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ITnetITnet (Institute of Technology Network) is an PoS based multi Mbit/s network created for the Institutes of Technology in the Republic of Ireland. ITnet uses a 45 Mbit/s link to each of the institutions and an international link of 310 Mbit/s via HEAnet.
The system was proposed in 1991 between Regional Technical College, Cork and Regional Technical College, Carlow, as they were then called. In 1993 an agreement was reached to create RTCnet. The system was running by 1994 with its hub in University College, Dublin and service management at Carlow. All Regional Technical Colleges were connected to the system.
In 1998 RTCnet became ITnet to reflect the change in status of the Regional Technical College system to Institutes of Technology. Currently the hub of the system and service management is at Institute of Technology, Tallaght where an international link is provided via HEAnet. Financial management is provided at Cork Institute of Technology.
See also
- Communications in Ireland
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
External links
- [http://www.itnet.ie/ Official Site - ITnet]
Category:Education in Ireland
Category:Academic computer network organizations
Packet over SONETPacket over SONET/SDH, abbreviated POS, is communications protocol for transmitting packets over SDH or SONET, which are both circuit switched protocols.
Applications of POS
The most important application of POS is to support the sending of IP packets across Wide Area Networks. Much of the traffic on the Internet is carried over POS links.
POS is also one of the link layers used by the IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring standard.
History of POS
Cisco was involved in the making POS an important Wide Area Network protocol. PMC-Sierra produced an important series of early semiconductor devices which
implemented POS.
Pronunciation
POS is pronounced as "pos".
Complementary Interfaces
The System Packet Interface series of standards from the Optical Internetworking Forum including SPI-4.2 and SPI-3 and their predecessors PL-4 and PL-3 are commonly used by framer devices that implement POS. The acronym PL-4 means POS-PHY Layer 4.
External links
- [http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/rt/12000/tech/posdh_wp.htm Cisco's Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) Technology Support Whitepaper]
Category:Network protocols
Regional Technical CollegeA Regional Technical College (RTC) is a type of college in Ireland now replaced by an Institute of Technology (IOT). The idea of the institutions was first announced by Patrick Hillery in 1963. A year later, a site for an institution in Carlow was identified. The Investment in Education (1962) and Training of Technicians in Ireland (1964) reports greatly accelerated the trend in Ireland for education reform and development particularly in technical education, similar to that in other Western Countries at the time. The Steering Committee on Technical Education, also called The Mulcahy Report (1967), was an important milestone in framing the institutional structures and functions.
Creation
The first institutions formally opened their doors in 1970, and other colleges were added during the following decade. Some colleges developed from earlier institutions and colleges, involving amalgamation, but most were completely new institutions. A Regional Technical College for Limerick was cancelled after a National Institute for Higher Education was announced for the city. Finally, in 1993, an institution was created for Limerick. Two additional institutions have been created since, bringing the total to thirteen.
The institutions and their year of establishment:
- First (1970) - Athlone, Carlow, Dundalk, Sligo, Waterford
- Later - Letterkenny (1971), Galway-Mayo (1972), Cork (1974), Tralee (1977)
- Recent - Tallaght (1992), Limerick (1993), Dún Laoghaire (1997), Blanchardstown (2000).
Legislation
The institutions were run under the Vocational Education Acts from 1970 until 1992 as special subcommittees of the Vocational Education Committees, and placed on an independent basis thereafter by the Regional Technical Colleges Acts in 1993. In the late 1990s, all of the institutions were upgraded to Institute of Technology status. This was in recognition of the high standards, including university level research, which takes place at them. Additionally some institutions have been given delegated authority and confer their own certificates, diplomas, and, in due course, degrees. The Regional Techical Colleges Acts still apply to all the institutions, with Dublin Institute of Technology set up under previous legislation and been quite distinct.
Management
The individual institutions are structured similar to other universities, particularly Irish ones. Each institution has a Director, who is the chief operational officer of the institution, usually assisted by an ad-hoc senior management team; a Registrar, who is the chief academic officer of the institution; a Governing Council, which overseas operational affairs; an Academic Council, which overseas academic affairs. Each academic school has a Head of School and each academic department, of a school, has a Head of Department.
