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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a small private university in Hanover, New Hampshire, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, with funds partially raised by the efforts of a Native American preacher named Samson Occom, it is the ninth-oldest college in the United States. In addition to its liberal arts undergraduate program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 18 graduate programs in the arts and sciences; hence it would tend to be called a university in standard American usage. For the sake of tradition and in order to emphasize the central importance it gives to undergraduate education, however, it refers to itself as a college. With a total enrollment of about 5,700, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League. In 2005 Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as one of the "World's Ten Most Enduring Institutions," recognizing its ability to overcome crises that threatened its survival (most famously Dartmouth College v. Woodward). Dartmouth is recognized as one of the most unwired colleges in the U.S. thanks to its wireless campus. Dartmouth alumni are famously involved in their college, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the 19th and 20th centuries. Over many generations, Dartmouth has had one of the very highest alumni donor participation rates.

The College

Daniel Webster Dartmouth was made the ninth colonial college when it was given a royal charter by King George III in 1769, mostly as a result of the efforts of Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister, and his patron, Royal Governor John Wentworth. Dartmouth's original purpose was to provide for the christianization, instruction, and education of "Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land...and also of English Youth and any others." Ministers Nathaniel Whittaker and Samson Occom (an early Native American clergyman) raised funds for the college in England through an English trust among whose benefactors and trustees were prominent English statemen, including King George III's Secretary of State for the Colonies in North America, William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, for whom Dartmouth College is named. The fundraising was meant to support Wheelock's ongoing Connecticut institution of the 1740s, Moor's Indian Charity School (chartered 1754), but Wheelock instead applied the funds to the establishment of Dartmouth College, the ninth and last colonial college. Classes began in 1770 and the College granted its first degrees in 1771. Dejected and betrayed, Samson Occom went on to form his own community of New England Indians called Brothertown in Oneida country in upstate New York (currently known as Deansboro). The Brothertown Indians were displaced yet again in the early 1800s to what is today Wisconsin. Brothertown In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic Dartmouth College case, in which the State of New Hampshire attempted to amend the College's royal charter to make the school a public university. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the college buildings and began operating in Hanover, though the College continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby. Daniel Webster, an alumnus of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the United States Supreme Court, which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an illegal impairment of a contract by the state and prevented New Hampshire from taking over the college. Webster concluded his peroration with the words, : It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it. Dartmouth's motto is Vox Clamantis in Deserto, "The voice of one crying out in the wilderness" (a reference to John the Baptist as well as to the college's location on what was once the frontier of European settlement). The school's color is "Dartmouth Green", a forest green. Richard Hovey's Men of Dartmouth was elected as the best of all the songs of the College in 1896, and today it serves as the school's alma mater, although it now goes by the more sex-neutral name of Dear Old Dartmouth. The sports teams go by the name "Big Green", a nickname dating to the early twentieth century. The teams' former mascot, the Dartmouth Indian, no longer is used, though proposals for a new mascot have included one devised by the college humor magazine, the [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~jacko/ Jack-O-Lantern]: the notorious '[http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004021601020 Keggy]' is a lively beer keg who makes frequent appearances at college sporting events and has received unofficial approval by the student government. Dartmouth was a men's college until 1972, when women were first admitted as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates. At about the same time as coeducation, Dartmouth adopted its unique "D Plan", a schedule of year-round operation that allowed an increase in the enrollment (with the addition of females) without enlarging campus accommodations. The year is divided into four terms corresponding with the seasons; students are required to be in residence for at least one summer during their college career, and spend at least one autumn, winter, or spring term on leave. One wag described it as a way to put 4,000 students into 3,000 beds. Although new dormitories have been built since, the number of students has also increased and the D Plan remains in effect. Dartmouth is governed by a Board of Trustees. The board includes the college President (ex officio), the state Governor (ex officio), seven other (Charter) trustees elected by the board itself, and seven (Alumni) trustees nominated for board appointment by members of the Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College, a body created in 1854 that represents over 60,000 alumni. (Specifically, trustee candidates may be nominated by an alumni council or by alumni petition, then an election is held, and finally the winner is, by longstanding agreement, appointed to the board by all Trustees. Several recent petition candidates have become Trustees in this manner.) Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College The centerpiece of today's Dartmouth College is its undergraduate college of roughly 4,200 students, constituting one of the most selective undergraduate institutions in the world. Throughout the most recent admissions cycle, 12,757 students applied for 1,050 places in the class, and only 16.8% of applicants were admitted. The median SAT score of enrolled students in the freshman class is 1470, of whom 88% were in the top ten percent of their high school class. Alongside the undergraduate college lie a small graduate school and three professional institutes, the Dartmouth Medical School (1797), the Thayer School of Engineering (1867), and the Tuck School of Business (1900). With these graduate programs, conventional American usage would accord Dartmouth the label of "university"; but for historical and nostalgic reasons (such as the Dartmouth College case) the school uses "Dartmouth College" for the entire institution. Famous graduates and students include US Senator Daniel Webster, Chief Justice of the United States Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, Theodor Seuss Geisel (renowned children's author Dr. Seuss), poet Robert Frost, and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller of New York. The screenplay for the film Animal House was cowritten by Chris Miller '63 and is based loosely on a series of 1974 fictional stories he wrote about his fraternity days at Dartmouth, including "The Night of the Seven Fires." In a CNN interview, John Landis said the movie was "based on Chris Miller's real fraternity at Dartmouth," Alpha Delta. In an interview with The Dartmouth, Miller said that at least one incident in the film—one in which a Delta Tau Chi brother skis down the stairs as the band plays "Shout"—occurred at an Alpha Delta party at Dartmouth. The names of "Otter" and "Pinto" may be found in the yearbooks of the period, such as the 1963 Aegis. The movie was filmed at the University of Oregon. The Simpsons have also made light of Dartmouth's alleged party atmosphere by having a born-again Christian recollect her times, "drinking like a Dartmouth boy" as well as Duff Man's boast that a trick pouring contest would count as course credit at Dartmouth College. Duff Man In January, 2001, two Dartmouth professors, Half Zantop (b. January 24, 1938) and Suzanne Zantop (b. August 12, 1945), were found stabbed to death in their Etna, New Hampshire home. After an intense nationwide manhunt, two teenagers from Chelsea, Vermont, Robert Tulloch and James Parker, were arrested in Newcastle, Indiana and extradited back to New Hampshire. Both defendants eventually pled guilty to murder charges and were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Presidents of Dartmouth College (the Wheelock Succession)

