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David G. Farragut

David G. Farragut

David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was the commander-in-chief of the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. He was both the first vice admiral and full admiral of the Navy. He is remembered in popular culture for his famous order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"

Early life and naval career

Farragut was born to Jordi and Elizabeth Farragut at Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee, where his father was serving as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia. Jordi Farragut Mesquida (1755–1817), originally a merchant captain from Minorca when the island was under British rule, had previously joined the American Revolutionary cause. David's birth name was James, but it was changed in 1812, following his adoption by future naval Captain David Porter in 1808 (which made him the foster brother of future Civil War Admiral David Dixon Porter). David Farragut entered the Navy as a midshipman on December 17, 1810. In the War of 1812, when only 12 years old, he was given command of a prize ship taken by USS Essex and brought her safely to port. He was wounded and captured during the cruise of the Essex by HMS Phoebe in Valparaiso Bay, Chile, on March 28, 1814, but was exchanged in April 1815. Through the years that followed, in one assignment after another, he showed the high ability and devotion to duty that would allow him to make a great contribution to the Union victory in the Civil War and to write a famous page in the history of the United States Navy.

Civil War

Union In command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, with his flag in USS Hartford, in April 1862 he ran past Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip and the Chalmette, Louisiana, batteries to take the city and port of New Orleans, Louisiana, on April 29 that year, a decisive event in the war. Later that year he passed the batteries defending Vicksburg, Mississippi. Port Hudson fell to him July 9, 1863. On August 5, 1864, Farragut won a great victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay. Mobile, Alabama, at the time was the Confederacy's last major port open on the Gulf of Mexico. The bay was heavily mined (tethered naval mines were known as torpedoes at the time). Farragut ordered his fleet to charge the bay. When one ship struck a mine the others began to pull back, but Farragut shouted the order, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" The bulk of the fleet succeeded in entering the bay and the heroic quote became famous. Farragut then triumphed over the opposition of heavy batteries in Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines to defeat the squadron of Admiral Franklin Buchanan. He was a man with a plan to capture New Orleans, one of the largest ports in the south during the Civil War. This was one of the accomplishments that helped the Union during the war. His country honored its great sailor after New Orleans by creating for him the rank of rear admiral on July 16, 1862, a rank never before used in the U.S. Navy. (Before this time, the American Navy had resisted the rank of admiral, preferring the term "flag officer", to separate it from the traditions of the European navies.) He was promoted to vice admiral on December 21, 1864, and to full admiral on July 25, 1866, after the war.

European Squadron and death

Admiral Farragut's last active service was in command of the European Squadron, with the screw frigate Franklin as his flagship, and he died at the age of 69 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York. Bronx, New York. The National Park Service interpretive plaque in the foreground prominently quotes his most famous line.]]

In memoriam

His hometown of Campbell's Station was renamed Farragut, Tennessee, in his honor, and sporting teams of the local high school, Farragut High School, are known as "The Admirals." Numerous destroyers have since been named USS Farragut in his honor, and he has been depicted on U.S. postage stamps twice; first on the $1 stamp of 1903, then on a $0.32 stamp in 1995. There is also a state park in Idaho named after him. During World War II it was used as a naval base for basic training.

Command history


- 1812, assigned to the Essex.
- 1815–17, served in the Mediterranean Sea aboard the Independence and the Macedonian.
- 1818, studied ashore for nine months at Tunis.
- 1819, served as a lieutenant on the Shark.
- 1823, placed in command of the Ferret.
- 1825, served as a lieutenant on the Brandywine.
- 1826–38, served in subordinate capacities on various vessels.
- 1838, placed in command of the sloop Erie.
- 1841, attained the rank of commander.
- Mexican War, commanded the sloop of war, Saratoga.
- 1848–50, duty at Norfolk, Navy Yard in Virginia.
- 1850–54, duty at Washington, D.C..
- 1854–58, duty establishing Mare Island Navy Yard at San Francisco Bay.
- 1858–59, commander of the sloop of war, Brooklyn.
- 1860–61, stationed at Norfolk Navy Yard.
- December 21, 1861 – August 14, 1870, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Navy.
- January 1862, commanded USS Hartford and the West Gulf blockading squadron of 17 vessels.
- April 1862, took command of New Orleans.
- July 16, 1862, promoted to rear admiral.
- June 23, 1862, wounded near Vicksburg, Mississippi.
- May 1863, commanded USS Monongahela.
- May 1863, commanded the USS Pensacola.
- July 1863, commanded USS Tennessee.
- September 5, 1864, offered command of the North Atlantic Blocking Squadron, but declined.
- December 21, 1864, promoted to vice admiral.
- April 1865, Pallbearer for the Abraham Lincoln funeral.
- July 25, 1866, promoted to admiral.
- June 1867, commanded USS Franklin.
- 1867–68, commanded European Squadron.

