administrative purposes, the Union Pacific’s track network is divided into 21 “service units”: Cheyenne, Chicago, Council Bluffs, Commuter Operations, Denver, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, Kansas City, Livonia, Los Angeles, North Little Rock, North Platte, Portland, Roseville, San Antonio, Saint Louis, Tucson, Twin Cities, Utah, and Wichita. Each “service unit” is further divided into many different subdivisions, which represent segments of track ranging from 300-mile mainlines to 10-mile branch-lines. Not including second, third and fourth main line trackage, yard trackage, and siding trackage, the Union Pacific directly operates some 36,206 miles (58,364 kilometers) of track as of March, 24, 2000. When the additional tracks are counted, however, the amount of track that the Union Pacific has direct control over rises to 54,116 miles (87,091 kilometers). Union Pacific has also been able to reach agreements with competing railroads, mostly BNSF, that allows the railroad to operate its own trains with its own crews on hundreds of miles of competing railroads’ main tracks. Furthermore, due to the practice of locomotive leasing and sharing undertaken by the Class 1 Railways, Union Pacific locomotives occasionally show up on competitors' tracks throughout the United States, Canada and most recently, Mexico.

Yards and Facilities

Because of the enormity of the Union Pacific, hundreds of yards throughout the Union Pacific’s rail network are needed to effectively handle the daily transport of goods from one place to another. Among the more prominent rail yards in Union Pacific’s system include:
- Bailey Yard, the largest railroad classification yard in the world, located in North Platte, Nebraska.
- The Hinkle Locomotive Service and Repair Facility, the largest locomotive facility along the Union Pacific, in Hinkle, Oregon.
- J.R. Davis Yard, the largest rail facility on the United States’ west coast, in Roseville, California.
- Jenks Shop, one of the largest locomotive overhaul and maintenance facilities in the world, located in North Little Rock, Arkansas.
- Global III Intermodal Facility, a critical interchange hub and loading/unloading terminal for intermodal shipments moving through the Chicago metropolitan area, in Rochelle, Illinois.

Union Pacific Police Department

Rochelle, Illinois gang held up a Union Pacific train, this posse was organized to give chase. L to R: Standing, Unidentified; On horse, George Hiatt, T. Kelliher, Joe Lefors, H. Davis, S. Funk, Thomas Jefferson Carr. [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/butch2.html] ]] Union Pacific, like most other major railroads, maintains a functioning police department staffed with Special Agents with jurisdiction over crimes against the railroad. Special Agents have federal and state arrest powers and can enforce laws even off railroad property. Special Agents typically investigate major incidents such as derailments, sabotage, grade crossing accidents and hazardous material accidents and minor issues such as trespassing on the railroad right of way, vandalism/graffiti, and theft of company property or customer product. Special Agents often coordinate and liaise with local, state, and federal law enforcement on issues concerning the railroad and are dispatched nationally through UP Headquarters in Omaha. The Union Pacific Police Department and the term "Special Agent" were models for the FBI when it was created in 1907.

Paint and colors

FBI, 1991.]] The Union Pacific's basic paint scheme for its diesel-electric locomotives is the oldest still in use by a major railroad. The bottom two-thirds of the locomotive body is painted Armour Yellow (so-named because it was the color used by the Armour meat company). A thin band of red divides this from the Harbor Mist Gray (a fairly light gray color) used for the body and roof above that point. A red line is also painted at the bottom of the locomotive body, but this color will gradually become yellow as new FRA regulations for reflectorized tape come into effect in 2005; the trucks, underframe, fuel tanks and everything else beneath that line are also painted Harbor Mist Gray. Lettering and numbering is also in red, with black outlines. Some locomotives (historically passenger locomotives, and some recent units from 2000 on) have white-outlined blue "wings" on the nose. More recently, some units have been repainted with a large, billowing Stars and Stripes with the corporate motto "Building America" on the side, where the 'UNION PACIFIC' lettering is normally positioned. The first version of this scheme was used on the UP's streamlined trains in the 1930s, although a brown was used instead of grey. Passenger cars, cabooses and other non-freight equipment is also painted in a similar fashion. The steam locomotive paint schemes are unique in their own way. Up until the mid-1940s, all steam locomotives on the Union Pacific were painted in a similar fashion: the smokebox and firebox were painted graphite and the rest was painted jet black. In the 1940s, many passenger locomotives were repainted to look somewhat similar to the flashy new E and F units being delivered. These locomotives were painted graphite all over, with one dark grey strip running alongside the running board and in the middle of the tender. This dark grey strip was outlined in yellow, and all lettering inside the strip was yellow also. Near the end of the steam locomotive's reign on the Union Pacific, these locomotives were repainted in the same color scheme as the earlier freight locomotives. In the second half of 2005, Union Pacific unveiled a new set of EMD SD70ACe locomotives in "Heritage Colors," painted in schemes reminiscent of railroads acquired by UP since the 1980s. The engine numbers match the year that the predecessor railroad was absorbed into the Union Pacific. The three locomotives already repainted commemorate the Missouri Pacific (UP 1982), Western Pacific (UP 1983), and Missouri-Kansas-Texas (UP 1988) railroads. A further three engines will also be painted in the colors of other UP predecessors, which are Chicago and North Western (bought by UP in 1995) and Southern Pacific (1996), Denver and Rio Grande Western (which had already a part of Southern Pacific from 1988). These three locomotives are expected to be painted in Q1 of 2006. Union Pacific recently unveiled another specially painted SD70ACe. UP 4141 has "George Bush 41" on the sides and its paint scheme resembles that of Air Force One.