Programmes
The institutions traditional courses were National Certificate and National Diploma type courses particularly in business, engineering and science, this was very much the founding principal. During the late 1970s degrees at Bachelor's level were introduced, later Master's and Doctoral levels were also allowed. In recent years their has been a rapid expansion in apprenticeship and nursing type courses.
Validation
Traditionally awards were conferred by the National Council for Educational Awards, this statutory authority became the Higher Education and Training Awards Council, other awards are conferred by the Further Education and Training Awards Council. Some specialised courses, such as accountancy, are validated by professional bodies but these are nearly always the exception.
See also
- Education in Ireland
- ITnet
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
External links
- [http://www.councilofdirectors.ie Council of Directors of Institutes of Technology]
Category:Education in Ireland
Category:Vocational education
Republic of Ireland:For an explanation of often confusing terms like Ulster, (Republic of) Ireland, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology) .
The Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is the official description of the sovereign state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of north-west Europe. The state's official name is Ireland (Irish: Éire), and this is how international organisations and citizens refer to the country. It is a member of the European Union, has a developed economy and a population of slightly more than four million. The remaining sixth of the island of Ireland is known as Northern Ireland and is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Name
Main article: Names of the Irish state
The constitution provides that the name of the state is "Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland." However the state is commonly referred to as the "Republic of Ireland" in order to distinguish it from the island of Ireland as a whole. The name Republic of Ireland came into use after the Republic of Ireland Act defined it as the official "description" of the state in 1949 (the purpose of the act being to declare that the state was a republic rather than a form of constitutional monarchy), it is also the accepted legal name in the United Kingdom of the state as per the Ireland Act 1949. Today while Republic of Ireland is an accepted term for the state, Ireland is used for official purposes such as treaties, government and legal documents and membership of international organisations.
The state is also referred to, in English, by many other names such as Éire and the Twenty-six Counties. The use of Éire, in the English language, in Ireland has become increasingly rare, not least due to past condescending connotations. Historically the state has had more than one official title. The revolutionary state established by nationalists in 1919 was known as the "Irish Republic", while when the state achieved de jure independence in 1922 it became known as the "Irish Free State" (in the Irish language Saorstát Éireann), a name that was retained until 1937.
History
Main article: History of the Republic of Ireland
The partition of Ireland came about because of complex constitutional developments in the early twentieth century.
From 1 January 1801 until 6 December 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Famine in 1845-1847, in which 1.5 million Irish died, was followed by enormous emigration. From 1874, but particularly from 1880 under Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Parliamentary Party moved to prominence with its attempts to achieve Home Rule, which would have given Ireland some autonomy without requiring it to leave the United Kingdom. It seemed possible in 1911 when the House of Lords lost their veto, and John Redmond secured the Third Home Rule Act 1914. The unionist movement, however, had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants, fearing that they would face discrimination, and lose economic and social privileges if Irish Catholics were to achieve real political power. Though Irish unionism existed throughout the whole of Ireland, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island. (Any tariff barriers would, it was feared, most heavily hit that region.) In addition, the Protestant population was more strongly located in Ulster, with unionist majorities existing in about four counties. Under the leadership of the Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson and the northerner Sir James Craig they became more militant. In 1914, to avoid rebellion in Ulster, the British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, with agreement of the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party leadership, inserted a clause into the bill providing for home rule for 26 of the 32 counties, with an as of yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area temporarily excluded. Though it received the Royal Assent, the Third Home Rule Act 1914's implementation was suspended until after the Great War. (The war at that stage was expected to be ended by 1915, not the four years it did ultimately last.) For the prior reasons Redmond and his Irish National Volunteers supported the Allied cause, and tens of thousands joined the British Army.