References


- Barnes, biography, (Boston, 1899)
- Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Farragut, Loyall (his son), biography, (New York, 1879)
- Spears, David G. Farragut, (Philadelphia, 1905)

External links


- [http://www.spawar.navy.mil/fleet/insurv/htmlbios/farragut.htm Farragut biography on navy.mil]
- [http://www.idahoparks.org/parks/farragut.html Idaho's Farragut State Park] Farragut, David Farragut, David Farragut, David Farragut, David Farragut, David Farragut, David Farragut, David

July 5

July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining.

Events


- 1610 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- 1687 - Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published.
- 1803 - The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
- 1811 - Venezuela is the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
- 1813 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
- 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
- 1830 - France invades Algeria.
- 1833 - Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
- 1865 - William Booth founds The Christian Mission (later renamed The Salvation Army).
- 1865 - The world's first maximum speed law is enacted in England.
- 1884 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
- 1934 - "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.
- 1937 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.
- 1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.
- 1941 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River.
- 1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk - The largest tank battle in history begins.
- 1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).
- 1945 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.
- 1946 - The bikini is introduced.
- 1948 - British National Health Service Act enacted.
- 1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - First clash between American and North Korean forces.
- 1950 - Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
- 1951 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
- 1954 - Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang That's All Right (Mama) and Blue Moon of Kentucky. Widely considered to be the birth of Rock and Roll.
- 1954 - The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.
- 1954 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.
- 1958 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth
- 1962 - Algeria becomes independent from France.
- 1970 - An Air Canada DC-8 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 108 people.
- 1971 - Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
- 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.
- 1975 - Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.
- 1977 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.
- 1980 - Björn Borg wins his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title.
- 1987 - First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.
- 1989 - Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.
- 1994 - The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.
- 1998 - Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.
- 2003 - Taiwan is the last territory to be removed from the WHO's list of SARS affected areas.
- 2004 - First Indonesian presidential election, 2004 by the nation.
- 2004 - Éric Gagné's consecutive baseball saves streak comes to an end at 84 games.

Births


- 1586 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- 1653 - Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)
- 1675 - Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials
- 1717 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)
- 1718 - Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)
- 1794 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)
- 1801 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- 1810 - Phineas Taylor "P. T." Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)
- 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, South African politician (d. 1902)
- 1879 - Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)
- 1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)
- 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)
- 1888 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
- 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)
- 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)
- 1904 - Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1911 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)
- 1918 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- 1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, French prime minister
- 1932 - Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)
- 1934 - Katherine Helmond, American actress
- 1936 - Shirley Knight, American actress
- 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Booker Edgerson, American football player
- 1943 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (d. 2001)
- 1944 - Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist
- 1950 - Huey Lewis, American musician
- 1950 - Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)
- 1951 - Rich Gossage, baseball player
- 1957 - David Hanson, Politician
- 1958 - Bill Watterson, American cartoonist
- 1960 - Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor
- 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
- 1966 - Kathryn Erbe, American actress
- 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer
- 1969 - John LeClair, American hockey player
- 1969 - RZA, American rapper
- 1970 - Mac Dre, American rapper
- 1975 - Hernan Crespo, Argentinian footballer
- 1976 - Mike DeWolf, American guitarist (Taproot)
- 1976 - Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
- 1979 - Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)
- 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
- 1982 - Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
- 1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian actress
- 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)

Deaths


- 1316 - Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
- 1375 - Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- 1472 - Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- 1539 - St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- 1666 - Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)
- 1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- 1715 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- 1719 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)
- 1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
- 1833 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)
- 1904 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1745)
- 1908 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)
- 1920 - Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)
- 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)
- 1945 - John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
- 1948 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
- 1957 - Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor
- 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1969 - Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
- 1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)
- 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)
- 1983 - Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- 1998 - Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
- 2002 - Ted Williams, baseball player (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- 2004 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
- 2005 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- Algeria: Independence Day (1962)
- Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975)
- Czech Republic and Slovakia: Arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Great Moravia (around 863)
- Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (1266)
- Venezuela: Independence Day (1811)
- Church of the SubGenius: X-Day (1998)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 4 - July 6 - June 5 - August 5 -- listing of all days ---- ko:7월 5일 ms:5 Julai ja:7月5日 simple:July 5 th:5 กรกฎาคม

August 14

August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining.