Surviving Merger Partner Locomotives

As of July 31, 2005, Union Pacific operates as many as 152 Southern Pacific, 36 St. Louis Southwestern (Cotton Belt), 6 Chicago and North Western, and 13 Denver and Rio Grande Western locomotives still in their former railroad's paint. In addition, many locomotives have been "patch" renumbered by UP, varying in the degree of the previous railroads' logos being eradicated, but always with a yellow patch applied over the locomotive's former number and a new Union Pacific number applied on the cab. This allows UP to number locomotives into its roster, yet it takes less time and money than it does to perform a complete repaint into UP colors. As of July 31, 2005, Union Pacific rostered a grand total of 492 "patches", consisting of 37 Chicago and North Western patches, 445 Southern Pacific patches, 47 St. Louis Southwestern patches, and 23 Denver and Rio Grande Western patches.

Historic locomotives

Air Force One] The UP, uniquely among modern railroads, maintains a small fleet of historic locomotives for special trains and hire. All historic Locomotives are stored in Cheyenne, Wyoming in the roundhouse. The roundhouse is just south of the historic depot.
- UP 844 is a 4-8-4 Northern type express passenger steam locomotive (class FEF-3). It was the last steam locomotive built for the Union Pacific and has been in continuous service since its 1944 delivery. A mechanical failure in which the boiler tubes from the 1996 overhaul, being made of the wrong material, collapsed inside the boiler and put the steam locomotive out of commission on June 24 1999. The Union Pacific steam crew successfully repaired it and returned it to service on November 10 2004. It is the only steam locomotive to never be officially retired from a North American Class I railroad.
- UP 3985 is a 4-6-6-4 Challenger class dual-service steam locomotive. It is the largest steam locomotive still in operation anywhere in the world. Withdrawn from service in 1962, it was stored in the Union Pacific roundhouse until 1975, when it was moved to the employee's parking lot outside the Cheyenne, Wyoming depot until 1981 when a team of employee volunteers restored it to service.
- UP 951, 949 and 963B are a trio of streamlined General Motors Electro-Motive Division E9 passenger locomotives built in 1955. They are used to haul the UP business cars and for charter specials. While externally they are 1955 vintage locomotives, the original twin engines have been replaced with single EMD 16-645E 3000 hp (2.2 MW) units and the electrical and control equipment similarly upgraded, making them modern locomotives under the skin. The set is made of two A units and one B unit.
- UP 6936 is an EMD DDA40X "Centennial" diesel-electric locomotive. These were the largest diesel locomotives ever built and were manufactured specifically for Union Pacific.
- UP 5511 is a 2-10-2 steam locomotive. This locomotive is very rarely ever heard of, due to the fact that it was never donated for public display. This locomotive is reportedly in excellent condition, and a restoration probably wouldn't take more than a couple of weeks. The only thing keeping it from being restored is that it would be limited to 40 mph or lower due to its large cylinders and small drivers. As of August 2004, this locomotive is being offered for sale by UP. In addition there are a number of other locomotives kept in storage for possible future restoration. Rio Grande (DRGW) F9B 5763 is one of the units in storage, part of the Trio (A-B-B) of F9s that served on the Rio Grande in various Passenger Duty services (From the Denver Ski Train to the Zephyr Trains) until their retirement in 1996. Sister Units 5771 (F9A) and 5762 (F9B) were donated to the Colorado Railroad Museum. Chicago & Northwestern F7 #401, used in Chicago Commuter Service, also was retained by UP. Among the former tenants was Southern Pacific SD7 1518 (The First Production SD7 (ex. EMD demo 990), transferred to the Illinois Railway Museum after sometime in storage in the UP shops.