In January 1919, after the December 1918 general elections, 73 of Ireland's 106 MPs elected were Sinn Fein members who refused to take their seats in the British House of Commons. Instead they set up an extra-legal Irish parliament called Dáil Éireann. This Dáil in January 1919 issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence and proclaimed an Irish Republic. This Declaration of Independence was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. Despite this, the new Irish Republic remained unrecognised internationally except by Lenin's Russian Republic. Nevertheless the Republic's Áireacht (ministry) sent a delegation under Ceann Comhairle Sean T. O'Kelly to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. However it was not admitted. After the bitterly fought War of Independence, representatives of the British government and the Irish rebels negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 under which the British agreed to the establishment of an independent Irish State whereby the Irish Free State (in the Irish language Saorstát Éireann) with dominion status was created. The Dáil narrowly ratified the treaty.
The Treaty however was not entirely satisfactory to either side. It gave more concessions to the Irish than the British had intended to give but did not go far enough to satisfy Republican concerns. The new Irish Free State was in theory to cover the entire island, subject to the proviso that Northern Ireland (which had been created as a separate entity under the Government of Ireland Act 1920) could opt out and choose to remain part of the United Kingdom, which it duly did, to no-one's surprise. The remaining 26 counties of the island became the Irish Free State, a constitutional monarchy over which the British monarch reigned (from 1927 with the title King of Ireland). It had a Governor-General, a bicameral parliament, a cabinet called the "Executive Council" and a prime minister called the President of the Executive Council.
The Irish Civil War was the direct consequence of the creation the Irish Free State. Anti-Treaty forces, led by Eamon de Valera, objected to the fact that acceptance of the Treaty abolished the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the "people have no right to do wrong". They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Commonwealth and that TDs would have to swear an oath of fidelity to King George V and his successors. Pro-Treaty forces, led by Michael Collins, argued that the Treaty gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it".
At the start of the war, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and an anti-treaty IRA. However, through the lack of an effective command structure in the anti-treaty IRA, and the pro-treaty IRA's defensive tactics throughout the war, Collins and his pro-treaty commanders were able to build up an army capable of overwhelming the anti-treaty forces on the battlefield. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. The lack of public support for the anti-treaty Irregulars, and the determination of the government to overcome them, contributed significantly to their defeat.
The National Army suffered 800 fatalities and perhaps as many as 4000 people were killed altogether. As their forces retreated, the Irregulars showed a major talent for destruction and the economy of the Free State suffered a hard blow in the earliest days of its existence as a result.
Collins
On the 29 December 1937 a new constitution, the Constitution of Ireland, came into force. It replaced the Irish Free State by a new state called simply "Ireland". Though this state's constitutional structures provided for a President of Ireland instead of a king, it was not technically a republic. The principal key role possessed by a head of state, that of representing the state symbolically internationally remained vested in statute law in the King as an organ. On 1 April 1949 the Republic of Ireland Act declared a republic, with the functions previously given to the King given instead to the President of Ireland.
The Irish state had remained a member of the then British Commonwealth after independence until the declaration of a republic in April 1949. Under Commonwealth rules declaration of a republic automatically terminated membership of the association, consequently Ireland ceased to be a member.
The Republic of Ireland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Community (now the European Union) in 1973. Irish governments have sought the peaceful reunification of Ireland and have usually cooperated with the British government in the violent conflict with the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland known as the "Troubles". A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, the Belfast Agreement, was approved in 1998 in referenda north and south of the border, and is currently being implemented, albeit more slowly than many would like.
Politics
Main article: Politics of the Republic of Ireland
The state is a republic, with a parliamentary system of government. The President of Ireland, who serves as head of state, is elected for a seven-year term and can be re-elected only once. The president is largely a figurehead but can still carry out certain constitutional powers and functions, aided by the Council of State, an advisory body. The Taoiseach (prime minister), is appointed by the president on the nomination of parliament. The Taoiseach is normally the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in the national elections. It has become normal in the Republic for coalitions to form a government, and there has not been a single-party government since the period of 1987–1989.
The bicameral parliament, the Oireachtas, consists of a Senate, Seanad Éireann, and a lower house, Dáil Éireann. The Seanad is composed of sixty members; eleven nominated by the Taoiseach, six elected by two universities, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. The Dáil has 166 members, Teachtaí Dála, elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote. Under the constitution, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The current statutory maximum term is every five years.