Events


- 1040 - King Duncan I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and successor Macbeth
- 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan. (Traditional Japanese date: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of Juei).
- 1385 - 1383-1385 Crisis: Castilians are defeated by Portuguese at the Battle of Aljubarrota.
- 1598 - Irish under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, destroy English force at the Battle of the Yellow Ford.
- 1842 - Indian Wars: Second Seminole War ends, with the Seminoles forced from Florida to Oklahoma
- 1846 - The Cape Girardeau meteorite, a 2.3 kg chondrite-type meteorite strikes near the town of Cape Girardeau in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri.
- 1848 - Oregon Territory organized by Act of U.S. Congress
- 1880 - Cologne Cathedral, the most famous landmark in Cologne, Germany, completed
- 1885 - Japan's first patent is issued to the inventor of a rust-proof paint.
- 1893 - France introduces motor vehicle registration
- 1900 - A joint European-Japanese-United States force occupies Beijing, in campaign to end the Boxer Rebellion in China.
- 1901 - The first claimed powered flight, by Gustave Whitehead in his Number 21.
- 1908 - First beauty contest held in Folkestone, England
- 1911 - United States Senate leaders agree to rotate the office of Presdent pro tempore of the Senate among leading candidates to fill the vacancy left by William P. Frye's death.
- 1912 - United States Marines invade Nicaragua to support the U.S.-backed government installed there after José Santos Zelaya resigned three years earlier
- 1933 - Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying 240,000 acres (970 km²).
- 1936 - Rainey Bethea is hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky in the last public execution in the United States
- 1935 - United States Social Security Act passes, creating a government pension system for the retired
- 1941 - World War II - Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the Atlantic Charter of war stating postwar aims
- 1945 - Japan accepts the Allied terms of surrender in World War II and the Emperor records the Imperial Rescript on Surrender (August 15 in Japan standard time).
- 1947 - Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom
- 1967 - UK Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal.
- 1969 - United Kingdom troops deploy in Northern Ireland
- 1971 - Bahrain declares its independence from United Kingdom
- 1972 - An East German Ilyushin Il-62 crashes during takeoff from East Berlin, killing 156
- 1976 - The Senegalese political party PAI-Rénovation is legally recognized. PAI-Rénovation thus becomes the third legal party in the country.
- 1980 - Lech Wałęsa leads strikes at Gdańsk, Poland shipyards.
- 1994 - Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, the terrorist known as "Carlos the Jackal", is captured.
- 2003 - Widescale power blackout in the northeast United States and Canada.
- 2004 - Sales tax holiday in Massachusetts. All sales taxes are suspended on purchases of $2500 or less.
- 2005 - Helios Airways Flight 522 crashes north of Athens, killing the 121 on board.

Births


- 1297 - Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Japan (d. 1348)
- 1473 - Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, daughter of George, Duke of Clarence (d. 1541)
- 1575 - Robert Hayman, English-born poet (d. 1629)
- 1586 - William Hutchinson, Rhode Island colonist (d. 1642)
- 1599 - Méric Casaubon, English classical scholar (d. 1671)
- 1625 - François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (d. 1695)
- 1642 - Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1723)
- 1653 - Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (d. 1688)
- 1688 - Frederick William I of Prussia (d. 1740)
- 1714 - Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
- 1740 - Pope Pius VII (d. 1823)
- 1771 - Sir Walter Scott, Scottish historical novelist and poet (d. 1832)
- 1777 - King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (d. 1830)
- 1840 - Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German psychologist (d. 1902)
- 1851 - Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
- 1861 - Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress (d. 1955)
- 1863 - Ernest Thayer, American poet (d. 1940)
- 1865 - Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician (d. 1952)
- 1867 - John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1933)
- 1876 - Aleksandar Obrenović, King of Serbia
- 1882 - Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972)
- 1910 - Pierre Schaeffer, French composer (d. 1955)
- 1911 - Shri Vethathiri Maharishi, Indian yogi
- 1916 - Wellington Mara, Co-Owner of the New York Football Giants
- 1925 - Russell Baker, American columnist
- 1926 - René Goscinny, French comic-strip author (d. 1977)
- 1926 - Lina Wertmüller, Italian film director
- 1930 - Earl Weaver, baseball manager
- 1933 - Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - John Brodie, American football player
- 1940 - Dash Crofts, American musician (Seals and Crofts)
- 1941 - David Crosby, American guitarist and songwriter
- 1943 - Jimmy Johnson, American football player and broadcaster
- 1945 - Steve Martin, American comedian and actor
- 1945 - Wim Wenders, German-born film director
- 1946 - Antonio Fargas, American actor
- 1946 - Susan Saint James, American actress
- 1947 - Danielle Steel, American novelist
- 1950 - Bob Backlund, American professional wrestler
- 1950 - Gary Larson, American cartoonist
- 1952 - Carl Lumbly, American actor
- 1952 - Debbie Meyer, American swimmer
- 1953 - James Horner, American composer
- 1954 - Mark Fidrych, baseball player
- 1956 - Rusty Wallace, American race car driver
- 1959 - Marcia Gay Harden, American actress
- 1959 - Earvin "Magic" Johnson, American basketball player
- 1960 - Sarah Brightman, English soprano
- 1961 - Susan Olsen, American actress
- 1964 - Brannon Braga, American scriptwriter and director
- 1965 - Emmanuelle Béart, American actress
- 1966 - Halle Berry, American actress
- 1973 - Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer
- 1973 - Jay-Jay Okocha, Nigerian footballer
- 1973 - Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer
- 1977 - Juan Pierre, baseball player
- 1983 - Elena Baltacha, Ukrainian-born tennis player
- 1983 - Mila Kunis, Ukrainian actress
- 1986 - Terin Humphrey, American gymnast