Preserved locomotives

In addition to the historic fleet outlined above kept by the Union Pacific itself, a large number of UP locomotives survive elsewhere. Many locomotives were donated to towns along the Union Pacific tracks, for instance, as well as locomotives donated to museums.
- UP 737 - A 4-4-0 in the collection of Steamtown National Historic Site.
- UP 4004, 4005, 4006, 4012, 4014, 4017, 4018, 4023 - Union Pacific Big Boy 4-8-8-4 articulated steam locomotives. Eight out of twenty-five still survive. Number 4018, currently residing at the Age of Steam Railroad Museum in Dallas, TX, almost saw a return to operation in 1998 when a film director proposed restoring the locomotive for use in a movie. However, it has been almost a year since anything has been heard of this proposal, and it is considered to have been only a whim. Many consider the Big Boys to have been the largest locomotives ever built, however there are other classes of steam locomotive that are heavier, longer, or more powerful.
- UP 6911 - One of the huge UP's DD40x locomotives, stored in the Commission Federal de Electricidad CFE Museum in Mexico City.
- UP 9000, a Union Pacific 9000 class 4-12-2 giant non-articulated freight locomotive, at the Los Angeles County Fairplex, Pomona, California.

Passenger train service

Until May 1, 1971 (when Amtrak took over long-distance passenger operations in the United States), the Union Pacific at various times operated the following named passenger trains:
- Challenger
- City of Denver (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway)
- City of Las Vegas
- City of Los Angeles (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway)
- City of Portland
- City of Salina
- City of San Francisco (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway and the Southern Pacific Railroad)
- City of St. Louis
- Columbine
- Los Angeles Limited
- Overland Flyer (Overland Limited)
- Portland Rose

Diversity

Union Pacific was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. It was named "Most Military Friendly Employer in America" for 2005. For the third consecutive year, Union Pacific Railroad has been selected by LATINA Style magazine as one of the LATINA Style 50 best companies for Latina (female hispanic) employees in the United States.

Facts and Figures

According to Union Pacific’s 2003 Annual Report to Investors, at the end of 2003, the Union Pacific Railroad had more than 48,000 employees, 7,861 locomotives, and 87,725 freight cars. Broken down by specific type of car, the Union Pacific owned:
- 29,374 Covered Hoppers
- 18,691 Boxcars
- 13,489 Open-top Hoppers
- 14,955 Gondolas
- 11,296 “Other” types of cars In addition, the railroad also owns 6,950 different pieces of maintenance of way work equipment. The average age from date of manufacture for Union Pacific’s locomotive fleet was 14.3 years at the end of 2003, while the average age from date of manufacture for the freight car fleet at the end of 2003 was 24.5 years.

Company officers

Presidents of the Union Pacific Railroad:
- Sidney Dillon (1874–1884)
- Charles F. Adams (1884–1890)
- Sidney Dillon (1890–1892)
- Jay Gould (several months in 1892)
- E. H. Harriman (1904–1909)
- Carl R. Gray (1920–1937)
- William Jeffers (1937–?)
- John Kenefick (1971–1986)
- Richard K. Davidson (1991–1996)
- Ron Burns (several months in 1996)
- Jerry Davis (1996–1998)
- Ike Evans (1998–2004)
- James R. Young (2004–Present) Chief Executive Officers, Presidents, and Chairmen of the Union Pacific Corporation (Parent Corporation of the Railroad)
- John Kenefick (several months in 1986)
- Drew Lewis (1986–1997)
- Richard K. Davidson (1997– Retiring in January 2006)
- James R. Young (to be appointed in January 2006)

See also


- Central Pacific Railroad
- Missouri Pacific Railroad
- Pacific Fruit Express
- Southern Pacific Railroad
- Western Pacific Railroad
- Control Car Remote Control Locomotive (ex-locomotives used by the UP for remote control)
- First Transcontinental Railroad
- List of United States railroads
- List of Iowa railroads
- List of Kansas railroads
- List of Wisconsin railroads