Facilities

The Hopkins Center

The [http://hop.dartmouth.edu/ Hopkins Center] ("the Hop") houses the college's drama, music, film, and studio arts departments, as well as a woodshop, pottery studio, and jewelry studio which are open for use by students and the public. Its front façade is similar to that of Manhattan’s Lincoln Center, a later design by the famed architect Wallace Harrison. Facilities include two recital halls and one large auditorium. It is also the location of all student mailboxes and the Courtyard Café dining facility. The Hop is connected to the Hood Museum of Art and the Loew Auditorium, where films are shown. The Hopkins Center is an important New Hampshire performance venue.

Nelson A. Rockefeller Center

The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center is a center for interaction and discussion on public policy. Dedicated in 1983, the center stands in tribute to Nelson A. Rockefeller (Class of 1930). Known on campus as Rocky, the Center provides students, faculty and community-members opportunities to discuss and learn about public policy, law, and politics. Sponsoring lunch and dinner discussions with prominent faculty and visitors, the Center aides provides close interaction and discussion. The Rockefeller Center has established a Public-Policy Minor at Dartmouth College and an exchange program on political economy with Oxford University (Keble College). In addition, the Center provides grants to students engaged in public-policy research and/or activities.

John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding

The John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding was established in 1982 to honor Dartmouth's twelfth president (1945-70), John Sloan Dickey. The purpose of the Dickey Center is to "coordinate, sustain, and enrich the international dimension of liberal arts education at Dartmouth." To this end, the Dickey Center is committed to helping Dartmouth students prepare for a world in which local, national and global concerns are more strongly linked than ever. It strives to promote quality scholarly research at Dartmouth concerning international problems and issues, with an emphasis on work that is innovative and cross-disciplinary. And it seeks to heighten public awareness and to stimulate debate on pressing international issues. The Dickey Center also hosts several student-run organizations, such as the Dartmouth World Affairs Council (WAC), fostering undergraduate awareness of international affairs.