Deaths


- 1167 - Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne
- 1204 - Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (b. 1182)
- 1390 - John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)
- 1430 - Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
- 1433 - King John I of Portugal (b. 1357)
- 1464 - Pope Pius II (b. 1405)
- 1573 - Saito Tatsuoki, Japanese warlord (b. 1548)
- 1691 - Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel (b. 1630)
- 1704 - Roland Laporte, French protestant leader (b. 1675)
- 1727 - William Croft, English composer (b. 1678)
- 1774 - Johann Jakob Reiske, German scholar and physician (b. 1716)
- 1784 - Nathaniel Hone, Irish-born painter (b. 1718)
- 1860 - André Marie Constant Duméril, French zoologist (b. 1774)
- 1905 - Simeon Solomon, British artist (b. 1840)
- 1941 - Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
- 1943 - Joe Kelley, baseball player (b. 1871)
- 1951 - William Randolph Hearst, American newspaper magnate (b. 1863)
- 1955 - Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress (b. 1861)
- 1956 - Bertolt Brecht, German writer (b. 1898)
- 1958 - Frédéric Joliot, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1900)
- 1972 - Oscar Levant, American actor, composer, and musician (b. 1906)
- 1980 - Dorothy Stratten, Canadian actress and model (b. 1960)
- 1981 - Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (b. 1894)
- 1984 - J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (b. 1894)
- 1985 - Gale Sondergaard, American actress (b. 1899)
- 2000 - Alain Fournier, French-born computer graphics researcher (b. 1943)
- 2002 - Dave Williams, American singer (Drowning Pool)
- 2003 - Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)
- 2004 - Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Coo Coo Marlin, American race car driver (b. 1932) - ehmaida elhami, libyan guitarist player (b.

Holidays and observances


- Morocco - Allegiance of Oued Eddahab or Rio de Oro
- RC saints - Maximilian Kolbe Polish Franciscan priest martyred by Nazis in 1941; Eusebius of Rome
- Pakistan - Independence Day
- United States - National Code Talkers Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 13 - August 15 - July 14 - September 14 -- listing of all days ko:8월 14일 ms:14 Ogos ja:8月14日 simple:August 14 th:14 สิงหาคม

1870

1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 1 - Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are done.
- January 2 - Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
- January 6 - The inauguration of the Musikverein (Vienna).
- January 10 - John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil
- January 15 - A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey ("A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly).
- January 26 - American Civil War: Virginia rejoins the Union
- January 27 - First college sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, is formed at DePauw University
- February - Vrain Denis-Lucas in sentenced for two years in prison for multiple forgery in Paris
- February 2 - It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant was just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human.
- February 3 - The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed
- February 10 - Anaheim, California is incorporated.
- February 10 - The YWCA is founded (New York City)
- February 12 - Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.
- February 23 - Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
- February 25 - Hiram Rhoades Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in the U.S. Congress
- February 26 - In New York City, the first pneumatic-subway is opened.
- February 28 - The Bulgarian Exarchate is established by decree of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire.
- March 2 - Francisco Solano López' last troops cornered by Triple Alliance troops at Cerro Cora. López refuses to surrender and is killed. Fighting ends in Paraguay - the War of the Triple Alliance is over
- March 30 - Texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction.
- April 11 - Irish peer Lord Muncaster and his entourage kidnapped in Greece
- April 22 - Vladimir Lenin is born

May - August


- May 12 - The Canadian province of Manitoba is created in response to Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion
- May 14 - First rugby match to be played in New Zealand, between the Nelson Football Club and Nelson College.
- May 24 - The Port Adelaide Football Club play their first match of Australian rules football at Buck's Flat, Glanville, South Australia.
- June 22 - U.S. Congress created the Department of Justice.
- June 26 - Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States
- July 13 - The Emser Depesche serves as a reason for a war between Prussia and France
- July 15 - Reconstruction: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union, and the CSA is dissoluted.
- July 19 - Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.