References


-
- Trains News Wire (May 17, 2005), [http://www.trains.com/Content/Dynamic/Articles/000/000/005/929cbkwg.asp UPS to buy Overnite trucking company]. Retrieved May 18, 2005 — details UPS/Overnite deal.
- [http://www.up.com/ Union Pacific Railroad]
- [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/ Thousands of photographs from as early as 1860 taken by employees of the Union Pacific railroad]
- [http://www.uphs.org/ Union Pacific Historical Society]
- [http://UPRR.org/Museum/UPRR/ Union Pacific Railroad 19th Century Stereoview Exhibit (at the Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum)]
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/uplogo/logo01.shtml History of the UP logo: Decorative Victorian logos]. Retrieved February 24 2005.
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/uplogo/logo02.shtml History of the UP logo: Early shields]. Retrieved February 24 2005.
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/sig-indv.shtml Significant individuals]. Retrieved February 24 2005.

External links


- [http://www.up.com Union Pacific's official website]
- Heritage paint photos: [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201982 Union Pacific 1982 (Missouri Pacific)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201983 Union Pacific 1983 (Western Pacific)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201988 Union Pacific 1988 (Missouri-Kansas-Texas)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%204141 Union Pacific 4141 (Air Force One)]
- [http://www.railserve.com/railnews/unionpacific_news.html Railserve's Union Pacific News]
- [http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/Union_Pacific/ Union Pacific Railroad Yahoo! e-mail list]
- [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/passengr.shtml A Brief History of Union Pacific's Passenger Trains]
- [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/butch2.html Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - From Wyoming Tales and Trails]
-

July 4

July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. The phrase "Fourth of July" has acquired widespread significance in American lingo as a reference to the Independence Day celebration in the United States and that celebration's many cultural accoutrements.

Events


- 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized.
- 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese and Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
- 1187 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
- 1584 - Sir Walter Ralegh first sees the coast of North Carolina
- 1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.
- 1712 - 12 slaves are executed in New York for starting an uprising that killed 9 whites
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress approves a Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
- 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
- 1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
- 1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
- 1826 - Fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, on which John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two of America's Founding Fathers, died.
- 1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
- 1831 - James Monroe dies on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
- 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.
- 1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.
- 1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic passenger cruise.
- 1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).
- 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems titled Leaves of Grass is published.
- 1859 - Franco-Piedmontese War: The Battle of Magenta.
- 1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of seige.
- 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
- 1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- 1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
- 1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
- 1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
- 1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
- 1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.
- 1934 - Joe Louis wins his first professional boxing match.
- 1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.
- 1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considered himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.
- 1941 - Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by Nazi Germans in captured Polish city of Lwów.
- 1946 - After 381 years of colonial rule, the Philippines is granted full independence by the United States.
- 1950 - First broadcast by Radio Free Europe.
- 1959 - With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1960 - Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Act).
- 1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.
- 1976 - Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing most of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by pro-Palestinian hijackers.
- 1976 - The citizens of the United States celebrate their country's bicentennial.
- 1982 - Four Iranian diplomats have been kidnapped upon Israel invasion of lebanon.
- 1984 - NASCAR driver Richard Petty wins his 200th and final career victory at the Firecracker 400 race.
- 1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 1989 - 14-year-old actress Drew Barrymore attempts suicide.
- 1993 - The Argentine national football team defeats mexico to win the Copa América 1993 in Guayaquil.
- 1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.
- 1998 - Lin "Spit" Newborn and Daniel Shersty are murdered by neonazis in the desert just outside Las Vegas.
- 2002 - Three people are shot at the El Al check-in booth at Los Angeles International Airport. The gunman is shot and killed by a security officer.
- 2002 - A Prestige Airlines cargo Boeing 707 crashes just short of the runway in Bangui, Central African Republic killing 25
- 2004 - The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (This was largely a symbolic event; actual construction would not start for several weeks)
- 2004 - National Team of Greece won the EURO 2004 Cup 1-0 after the Final against Portugal.
- 2005 - The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.