Aquatic facilities

Alumni Gym hosts two pools, the Karl Michael Competition Pool and the Spaulding Pool. Together they comprise a total of fifteen 25-yard lanes and two 50-meter lanes. The Karl Michael Pool, constructed in 1962, was designed by former Dartmouth College Men's Varsity Swim Team captain R. Jackson Smith, class of 1936. In 1970, it was formally named the Karl Michael Pool, after the coach of the men's varsity swim team from 1939-1970. The pool features eleven 25-yard lanes, with a special bulkhead that can be lowered to create two 50 meter lanes. The pool area has a seating area for 1,200 spectators. The Michael Pool hosted the 1968 Men's [http://www.ncaa.org/ NCAA] Championships, in which several American records were set. The pool also features one and three meter diving boards, with a water well 12 to 14 feet deep. Adjacent is the Spaulding Pool. Spaulding Pool is a 10 by 25 yard pool constructed during 1919 and 1920 and designed by Rich & Mathesius, Architects. The Spaulding Pool is one of the oldest continuously operating pools in the United States. The pool's interior walls feature original encaustic tiles apparently designed by noted ceramist Leon Victor Solon. The pool has seating for several hundred spectators. Both pools are currently used by the Men's and Women's Varsity Swim Teams, as well as a host of other programs within the college.

Housing clusters

As opposed to ungrouped dormitories or residential colleges as employed at such institutions as Yale, Princeton, Cambridge, and Oxford, Dartmouth utilizes "housing clusters." Housing clusters are groups of two to three dormitories (although some one-dorm clusters exist) that are located physically near one another. Student tend to associate with their housing cluster more than their individual dormitory.

Student Life

Student groups

Dartmouth hosts a large number of student groups, covering a wide range of interests. Literary publications include the humor magazine the Dartmouth Jack O'Lantern as well as the Daily Dartmouth (the nation's oldest daily college paper) and the off-campus conservative newspaper The Dartmouth Review. As of 2005 student musical groups include the Barbary Coast Jazz Ensemble, the Dartmouth Glee Club, the Christian acapella group [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~xado X.Ado], the Dartmouth Chamber Singers, [http://www.dartmouthaires.com the Dartmouth Aires], the Dartmouth Final Cut, [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cords/ the Dartmouth Cords], the Dartmouth Dodecaphonics, the Dartmouth Gospel Choir, the Handel Society of Dartmouth College, the Dartmouth College Marching Band, the Dartmouth Rockapellas, the Dartmouth Symphony Orchestra, the Dartmouth Wind Symphony, the Dartmouth Brass Society, and the World Music Percussion Ensemble. For more information on individual groups, both in the performing arts and other fields, please see Dartmouth College student groups.

Winter Carnival

Dartmouth College student groups Winter Carnival is, as of 2004, a 94-year-old tradition at Dartmouth College and was particularly famous during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. The Dartmouth Outing Club, founded in 1909, organized a winter weekend "field day" in 1910. This was an athletic event centered on skiing, a sport which the Outing Club helped to pioneer and publicize on a national scale. In 1911 the event was named Winter Carnival, social events were added, and women were invited to attend. By 1919 the emphasis had shifted to dances organized by fraternities. Special trains made runs to transport women guests to Dartmouth, and National Geographic Magazine referred to it as "the Mardi Gras of the North." The event became famous, much as Spring Break in Fort Lauderdale was to be during the 1950s and 1960s. Carnival was the subject of the frothy 1939 motion picture comedy Winter Carnival, starring Ann Sheridan, who plays a former Winter Carnival Queen of the Snows who has made a bad marriage to a European duke and revisits Dartmouth in an attempt to save her younger sister, the current Queen, from repeating her mistake with a European count. The movie is remembered mostly for its extracinematic associations; F. Scott Fitzgerald and Dartmouth alumnus Budd Schulberg were hired to write the screenplay. While gathering background in Hanover during Carnival, Fitzgerald became scandalously drunk at fraternities and was forced to leave the project. Although portions of his work were used, he was not given a writer's credit. The events and personalities bear a resemblance to those recounted in Schulberg's novel, The Disenchanted. Winter Carnival takes place each year on a weekend in February and include such events as ski competitions at the Dartmouth Skiway; a polar bear swim; a cappella and jazz concerts; a human dogsled race; a drag ball; and a showing of the 1939 movie. Students build a large Carnival-themed snow sculpture on the college Green. The 1987 sculpture held the Guinness record for the "tallest snowman." The sculpture in 2004 reflected the famous character 'The Cat in the Hat,' in honor of the 100th birthday of Dartmouth alumnus and creater of the character, Dr. Seuss. Numerous parties are thrown by the campus's fraternities and sororities. In 1999, students cancelled their parties to protest other administration policies.