September - December


- September 2 - Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan - Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan.
- September 4 - Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eugenie flees to England with her children.
- September 6 - Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, votes in the morning, becoming the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally after 1807.
- September 20 - With Bersaglieri soldiers entering Rome at Porta Pia, the unification of Italy is completed. End of the temporal power of Papacy.
- October 2 – Referendum in Rome supports joining the Italy with 133681 against 1500. Decision is made official October 6. Rome becomes the capital of unified Italy
- October 8 - Leon Michel Gambetta escapes the besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon
- November 1 - In the United States, the newly-created Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".
- November 16 - Spanish Cortes proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as king Amadeus I of Spain.
- December – Assassination of Juan Prim, Prime minister of Spain

Unknown date


- Franco-Prussian War
- Term "economics" first used, by Alfred Marshall
- In England, the Forfeiture Act was passed, abolishing the punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering.

Births


- January 2 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist, and poet (d. 1938)
- January 8 - Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930)
- February 7 - Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937)
- March 5 - Frank Norris, American writer (d. 1902)
- March 17 - Horace Donisthorpe, English entomologist (d. 1951)
- March 20 - Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964)
- April 22 - Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary, first leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1924)
- April 30 - Franz Lehár, Austrian composer (d. 1948)
- May 19 - Albert Fish, American serial killer (d. 1936)
- June 13 - Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961)
- July 3 - Richard Bedford Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947)
- July 12 - Louis II of Monaco (d. 1949)
- July 29 - George Dixon, Canadian boxer (d. 1909)
- August 11 - Tom Richardson English cricketer (d. 1912)
- August 31 - Maria Montessori, Italian educator (d. 1952)
- September 26 - King Christian X of Denmark (d. 1947)
- September 30 - Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- October 10 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- November 21 - Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official (d. 1964)
- November 27 - Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1956)
- December 5 - Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (d. 1949)
- December 12 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil pioneer (d. 1912)
- December 18 - Saki, English writer (d. 1918)

Deaths


- January 29 - Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1797)
- February 7 - Sylvain Salnave a Hatian president
- February 19 - Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower (b. 1812)
- March 28 - George Henry Thomas, American general (b. 1816)
- May 6 - Sir James Young Simpson, Scottish physician and researcher (b. 1811)
- June 9 - Charles Dickens, British novelist (b. 1812)
- July 20 - Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, French writer and publisher (b. 1822)
- September 12 - Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author and explorer (b. 1836)
- September 23 - Prosper Mérimée, French writer (b. 1803)
- October 12 - Robert E. Lee, American Confederate general (b. 1807)
- November 24 - Comte de Lautreamont, French poet and writer (b. 1846)
- November 28 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (b. 1841)
- December 5 - Alexandre Dumas, père, French author (b. 1802)
- December 27 - General Prim, Spanish dictator (b. 1814) Category:1870 ko:1870년 ms:1870 simple:1870 th:พ.ศ. 2413

U.S. Navy

The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. The U.S. Navy consists of 281 ships and over 4,000 aircraft. It has over half a million men and women on active or ready reserve duty. The United States Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which the Continental Congress established during the American Revolutionary War. The United States Constitution, ratified in 1789, empowered Congress "to provide and maintain a navy." Acting on this authority, Congress ordered the construction and manning of six frigates; one of the original six, USS Constitution, familiarly known as "Old Ironsides," survives to this day. The War Department administered naval affairs from that year until Congress established the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798. The Navy became part of the Department of Defense upon its establishment in 1947.

History of the Navy

Main article: History of the United States Navy History of the United States Navy The Continental Navy was established in Philadelphia by the Continental Congress on October 13, 1775, which authorized the procurement, fitting out, manning, and dispatch of two armed vessels to search for munitions ships supplying the British Army in America. The legislation also established a Naval Committee to supervise the work. The Continental Navy operated some 50 ships over the course of the American Revolutionary War, but no more than about 20 at one time. After the war, Congress sold the surviving ships and released the seamen and officers. Congress ordered the construction and manning of six frigates on March 27, 1794, and three years later welcomed into service the first three: USS United States, Constellation and Constitution. The frigates became famous in the War of 1812, where they unexpectedly defeated British Royal Navy forces several times. During the American Civil War, the Navy was an innovator in the use of ironclad warships, but after the war slipped into obsolescence. A modernization program beginning in the 1880s brought the U.S. into the first rank of the world's navies by the beginning of the 20th century. 20th century (middle) and USS Annapolis (SSN 760) (front)]] The Navy saw little action during World War I, but grew into a formidable force in the years before World War II. Japan unsuccessfully attempted to allay this strategic threat with a late-1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. During the next three years, the U.S. Navy grew into the most powerful in the world. It is widely accepted that currently the United States Navy remains the most powerful in the world.