Single Transferable Vote (Parliament of Ireland)]]
The Government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members. No more than two members of the Government can be selected from the Senate, and the Taoiseach, Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) and Minister for Finance must be members of the Dáil. The current government is made up of a coalition of two parties; Fianna Fáil under Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and the Progressive Democrats under Tánaiste Mary Harney.
The main opposition in the current Dáil is made up of Fine Gael and Labour. Smaller parties such as the Progressive Democrats, Green Party, Sinn Féin and the Socialist Party also have representation in the Dáil.
Ireland has been in the European Union since 1973. Although it has less than 1% of the Union's population, it has received 16% of all "first warnings" issued on environmental issues.
Role of the Catholic church in national affairs
As mentioned in the Demographics section, church attendance has declined rapidly in Ireland in recent years. As with other European states (eg, Italy) that were predominently Roman Catholic, the Irish state has undergone a period of secularisation and legal de-Catholicisation. In 1972 the "special position" of the Catholic Church in Ireland was deleted from the Irish constitution. The Catholic Church was hit in the 1990s by a series of sexual scandals and cover-up charges against its hierarchy. In 1995, after a seventy-year ban, a constitutional amendment allowed divorce in the Republic. In 1983, the Irish constitution was amended to recognise "the right to life of the unborn", subject to qualifications concerning the "equal right to life" of the mother. In the 1990s the Supreme Court interpreted the qualifications in the amendment as allowing abortion in limited circumstances. However, the Oireachtas has not introduced a law enabling abortion to take place in those circumstances allowed by the court. A subsequent series of constitutional amendments allow Irish citizens access to information about abortion and to travel freely to get abortions outside Ireland. In 2005, a major inquiry was made into child sex abuse allegations. The Fern's report, which was published on 25 October, revealed that more than 100 cases of child sex abuse, between 1962 and 2002, by 21 priests, had taken place in the Diocese of Ferns alone. The report criticised the Garda and the health authorities, who failed to protect the children to the best of their ablities and in the case of the Garda before 1988, no file was ever recorded on sex abuse complaints.
Counties
Main article: Counties of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland has 26 counties, and these are used in political, cultural and sporting contexts. Dáil constituencies are required by statute to follow county boundaries, as far as possible. Hence counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies (e.g. Limerick East/West) and some constituencies consist of more than one county (e.g. Sligo-Leitrim), but by and large, the actual county boundaries are not crossed. As local government units, however, some have been restructured, with County Dublin distributed between three new county councils in the 1990s and County Tipperary having been administratively two separate counties since the 1890s, giving a present-day total of 29 administrative counties and five cities. The five cities — Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford — are administered separately from the remainder of their respective counties. Five boroughs — Clonmel, Drogheda, Kilkenny, Sligo and Wexford — have a level of autonomy within the county:
Geography
County Wicklow
Main article: Geography of Ireland
The island of Ireland extends over 84,421 km² of which five-sixths belong to the Republic, with the remainder constituting Northern Ireland. It is bound to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east is found the Irish Sea which reconnects to the ocean via the southwest with St. George's Channel and the Celtic Sea. The west-coast of Ireland mostly consists of cliffs, hills and low mountains (the highest point being Carrauntoohil at 1,041 m). In from the perimeter of the country is mostly relatively flat farmland, traversed by rivers such as the River Shannon and several large lakes or loughs. The center of the country is part of the River Shannon watershed, containing large areas of bogland, used for peat production.
The local temperate climate is modified by the North Atlantic Current and is relatively mild. Summers are rarely very hot, but it freezes only occasionally in winter. Precipitation is very common, with up to 275 days with rain in some parts of the country. Chief cities are the capital Dublin on the east coast, Cork in the south, Galway and Limerick on the west coast, and Waterford on the south east coast (see Cities in Ireland).
Economy
Main article: Economy of the Republic of Ireland
The economy of the Republic of Ireland has transformed in recent years from an agricultural focus to one dependent on trade, industry and investment. While still small compared to its European neighbours, its growth is averaging a robust 10% in 1995–2000, and 7% in 1995-2004. Industry, which accounts for 46% of GDP, about 80% of exports, and 29% of the labor force, now takes the place of agriculture as the country's leading sector.