Dartmouth Night

Dartmouth Night starts the college's traditional "Homecoming" weekend with an evening of speeches, a parade, and a bonfire. Traditionally, the freshman class builds the bonfire and then runs around it a set number of times in concordance with their class year; the class of 2009 performed 109 circuits, the class of 1999 performed 99, etc. President William Jewett Tucker introduced the ceremony of Dartmouth Night in 1895. The evening of speeches celebrated the accomplishments of the college's alumni. Originally the event took place in the Old Chapel in Dartmouth Hall, but over time other events began to become more important and popular and Dartmouth Night moved outdoors. The focus of Dartmouth Night is the bonfire. Students had built bonfires during the late nineteenth century to celebrate sports victories, including one in 1888 that recognized a baseball victory over Manchester. An editorial in The Dartmouth criticized that fire, saying: :It disturbed the slumbers of a peaceful town, destroyed some property, made the boys feel that they were being men, and in fact did no one any good. The students nevertheless continued to build bonfires before and after athletic events, and by the mid-twentieth century, bonfires were firmly associated with Dartmouth Night. In 1904, the Earl of Dartmouth visited the campus on Dartmouth Night with New Hampshire politician and author Winston Churchill and marched around the Green with the students. Early on, the tradition of reading out telegrams (later e-mail messages) sent that night from alumni clubs around the country began. Football first began to be associated with Dartmouth Night during the 1920s. Memorial Field was dedicated on Dartmouth Night in 1923. For decades the raucous pre-football rallies remained separate from the dignified official activities. In 1936, the College first began the tradition of football games during this weekend; ten years later the formal College events and the rally were combined in a single grand event, and for the first time Dartmouth Night was intentionally scheduled on what is called Dartmouth Night Weekend. During the 1950s, students adopted a star-hexagon-square structure for the bonfire. Following the tragic bonfire accident at Texas A&M in 1999, the school hired professionals to do some of the building; nevertheless the night still remains a highlight of the school year.

Athletics

1999 As of 2004 Dartmouth College hosts 34 varsity sports: sixteen for men, sixteen for women, and coeducational sailing and equestrian programs. This place it among the top United States colleges and universities in this regard. In addition, there are twenty-three club sports and twenty-four intramural sports. Nicknamed "The Big Green," [http://athletics.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth's varsity athletic teams] compete in [http://www.ncaa.org/ NCAA] Division 1 as well as in the eight-member Ivy League conference, which includes [http://www.harvard.edu/ Harvard], [http://www.princeton.edu/ Princeton], [http://www.yale.edu/ Yale], [http://www.brown.edu/ Brown], [http://www.columbia.edu/ Columbia], [http://www.cornell.edu Cornell] and the [http://www.upenn.edu/ University of Pennsylvania]. Some teams also participate in the [http://www.ecac.org/index ECAC] (Eastern Collegiate Athletic Conference). Dartmouth athletics have earned several high honors, excelling in NCAA championships ranging from track and field to basketball, cross country to soccer, as well as skiing, golf, lacrosse and diving. Dartmouth hosts many athletic venues. Dartmouth College Alumni Gymnasium, the center of athletic life at Dartmouth, is home of the Dartmouth College Aquatic facilities, basketball courts, squash and racket ball courts, indoor track, fencing lanes as well as a rowing training center. The college also maintains both indoor and outdoor track facilities, hockey arena, football stadium, rowing boat house, and tennis complex. As is true of all Ivy League schools, Dartmouth College does not offer athletic scholarships, yet is home to many student athletes. Currently many as three-quarters of Dartmouth undergraduates participate in some form of athletics, and one-quarter of Dartmouth students play a varsity sport at some point during their undergraduate years. The actual numbers of varsity athletes and varsity sports are thus much larger than at schools ten times Dartmouth's size. In addition to official varsity sports, Dartmouth students participate in several "club" teams, such as those for rugby. Dartmouth's original sports field is the Green, where students played cricket during the late eighteenth century and Old Division Football during the 1800s; some intramural games still take place there. For more information on certain individual athletic teams, please see Dartmouth College athletic teams.