Organization

The Navy is administered by the Department of the Navy, led by the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The senior naval officer, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), is the four-star admiral immediately under the Secretary of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so the Navy is ready for operation under the command of the Unified Combatant Commanders. (Also see United States Armed Forces Organization.) President | SECDEF | ------------------- | | SECNAV | | | CNO Unified Combatant Commanders | | -------------------- | | | | Shore establishment Operating Forces (including fleets)

Fleets

The two main fleets are the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet. Under these two organizations fall the numbered fleets.
- 1st Fleet - no longer active
- 2nd Fleet – Atlantic Ocean — Flagship Iwo Jima, Norfolk, Virginia
- 3rd Fleet – Eastern and Northern Pacific Ocean — Flagship Coronado, San Diego, California (In peacetime the Third Fleet has no ARG and the carriers in the area are either on their way to the Seventh Fleet or conducting training cruises, after an overhaul for example.)
- 4th Fleet – Disbanded.
- 5th Fleet – Middle East — Headquartered at Manama, Bahrain
- 6th Fleet – Mediterranean Sea — Flagship Mount Whitney, Gaeta, Italy
- 7th Fleet – Western Pacific and Indian Ocean — Flagship Blue Ridge, Yokosuka, Japan

Shore commands

In addition to afloat fleets, the Navy maintains several "Naval Forces Commands" which operate naval shore facilities and serve as liaison units to local ground forces of the Air Force and Army. Such commands are answerable to a Fleet Commander as the shore component of the afloat command. During times of war, all Naval Forces Commands augment to become task forces of a primary fleet. Some of the larger Naval Forces Commands include:
- Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK)
- Commander Naval Forces Marianas (CNFM)
- Command Naval Forces Japan (CNFJ)

Staff corps

In addition to the regular line commands of the navy, several staff corps are also maintained which augment the line community and whose personnel are assigned to both line and staff commands. The current staff corps of the United States Navy are as follows:
- Navy Supply Corps
- Navy Medical Corps
- Navy Medical Service Corps
- Navy Nurse Corps
- Navy Chaplains Corps
- Navy Civil Engineer Corps (Seabees)
- Navy Judge Advocate General (JAG)

Weapons

Ships

Main article: U.S. Navy ships See also List of ships of the United States Navy for a more complete listing of ships past and present. The names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy start with USS, meaning 'United States Ship'. Non-commissioned, civilian-manned vessels of the U.S. Navy have names that begin with USNS, standing for 'United States Naval Ship'. A letter-based hull classification symbol is used to designate a vessel's type. The names of ships are selected by the Secretary of the Navy. The names are usually those of U.S. states, cities, towns, important people, famous battles, fish, and ideals. The U.S. Navy pioneered the use of nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels; today, they power most U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines. See United States Naval reactor. As of January 2004, a relatively small number of ship classes accounted for the bulk of the U.S. naval fleet. These include:

Aircraft carriers

United States Naval reactor on November 3, 2003. Approximately fifty aircraft can be counted on deck.]] Aircraft carriers are the major strategic arm of the Navy. They put U.S. air power within reach of most land-based military power. The US Navy's carriers are much larger and more powerful than those of the rest of the world. See also: List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy and List of escort aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. Modern aircraft carriers since CV-67 are typically named for living or dead politicians; previous aircraft carriers were named for battles and famous fighting ships of the Navy.
- Kitty Hawk class (1 ship)
- Enterprise — Norfolk, Virginia
- John F. Kennedy — Mayport Naval Station, Florida
- Nimitz class (9 ships, 1 under construction)
  - USS Nimitz (CVN-68)
  - USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)
  - USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)
  - USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)
  - USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)
  - USS George Washington (CVN-73)
  - USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74)
  - USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)
  - USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
  - USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)

Amphibious assault ships

The largest of all amphibious warfare ships amphibious assault ships resemble small aircraft carriers; capable of V/STOL, STOVL, VTOL tiltrotor and rotary wing aircraft operations; contains a welldeck to support use of Landing Craft Air Cushion and other watercraft. Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers, a name source kept over from the earliest ones, which were converted WWII carriers.
- Wasp class (7 ships)
- Tarawa class (4 ships active, 1 decommissioned)