Exports play a fundamental role in the state's rampant growth, but the economy also benefits from the accompanying rise in consumer spending, construction, and business investment. On paper, the country is the largest exporter of software-related goods and services in the world. In fact, a lot of foreign software, and sometimes music, is filtered through the country to avail of the state's non-taxing of royalties from copyrighted goods.
One key reason for the country's economic surge might be her government's role in the past ten years. A number of programs to address the problems of high inflation (with poor results in recent years), large tax burdens, government spending, lack-luster foreign investment and low job skills have been introduced.
A key part of economic policy, since 1987, has been Social Partnership which is a neo-corporatist set of voluntary 'pay pacts' between the Government, employers and trades unions. These usually set agreed pay rises for three-year periods.
The state joined in launching the euro currency system in January 1999 (leaving behind the Irish pound) along with ten other EU nations. The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth led many to call the country the Celtic Tiger. The economy felt the impact of the global economic slowdown in 2001, particularly in the high-tech export sector — the growth rate in that area was cut by nearly half. GDP growth continued to be relatively robust, with a rate of about 6% in 2001 and 2002. Growth for 2004 was over 4% and it is expected to be 5% or higher for 2005.
With high growth came high levels of inflation, particularly in the capital city. Prices in Dublin, where nearly 30% of Ireland's population lives, are considerably higher than elsewhere in the country [http://www.finfacts.com/Private/bestprice/irishconsumerprices.pdf], especially in the booming property market.
Ireland has the fourth-highest GDP (based on PPP) per capita in the world after Luxembourg, Norway, and the United States [http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/other/bes_04.pdf], but lies 8th in the 2005 UN Human Development Index, which counts GDP per capita as a factor. This indicates that life expectancy (77.36 in 2004) and literacy (98% in 1981), which both place Ireland at about 40th in the world, currently trail behind economic growth.
Poverty figures show that 10% of Ireland's population live below the poverty line
(1997 [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ie.html]). UNICEF figures show Ireland has the 6th highest child poverty rate in the developed world at 16.8% ([http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_chi_pov]).
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
The Irish people are mainly of indigenous origin, with the country's only significant minorities having descended from the Vikings and Anglo-Normans. Some of them are also of English, Scottish, and Welsh descent.
Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
The official languages are Irish (Gaeilge), the native language, and English. Although learning Irish is not compulsory in education, most schools teach it to all of their pupils who are not exempt from needing it to qualify for National University of Ireland universities. English is by far the predominant language spoken throughout the country. People living in predominantly Irish-speaking communities (the Gaeltacht) are limited to the low tens of thousands in isolated pockets largely on the western seaboard. Roads signs are usually bilingual, except in the Gaeltachts, where they are in Irish only. The legal status of placenames has recently been the subject of controversy, with an order made in 2005 under the Official Languages Act (2003) changing the official name of certain locations from English to Irish (e.g. Dingle is now officially named An Daingean). Most public notices are only in English, as is most of the print media. National media in Irish exists on TV and radio.
The Republic of Ireland is 92% nominally Roman Catholic, but there has been a massive decline in full adherence among Irish Catholics. Between 1996 and 2001, regular Mass attendance, already previously in decline, declined from 60% to 48% (it had been 90%+ in 1973), and all but two of its seminaries have closed.
The second largest Christian denomination, the Church of Ireland (Anglicanism), having been in decline for most of the twentieth century, has now experienced an increase in membership, according to the 2002 census, as have other small Christian denominations, and Islam. The largest other Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church in Ireland , followed by the Methodist Church in Ireland. The very small Jewish community in the state has continued to decline in numbers.
Ireland is also home to a variety of small immigrant populations. According to the 2002 census, conducted by the Central Statistics Office, the largest EU groups are from: the UK, Germany and France; the largest non-EU groups are from: the USA, Nigeria and Romania.