Native Americans at Dartmouth

Native Americans at Dartmouth College

External links

- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth College website]
- [http://www.dartmouthindependent.com/ The Dartmouth Independent] — Dartmouth's only online publication, spanning a spectrum of political views.
- [http://www.thedartmouth.com/ The Dartmouth] — the United States' oldest independent college newspaper
- [http://www.dartmouthbeacon.com/ The Dartmouth Beacon] — Dartmouth's only college recognized conservative publication.
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~thepress/ The Dartmouth Free Press] — Dartmouth's only liberal publication
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2003/april/041603.html Remembering Maurice Rapf]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hop/0304_pages/dfs-description.html Dartmouth Film Society]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/alumni/leadership/constit.htm Dartmouth's Alumni Association]
- [http://web.dartmouth.edu/~webcams/tower/ Dartmouth webcam]
- [http://www.buzzflood.org/books.php Books] — Faculty book publication list
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~skiway Dartmouth Skiway]
- [http://www.dartreview.com/issues/2.7.00/carnival.html The Mardi Gras of the North] History of the Winter Carnival
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~carnival/ 2004 Winter Carnival Celebration]: "Oh! The Places It Snows: A Seussentennial"
- [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032132/ IMDb: Winter Carnival]
- [http://hop.dartmouth.edu Dartmouth's Hopkins Center for the Arts]
- [http://www.dartmo.com/index.html Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College]
- [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_010702_dartmouthcol.htm Encyclopedia of North American Indians]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nas/html/napmain.html Native American Programs at Dartmouth]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nap/powwow/ The Dartmouth Pow-Wow]
- [http://www.marksverylarge.com/people/miller.html Chris Miller] Bio of Chris Miller, Dartmouth '63, cowriter of Animal House
- [http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004051401080&action=print Alpha Delta Lawn Party], cites Chris Miller
- [http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/29/se.09.html John Landis interview], Animal House based on Dartmouth
- [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/young/dartmouth_murders/1.html All about the Dartmouth Murders (Half and Suzanne Zantop)(www.crimelibrary.com)]
- [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6227362341282113891&q=dartmouth Moosilauke, Dartmouth and the Ravine Camp 1909-1939 ] Video on the Construction of the Ravine Lodge Category:Universities and colleges in New Hampshire Category:Ivy League Category:Dartmouth College Category:Colonial colleges ja:ダートマス大学

Private school

Private schools, or independent schools, are schools not administered by local or national government, which retain the right to select their student body and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition rather than with public (state) funds. In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels: it is almost never used of universities or other tertiary institutions.

Types of private school in North America

Private education covers the whole gamut of educational activity. Private schools range from pre-school to tertiary level institutions. The secondary level includes schools offering grades 7 through 12 and post-graduate or grade 13. This category includes preparatory schools or "prep schools", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions, and the endowment. High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers, and also used to provide enriched learning environments including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services such as libraries, science laboratories, and computers. Many private schools are boarding schools. Some military schools are privately owned or operated as well. Trade or vocational schools are also usually private schools where students can learn skills in a trade which they intend to make their future occupation. Trade schools exist in a variety of occupations from cosmetology schools to schools for the performing arts. Religiously affiliated schools (also called parochial schools, though this term is often used to denote Catholic-affiliated schools from Protestant-affiliated ones) form a distinct category of private school. Such schools teach religious lessons, often alongside a secular education, to instill religious knowledge and a strong religious identity in the students who attend. Many alternative schools, such as independent schools, are also privately financed. Private schools can often avoid some state regulations which might make alternative methods of schooling more difficult, and they are often easier for a small group of committed parents or teachers to create and maintain than state-funded schools. Finally, special assistance schools aim to improve the lives of their students by providing services tailored to very specific needs of individual students. Such schools include tutoring schools and schools to assist the learning of handicapped children.