Births


- 1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)
- 1546 - Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)
- 1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)
- 1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)
- 1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (d. 1797)
- 1799 - King Oscar I of Sweden (Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte), French Napoleonic general (d. 1859)
- 1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)
- 1807 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
- 1826 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)
- 1845 - Thomas Barnardo, Irish humanitarian (d. 1905)
- 1854 - Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)
- 1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (d. 1906)
- 1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
- 1878 - George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942)
- 1881 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- 1882 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
- 1883 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
- 1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (d. 1981)
- 1900 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (d. 1971)
- 1902 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born mobster (d. 1983)
- 1902 - George Murphy, American dancer, actor, and Senator from California (d. 1992)
- 1904 - Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Irving Johnson, American author and adventurer (d. 1991)
- 1910 - Gloria Stuart, American actress
- 1911 - Mitch Miller, American bandleader and television personality
- 1917 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
- 1918 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Abigail Van Buren, American advice columnist and twin sister to Ann Landers
- 1920 - Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor
- 1920 - Norm Drucker, prominent National Basketball Association referee
- 1921 - Gerard Debreu, French-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1924 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- 1926 - Alfredo Di Stefano, Argentinian footballer
- 1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
- 1927 - Neil Simon, American playwright
- 1929 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- 1930 - George Steinbrenner, baseball team owner
- 1938 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- 1942 - Floyd Little, American football player
- 1943 - Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German jazz trombonist
- 1943 - Geraldo Rivera, American reporter and talk show host
- 1946 - Ron Kovic, American peace activist
- 1946 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
- 1951 - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American politician
- 1961 - Richard Garriott, English video game designer
- 1962 - Pam Shriver, American tennis player
- 1967 - Vinny Castilla, Mexican Major League Baseball player
- 1967 - Andy Walker, Canadian television personality
- 1973 - Gackt, Japanese singer
- 1974 - La'Roi Glover, American football player
- 1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer
- 1981 - Daniel Creaney, Lorraine Kelly impersonator

Deaths


- 965 - Pope Benedict V
- 1187 - Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed)
- 1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. 1495)
- 1603 - Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (b. 1521)
- 1623 - William Byrd, English composer
- 1742 - Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)
- 1754 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (b. 1680)
- 1761 - Samuel Richardson, English writer (b. 1689)
- 1780 - Prince Charles of Lorraine, Austrian military leader (b. 1712)
- 1787 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715)
- 1821 - Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
- 1826 - John Adams 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
- 1826 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
- 1831 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
- 1848 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
- 1850 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)
- 1857 - William L. Marcy, American statesman (b. 1786)
- 1881 - Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. 1806)
- 1882 - Joseph Brackett, American religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
- 1891 - Hannibal Hamlin, U.S. Vice President (b. 1809)
- 1901 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- 1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1863)
- 1905 - Élisée Reclus, French geographer and anarchist (b. 1830)
- 1910 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
- 1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian mountaineer (b. 1901)
- 1931 - Buddie Petit, American jazz cornetist
- 1934 - Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- 1941 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- 1970 - Barnett Newman, American artist (b. 1905)
- 1971 - August Derleth, American writer and editor (b. 1909)
- 1975 - Georgette Heyer, English author (b. 1902)
- 1976 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (b. 1895)
- 1986 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Dr. Victor Chang, Australian physician (murdered) (b. 1936)
- 1992 - Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian composer (b. 1921)
- 1995 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1919)
- 1997 - Charles Kuralt, American television reporter (b. 1934)
- 2002 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American general (b. 1912)
- 2003 - Barry White, American singer and record producer (b. 1944)
- 2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Hank Stram, American football coach (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- United States - Independence Day (1776)
- Filipino-American Friendship Day
- In astronomy, the approximate date of Earth's aphelion.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 3 - July 5 - June 4 - August 4 - more historical anniversaries ko:7월 4일 ms:4 Julai ja:7月4日 simple:July 4 th:4 กรกฎาคม

1851

1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 23 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
- March 1 - Victor Hugo gives speech at the French national assembly and uses the phrase United States of Europe several times
- March 27 - First reported case of white men seeing Yosemite Valley.
- March 30 - A population census was taken of all people living in the United Kingdom.
- May 1 - The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. It runs until October 18.
- May 15 - Rama IV is crowed King of Thailand.
- July - The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
- July 1 - Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
- July 1 - Serial poisoner Helene Jegado is arrested in Rennes, France
- July 29 - Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- August 5 - Mount Pelee erupts and kills 30 people.
- August 22 - The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race.
- September 15 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- September 18 - The New York Times is founded.
- October - Reuters news service founded.
- October 18 - The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
- October 24 - Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, discovered by William Lassell.
- November 13 - The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.
- November 14 - Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York - after it was first published on October 18, by Richard Bentley, London.
- December 2 - Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. Later he declares himself as an emperor Napoleon III. End of the Second Republic.
- December 6 - Trial of Helene Jegado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed in a guillotine.
- December 9 - The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal, Quebec.
- December 24 - The Library of Congress burns.
- December 26-27 - Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos island; Oba Kosoko is wounded and flees to Epe.
- December 29 - The first YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Undated


- Dictator Rosas overthrown in Brazil. New government recognizes independent Paraguay. New Blanco government in Uruguay
- Florida State University is founded.
- Gold discovered in Australia.
- St. Paul's College, Hong Kong is founded.