Culture
Jewish
Main article: Culture of Ireland
The island of Ireland has produced the Book of Kells, Irish traditional music, and writers such as George Berkeley, Jonathan Swift, James Joyce, George
Bernard Shaw, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Oliver Goldsmith, Oscar Wilde, W.B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett, John Millington Synge, Seán O'Casey, Séamus Heaney, Bram Stoker and others. Shaw, Yeats, Beckett and Heaney are Nobel Literature laureates. Other prominent writers include Roddy Doyle, Dermot Bolger, Frank McCourt, Edna O'Brien, Joseph O'Connor, John McGahern and Colm Tóibín.
Ernest Walton of Trinity College Dublin shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for "splitting the atom". William Rowan Hamilton was a significant mathematician.
William Rowan Hamilton
Figures influential in music included Blues guitarist Rory Gallagher, folk singer Christy Moore, Shane MacGowan with his band The Pogues and singer Sinéad O'Connor. Successful entertainment exports in the late twentieth century include the rock group U2, Thin Lizzy, Bob Geldof, The Corrs, The Cranberries and the internationally acclaimed stage dance show Riverdance.
References
- Bunreacht na hÉireann (the 1937 constitution) ([http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/upload/static/256.pdf PDF version])
- The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922
- J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 071712276X)
- FSL Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
- Alan J. Ward, The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992 (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0716525283)
- Some of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.
- OECD Information Technology Outlook 2004
External links
- [http://www.gov.ie/aras Áras an Uachtaráin] - Official presidential site
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038581.stm BBC country profile]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations] Irish History
- [http://www.browseireland.com/ Browse Ireland] - Directory of Irish Websites
- [http://www.irlgov.ie/ Information on the Irish State] - Governmental portal
- [http://www.irelandstory.com/ Ireland Story] - History, geography and current affairs
- [http://www.walkingtree.com/ Mercator Atlas of Europe] Map of Ireland ("Irlandia") circa 1564
- [http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] - Official prime ministerial site
- [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles/ The British Isles] Independent view of Ireland and the UK
- [http://www.gov.ie/oireachtas/frame.htm Tithe an Oireachtais] - Houses of Parliament, official parliamentary site
Ireland, Republic of
Ireland, Republic of
Ireland, Republic of
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Regional Technical College, CorkCork Institute of Technology (CIT), formerly Regional Technical College, Cork, is a college located in Cork, Ireland opened in the 1970s as part of the Regional Technical College network. The institution has 13,000 students in art, business, engineering, music and science disciplines. The main campus is at Bishopstown, Cork. A friendly rivalry exists between CIT and the nearby University College, Cork (UCC).
The institution incorporates:
- Cork School of Music
- Crawford College of Art & Design
See also
- Education in Ireland
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
External links
- [http://www.cit.ie Official site]
- [http://www.citsu.net students union forums]
Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland
Category:Cork
Regional Technical College, CarlowInstitute of Technology, Carlow (ITC), originally Regional Technical College, Carlow, is one of the original Regional Technical Colleges, it is located to the south of Carlow, Ireland on Kilkenny Road, it was the first such college located and announced.
The institution was renamed Austin Waldron Regional Technical College (AWRTC) in 1989 after a past CEO of County Carlow Vocational Education Committee, Austin Waldron, who was instrumental in helping the cause of the Regional Technical College in Carlow; it continued to use this name unofficially after 1992 when it reverted to its original name and in 1998 the institute accepted its current name.
Their are approximately 3,000 students whose courses focus primarily on science, technology and business, these three disciplines are reflected in the colleges seal. At the turn of the millennium the institution completed the £ 11.5 millon (Punt) Learning Resource Centre and Catering Services which won the first prize of the Irish Concrete Society in 2000.
See also
- Education in Ireland
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
- :Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Institute of Technology, Carlow
- St. Patricks, Carlow College
External links
- [http://www.itcarlow.ie Official site - Institute of Technology, Carlow]
Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland
University College, Dublin
University College Dublin - National University of Ireland, Dublin - more commonly University College Dublin (UCD) - is Ireland's largest university, with over 20,000 students, and located in Dublin.