Types of private school in England and Wales

Generally called independent schools because of their freedom to operate outside of government regulation, private schools are favoured by a significant minority of parents because of their frequent achievement of academic standards higher than those of the state sector. Independent primary schools are called preparatory schools, preparing pupils not for admission to a university as in the United States, but to an independent secondary school. Such independent secondary schools are often - somewhat confusingly - called public schools, though this term is primarily used of the older and more prestigious schools, like Eton and Harrow. Many of these schools are boarding schools. Due to their ancient foundation, many public schools have a religious character, although this does not generally aim at pupils' religious indoctrination and does not preclude pupils of other faiths attending if they wish. Religion is not as important an aspect in the majority of parents' decision to send their child to an independent school as it is in the United States, due to the requirement of state schools to timetable periods of Christian worship. Although the majority of independent schools in England and Wales aim at high academic standards, a small number provide support for those experiencing difficulties in mainstream education.

External links

- [http://www.nais.org National Association of Independent Schools]
- [http://www.schools.com The Association of Boarding Schools]
- [http://www.eschoolsearch.com eSchoolSearch Directory] ja:私立学校

University

A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corporation (since the first medieval European universities were simply groups of scholars). medieval European universities]

History

Because of the above definition, the oldest universities in the world were all European, as the awarding of academic degrees was not a custom of older institutions of learning in Asia and Africa. However, institutions of higher learning considerably older than the most ancient European universities existed in countries such as China, Egypt and India. The Academy, founded in 387 BC by the Greek philosopher Plato in the grove of Academos near Athens, taught its students philosophy, mathematics, and gymnastics, and is sometimes considered a forerunner of modern European universities. Other Greek cities with notable educational institutions include Kos (the home of Hippocrates), which had a medical school, and Rhodes, which had philosophical schools. Another famous classical university was the Museum and Library of Alexandria. About a thousand years after Plato, institutions bearing a resemblance to the modern university existed in Persia and the Islamic world, notably the Academy of Gundishapur and later also al-Azhar University in Cairo. In Asia, there were a number of institutions of higher learning that vaguely resembled universities in the Western sense of the word. In general, these are of considerable antiquity, predating western institutions of higher learning by centuries. In China, it's recorded that the education system had been established during the Yu period (2257 BC - 2208 BC) and the imperial central academy was named Shangyang (Shang means higher and Yang means school) at the time. The higher learning institution - imperial central academy, was called Piyong in Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC - 249 BC), Taixue in Han Dynasty (202 - 220) and Guozijian in Sui dynasty. For example, Nanjing University traces its source back to the imperial central academy at Nanking founded in 258 by the Kingdom of Wu. The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination was established in the Sui Dynasty (581 -618) for evaluating and selecting officials from the general populace. The ancient cities of Nalanda, Vikramasila, Kanchipura and Takshasila were greatly reputed centres of learning in the east, with students from all over Asia. In particular, Nalanda was a famous center of Buddhist scholarship, and as such it attracted a vast number of Buddhist scholars from China, central Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Carolingian period, a famous academy was created by Charlemagne for the purpose of educating the children of aristocrats to help train the professionals needed to run an empire. It was a foreshadow of the rise of the University in the 11th century. The first European medieval university was the University of Magnaura in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), founded in 849 by the emperor Bardas, followed by the University of Salerno (9th century)University of Bologna (1088) in Bologna, Italy, and the University of Paris (c. 1100) in Paris, France. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali. In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarly sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. In Europe, young men proceeded to the university when they had completed the study of the trivium–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and logic–and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. (See degrees of Oxford University for the history of how the trivium and quadrivium developed in relation to degrees, especially in anglophone universities). Universities are generally established by statute or charter. In the United Kingdom, for instance, a university is instituted by Act of Parliament or Royal Charter; in either case generally with the approval of Privy Council, and only such recognized bodies can award degrees of any kind.