Births


- January 17 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- January 19 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
- February 8 - Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
- March 19 - William Henry Stark, Business Leader (d. 1936)
- March 27 - Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
- March 28 - Bernardino Machado, Portuguese President (d. 1944)
- April 21 - Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
- May 6 - Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
- May 20 - Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
- May 21 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
- August 14 - Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
- September 7 - David King Udall, American politician (d. 1938)
- October 2 - Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
- Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
- Tom Morris, Jr., Scottish golfer (d. 1875)

Deaths


- January 10 - Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (b. 1775)
- January 27 - John James Audubon, French-American naturalist and illustrator (b. 1785)
- January 31 - David Spangler Kaufman, Congressman from Texas (b. 1813)
- February 1 - Mary Shelley, English author (b. 1797)
- February 18 - Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, German mathematician (b. 1804)
- March 9 - Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish scientist (b. 1777)
- September 10 - Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator (b. 1787)
- September 11 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist and inventor (b. 1794)
- September 14 - James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (b. 1789)
- October 4 - Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (b. 1767)
- November 26 - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French marshal (b. 1769)
- December 19 - Joseph Mallord William Turner, English artist (b. 1775) ko:1851년 ms:1851 simple:1851 th:พ.ศ. 2394

St. Louis, Missouri

:This article is about the city in Missouri. For other uses of Saint Louis, see Saint Louis. Saint Louis (pronounced in English, Image:ltspkr.png in French), frequently spelled St. Louis, encompasses an independent city in the American state of Missouri (the "City of Saint Louis") and its metropolitan area ("Greater Saint Louis"). The city, which is named after Louis IX of France, is adjacent to, but not a part of, Saint Louis County, Missouri. The Saint Louis metropolitan area, which includes counties in both Missouri and Illinois, is the 19th largest in the United States, with a total population of 2,698,672 as of the 2000 census. While the population of the metropolitan area has been increasing, the population of the City of Saint Louis (348,189) has been declining since the 1950s, as many have moved to the many suburbs in Saint Louis County, or to other parts of the metropolitan area. This exodus to the suburbs appears to have finally stopped at the beginning of this century thanks to recent attempts to revitalize the downtown area, and the city in general. The city has several common nicknames, including the, "Gateway City", "Gateway to the West", and "Mound City." St. Louis is also sometimes called "Saint Louie", "River City," and "Baseball City USA."

History

nickname statue of the city's namesake on horseback, was widely used as a symbol of the city before construction of the Arch.]] Prior to the arrival of French explorers in 1763 the area that would become Saint Louis was a major center of the Mississippian mound builders. The presence of numerous mounds, now almost all destroyed, earned the later city the nickname of "Mound City". European exploration of the area had begun nearly a century earlier. Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, both French, traveled through the Mississippi River valley in 1673, and five years later, La Salle claimed the entire valley for France. He called it "Louisiana" after King Louis XIV; the French also called their region "Illinois Country". In 1699, a settlement was established across the river from what is now Saint Louis, at Cahokia. Other early settlements were downriver at Kaskaskia, Illinois, Prairie du Pont, Fort de Chartres, and Sainte Genevieve. In 1703, Catholic priests established a small mission at what is now St. Louis. The mission was later moved across the Mississippi, but the small river at the site (now a channelized drainage ditch near the southern boundary of the City of Saint Louis) still bears the name River Des Peres (River of the Fathers). In 1763, Pierre Laclède, his 13-year-old stepson Auguste Chouteau, and a small band of men traveled up the Mississippi from New Orleans. In November, they landed a few miles downstream of the river's confluence with the Missouri River at a site where wooded limestone bluffs rose 40 feet above the river. The men returned to Fort de Chartres for the winter, but in February, LaClede sent Chouteau and 30 men to begin construction. The settlement was established on February 15, 1764. The settlement began to grow quickly after word arrived that the 1763 Treaty of Paris had given England all the land east of the Mississippi. Frenchmen who had settled to the river's east moved across the water to "Laclede's Village". Other early settlements were established nearby at