The university is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland. The terms of the Universities Act, 1997 were used to rename the university after resolution by the Senate of the National University of Ireland.
Origins
National University of Ireland
The university was founded in December 2 1908 by Royal Charter, as University College, Dublin a constituent college of the National University of Ireland. The university college is the lineal successor of the earlier Catholic University of Ireland founded on 18 May 1854 and lead by its rector Cardinal John Henry Newman, which in 1882 first became known as University College Dublin as part of the Royal University of Ireland.
Confusingly University College, Dublin was not part of the University of Dublin whose only college is University College Dublin's rival, Trinity College, Dublin. It was proposed during the late 1960s that the two colleges would merge under a newly reconstituted "University of Dublin", but this did not happen (see University of Dublin). Additionally in the early 1970s there was a proposal for university reorganisation to see the university college created as a university in its own right.
Move to Belfield
In the 1950s, University College, Dublin began a move from its Earlsfort Terrace campus, the previous headquarters of the Royal University of Ireland, to a new 350 acre (1.4 km²) park campus at Belfield in a suburb on the south side of Dublin, this was part of a plan which started in the mid 1930s which was to encourage the creation of a modern campus university style and took several decades to implement. By 2003, most of the university had moved out to Belfield. One of its previous locations, the Royal College of Science in Merrion Street is now the location of the renovated Irish Government Buildings, where the office of the Taoiseach (prime minister) is located. University College, Dublin also had a site in Glasnevin for much of the last century, the Albert Agricultural College, which is now part of Dublin City University.
Reputation
Dublin City University
UCD is highly regarded internationally with many of its graduates going on to post-graduate studies at other top international universities, particularly in the United States and Britain. Among its most accomplished alumni are the writers James Joyce, Flann O Brien, Marina Carr, Conor McPherson, John McGahern, Frank McGuinness, Emma Donoghue, former Goldman Sachs chairman Peter Sutherland (who was also chairman of BP and was previously head of the WTO, European Union Commissioner and the Attorney-General of Ireland), Unilever chairman Niall Fitzgerald, former Heinz chairman Dr. Sir Tony O'Reilly, the fourth President of India V V Giri, and four of the last five taoisigh (Irish prime ministers): John Bruton, Albert Reynolds, Dr. Garret Fitzgerald and Charles Haughey. The current taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, attended UCD as a student but did not graduate.
The Students' Union in the college has been an active part of campaigns run by the National Union, USI, and has played a highly significant role in the life of the college since its foundation in 1974. The Union has also taken significant stances on issues of human rights that have hit the headlines in Ireland and around the world, particularly in becoming the first institution in the world to implement a boycott of Coca-Cola products on the basis of alleged human and trade union rights in Colombia.
UCD Horizons
At the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, UCD introduced the Horizons [http://www.ucd.ie/horizons] programme, which completely semesterised and modularised all undergraduate courses for incoming first years. Previously, new students chose from a specific set of subjects in their individual programme courses. Under the Horizons programme, new undergraduate students have greater choice in what exactly they study in their programme. Under the new programme students choose ten modules from their specific subject area and two other modules, which can be choosen from any other course programme across the entire university system. For example, a student studying first year business as their primary degree programme can also choose one module (or two) from the first year law programme (subject to space available and timetable constraints, etc.). While the university authorities believe that Horizons and modularisation are the way forward for UCD, many students have raised their voices in criticism of the new system. In particular, continuing undergraduate students have called for more time and consultation into the feasability of complete modularisation (of all years) which is scheduled to take place by 2006 or 2007.
Related companies
The most prominent university-related company is the IE Domain Registry; many of the university's academics continue to sit on the board of directors. The university originally gained control of the .ie domain in the late 1980s.
There are a number of related companies, many concentrated as the [http://www.ucd.ie/nova/ NovaUCD] initiative, to commercialise research results and opportunities; many of these reflect the university's expertise in the life sciences. These companies include [http://www.cytrea.ie Cytrea], a chemistry group that specialises in cyclodextrin formulations for pharmaceuticals. Analytical Drug and Data (ADD) has over 25 years experience in brain research. [http://www.celticcatalysts.com/ Celtic Catalysts] is involved in chiral chemistry research. Enzolve is a enzyme and protein commercialisation group; Ildana Biotech is a joint group with Dublin City University. [http://www.berand.ie/ Berand] concentrates on the development of new chemicals for disease treatment.