Amphibious transport docks

Amphibious transports are warships that embark, transport, and land elements of a landing force for a variety of expeditionary warfare missions. Amphibious transport docks are named for cities, except for USS New York (LPD-21), which is named for the state of New York and USS Somerset (LPD-25), which is named for Somerset County, Pennsylvania.
- San Antonio class (3 launched, 2 under construction, 3 planned, 2 projected)
- Austin class (10 ships active, 1 Decommissioned, 1 converted to AGF)

Submarines

:Main article: Submarines in the United States Navy There are two major types of submarines, ballistic and attack. Ballistic subs have a single, strategic mission: carrying nuclear SLBMs. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and subs, launching cruise missiles, and gathering intelligence. Sea attack submarines are typically named for cities; land attack submarines (Virginia and Ohio-class boats) are typically named for states. Earlier attack submarines were named for fish, while earlier ballistic missile submarines were named for "famous Americans" (although many of these were actually foreigners).
- Ohio class (18 in commission) — ballistic missile submarines, 4 to be converted into guided missile submarines
- Virginia class (1 in commission, 3 under construction, 2 on order) — attack submarines
- Seawolf class (3 in commission) — attack submarines
- Los Angeles Class (51 in commission) — attack submarines

Cruisers

Guided missile cruisers can conduct air warfare, surface warfare and undersea warfare. All modern cruisers are named for battles. Previous cruisers were either named for cities (until CG-12), the redesignated frigates were named for naval heroes (CG-15 to CG-35) or states (CG-36 to CG-42).
- Ticonderoga class (23 in commission) — first ships to carry the Aegis combat system

Destroyers

See also the List of destroyers of the United States Navy. All destroyers have been named for naval heroes since USS Bainbridge (DD-1).
- Arleigh Burke class (44 in commission as of June 2005) — first ship class with comprehensive design for stealth technology.

Frigates

Modern frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare and escort other ships. The U.S. Navy is gradually retiring its frigates; some of their jobs will be performed by the nascent littoral combat ship. [http://peoships.crane.navy.mil/lcs/] Named, like the destroyers, for naval heroes.
- Oliver Hazard Perry class (30 ships in commission)

Battleships

All U.S. battleships have been retired, although two Tomahawk-capable ships remain in "Inactive" Reserve. They are maintained in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996. Current plans in the United States Navy call for keeping the battleships on the NVR until the naval surface fire support gun and missile development programs achieve operational capability, which is expected to occur sometime between 2003 and 2008. All battleships except USS Kearsarge (BB-5) were named for states.
- Iowa class

Early vessels


- USS Constitution — "Old Ironsides," oldest commissioned warship afloat
- USS Monitor — first US ironclad warship, also first rotating turret
- USS Merrimack — a wooden warship rebuilt by the Confederates as the ironclad CSS Virginia
- USS Alligator — the first submarine of the Civil War, but sunk while being towed during a storm.
- CSS Hunley — First submarine to sink a ship in a combat engagement, though it sunk in the aftermath as well. Built by the Confederates near the end of the Civil War. Sank USS Housatonic with a spar-mounted torpedo.

Naval aircraft

torpedo, 2003]]
- A-4 Skyhawk
- AV-8B Harrier II
- C-2 Greyhound
- E-2C Hawkeye
- E-6B Mercury
- EA-6B Prowler
- ES-3 Shadow
- FH-1 Phantom
- F-14 Tomcat
- F-15 Eagle
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F/A-18 Hornet
- F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
- EA-18G Growler
- F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
- H-3 Sea King
- CH-46 Sea Knight
- CH-53 Sea Stallion
- SH-2 Seasprite
- SH-60 Sea Hawk
- P-3C Orion see also Multimission Maritime Aircraft
- S-3B Viking
- V-22 Osprey
- T-6A Texan II
- T-45 Goshawk
- Aerial Common Sensor (no designation yet)

Harbor defense

The United States Navy has, in the last few years, greatly expanded its harbor defense forces in response to the War on Terrorism. The main components of Naval Harbor Defense include:
- Inshore Boat Units (IBUs)
- Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Units (MIUWUs)
- Special Boat Units (SBUs)

Special warfare

The Navy Seals are the U.S. Navy's primary special warfare units whose purpose is to engage in "special activities other than war". The Navy also maintains an EOD Corps (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) as well as a small corps of Surface Warfare personel known by the designator "Special Operations Underway".