See also
- Education in the Republic of Ireland
- List of universities in the Republic of Ireland
- UCD FC
- The Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business
External links
- [http://www.ucd.ie Official site]
- [http://www.ucdsu.net Students' Union website]
Category:National University of Ireland
Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland
Institute of Technology, TallaghtInstitute of Technology, Tallaght (ITT) formerly Regional Technical College, Tallaght, located in Tallaght, County Dublin, Ireland. The institution was established in 1992 the final new Regional Technical College opened in Ireland.
The institution offers a variety of courses including: National Certificates and National Diplomas as well as academic degrees in: accountancy, business, computing, engineering and science among others.
The institution is the hub of the ITnet network.
See also
- Education in Ireland
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
- :Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Institute of Technology, Tallaght
External link
- [http://www.it-tallaght.ie Official site]
Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland
Cork Institute of TechnologyCork Institute of Technology (CIT), formerly Regional Technical College, Cork, is a college located in Cork, Ireland opened in the 1970s as part of the Regional Technical College network. The institution has 13,000 students in art, business, engineering, music and science disciplines. The main campus is at Bishopstown, Cork. A friendly rivalry exists between CIT and the nearby University College, Cork (UCC).
The institution incorporates:
- Cork School of Music
- Crawford College of Art & Design
See also
- Education in Ireland
- List of Irish third-level educational institutions
External links
- [http://www.cit.ie Official site]
- [http://www.citsu.net students union forums]
Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland
Category:Cork
Communications in IrelandCommunications in the Republic of Ireland, including postal services run by An Post, are regulated to a large extent by the Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg), the Minister for Communications, Marine & Natural Resources has overall responsibility for national policy and regulation. Much of Ireland's communications infrastructure is modern and digital, however in several sectors there are competitive disadvantages to overcome due to the uncompetitive nature of the economy of Ireland.
Broadcasting
Radio
- Stations: AM 9, FM 106, shortwave 0 (1998)
- Radios: 2.55 million (1997)
- See also: List of Irish radio stations
Television
- Stations: 10 (plus 36 low-power repeaters) (1997)
- Televisions: 1.47 million (1997)
- See also: List of Irish television channels
See also: Radio Telefís Éireann and Broadcasting Commission of Ireland. For a more detailed discussion of the broadcasting landscape in Ireland, see Media in Ireland.
Internet
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 14 (1999)
- Country code (top-level domain): IE
- Internet users: 1.26 million (2003)
- See also: HEAnet, IEDR, INEX, ITnet
Telephone
Telephone system
- domestic: digital system using cable and microwave radio relay
- international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - fixed
- Lines: 2,046,000 (Source: Comreg, Sept. 2005)
- See also: Eircom, BT Ireland, Smart Telecom
Telephones - mobile
- Lines: 3,831,000 (Source: Comreg, Sept. 2005)
- STD Codes for Irish mobile phone operators::
- 083 3 Ireland UMTS
- 085 Meteor GSM
- 086 O2 Ireland GSM, (UMTS - not yet launched)
- 087 Vodafone Ireland GSM, UMTS
- 088 Eircell TACS (former network, closed July 2001)
NB - due to the introduction of full-number portability, some phones may now operate on different networks to those on which their number was originally allocated, thus an 086 number may not necessarily be an O2 number, likewise a Vodafone customer may have an 085 number if they were previously a Meteor customer.
See also
- List of Ireland-related topics
External links
- [http://www.comreg.ie/ Commission for Communications Regulation]
Ireland
Category:Republic of Ireland
Category:Education in IrelandThis category is about education in Ireland.
Ireland Category:Irish culture
Ajami languageThe Ajami language is a dialect of Persian that has a very close relation to Arabic. It is a common term that refers to all the small dialects spoken by citizens of Iranian origin living in the Persian Gulf.
Category:Iranian languages
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