Missiles, guns, equipment


- Trident missile
- Poseidon missile
- Tomahawk missile
- Polaris missile
- Naval Space Surveillance System
- CIWS

Submarine warfare and nuclear deterrence

The submarine has a long history in the USN. It began in the late 19th century, with the building of the SS-1, USS Holland. The boat was in service for 10 years and was a developmental and trials vessel for many systems on other early submarines. The submarine really came of age in World War I. The USN did not have a large part in this war, with its action mainly being confined to escorting convoys later in the war and sending a division of battleships to reinforce the British Grand Fleet. However, there were those in the USN submarine service who saw what the Germans had done with their U-boats and took careful note. Doctrine in the inter-war years emphasised the submarine as a scout for the battle fleet, and also extreme caution in command. Both these axioms were proven wrong after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The submarine skippers of the fleet boats of World War II waged a very effective campaign against Japanese merchant vessels, doing to Japan what Germany failed to do to the United Kingdom. They were aggressive and effective, and operated far from the fleet. In addition to their commerce raiding role, submarines also proved valuable in air-sea rescue. There was many an American aircraft carrier pilot who owed his life to the valour of USN submarine crews, including future U.S. President George H. W. Bush.

Navy revolutions

After WWII, things continued along much the same path until the early 1950s. Then a revolution, that was to forever change the nature of the submarine arm occurred. That revolution was USS Nautilus. The Nautilus was the first nuclear-powered submarine. Up until that point, submarines had really been, at their most basic level, torpedo boats that happened to be able to go underwater. They had been tied to the surface by the need to charge their batteries using diesel engines relatively often. The nuclear power plant of the Nautilus meant that the boat could stay underwater for literally months at a time, the only limit in the end being the amount of food that the boat could carry. Another revolution in submarine warfare came with USS George Washington. Nuclear powered, like Nautilus, George Washington added strategic ballistic missiles to the mix. Earlier submarines had carried strategic missiles, but the boats had been diesel powered, and the missiles required the boat to surface in order to fire. The missiles were also cruise missiles, which were vulnerable to the defences of the day in a way that ballistic missiles were not. George Washington's missiles could be fired whilst the boat was submerged, meaning that it was far less likely to be detected before firing. The nuclear power of the boat also meant that, like Nautilus, George Washington's patrol length was only limited by the amount of food the boat could carry. Ballistic missile submarines, carrying Polaris missiles, eventually superseded all other strategic nuclear systems in the USN. Deterrent patrols continue to this day, although now with the Ohio class boats and Trident missiles. Trident missile]] Given the lack of large scale conventional naval warfare since 1945, with the USN's role being primarily that of power projection, the submarine service did not fire weapons in anger for very many years. The development of a new generation of cruise missiles changed that. The BGM-109 Tomahawk missile was developed to give naval vessels a long range land attack capability. Other than direct shore bombardment, and strikes by aircraft flying off carriers, the ability of naval vessels to influence warfare on land was limited. Now, instead of being limited to firing shells less than 20 miles inland from guns, any naval vessel fitted with the Tomahawk could hit targets up to 1,000 miles inland. The mainstay of the Tomahawk equipped vessels in the early days of the missile's deployment were the Iowa class battleships, and the submarine fleet. The Tomahawk was first used in combat on 17 January 1991, on the opening night of Operation Desert Storm. On that day, for the first time since the surrender of Japan in 1945, an American submarine fired in combat, when Tomahawks were launched by US boats in the eastern Mediterranean. Since then, the Tomahawk has become a staple of American campaigns. It has seen use in no less than three separate wars. It has also been exported to the United Kingdom, which has also fitted it to submarines. The Tomahawk has seen a change in the design of attack submarines. At first it was fired through torpedo tubes, but more recent US boats have been fitted with vertical launch systems to enable them to carry more of the weapons. In the early 21st century, the USN submarine fleet is made up entirely of nuclear powered vessels. It is the most powerful of its type in the world. However, there are those who worry that there are not enough boats in the fleet. As with other branches of the US military the budget cuts of the late 1980s and the early 1990s, as the Cold War ended, followed up by the War on Terrorism, have left little or no slack in the system. This point is illustrated by the fact that in 2003, for the first time since 1945, a US submarine made two back-to-back war patrols.

Major naval bases


- Complete list of US Naval facilities
- Norfolk, Virginia — The largest Naval base in the world, situated in southeastern Virginia. This is the main port on the Eastern Seaboard.
- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii — A deep water naval base and headquarters of the Pacific Fleet
- San Diego, California — A large complex of Navy bases, and the primary port for ships on the West Coast of the United States
- Naval Base Kitsap, Washington — Home base for