Universities around the world

The funding and organisation of Universities is very different in different countries around the world. In some countries Universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the University must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend University in their local town, while in other countries Universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide University accommodation for their students.

Universities and student life in different countries

- British universities
- Dutch universities
- French universities
- Irish universities
- Italian universities
- Spanish universities
- US universities
- Egyptian universities

Selective admissions

Unlike community colleges, enrollment at a university is generally not available to all. However, admission systems vary widely around the world, as discussed in the article college admissions.

Colloquial usage

Colloquially, the term university is used around the world for a phase in one's life: "when I was at university…"; in the United States, college is often used: "when I was in college…". See college, §3, for further discussion. In the United Kingdom and Australia "University" is often contracted to simply "Uni". The usual practice in the United States today is to call an institution made up of several faculties and granting a range of higher degrees a "university" while a smaller institution only granting bachelor's or associate's degrees is called a "college". (See liberal arts colleges, community college). Nevertheless, a few of America's oldest and most prestigious universities, such as Boston College, Dartmouth College and the College of William and Mary, have retained the term "college" in their names for historical reasons though they offer a wide range of higher degrees.

Related terms

: academia - academic rank - academy - admission - alumnus - aula - [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brain_farm Brain farm ]-Bologna process - business schools - Grandes écoles - campus - college - college and university rankings - dean - degree - diploma - discipline - [http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Dissertation dissertation] - faculty - fraternities and sororities - graduate student - graduation - lecturer - medieval university - medieval university (Asia) - mega university - perpetual student - professor - provost - rector - research - scholar - senioritis - student - tenure - tuition - undergraduate - universal access - university administration

References

- Walter Ruegg (ed), A History of the University in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (3 vols) ISBN 0521361079 (vol 3 reviewed by Laurence Brockliss in the Times Literary Supplement, no 5332, 10 June 2005, pages 3-4). Category:Educational stages ko:대학교 ms:Universiti ja:大学 simple:University th:มหาวิทยาลัย

New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a small U.S. state in northern New England. It is located east of Vermont, north of Massachusetts, south of Quebec, Canada, and west of Maine and the North Atlantic Ocean. The state ranks 46th of the 50 states in land area (23,249 km²) and 41st in population (around 1.3 million by a 2003 U.S. Census Bureau estimate). It is the site of the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential elections, and has probably the most famous of all state mottos: "Live free or die," quoted from Revolutionary War hero John Stark's response to a letter honoring him for the Battle of Bennington. New Hampshire's state nickname is "the Granite State" because it has numerous granite quarries, although that industry has declined greatly in recent decades. The nickname has also been embraced for reflecting the state's attachment to tradition and limited government. More recently, many people, primarily libertarians, have begun referring to New Hampshire as "The Free State". This is partially a reference to the fact that the state has been chosen as the destination of The Free State Project, and partially a homage to all the libertarian laws, or in some cases lack of laws, that caused New Hampshire to be chosen in the first place. Its state flower is the purple lilac. Its state bird is the purple finch. Its state tree is the American white birch, also called paper birch or canoe birch. New Hampshire is home to the highest winds ever recorded on Earth: 231 mph in 1934 at the Mount Washington weather observatory in the Presidential Range. In 2003, it gained international attention for having the first openly gay bishop of a large mainline Christian church, Gene Robinson, within the Anglican Communion (the Episcopal Church in the United States of America). New Hampshire's recreational attractions include skiing and other winter sports; observing the fall foliage; the Lakes Region; and the New Hampshire International Speedway (formerly Bryar Motorsport Park), home of the Loudon Classic, the longest-running motorcycle race in the United States. USS New Hampshire was named in honor of this state.

History

New Hampshire was founded by Captain John Mason and first settled in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. In 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham). In 1679 this Upper Plantation became the "Royal Province" with John Cutt as governor. The "Royal Province" continued until 1698 when it came under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts with Joseph Dudley as Governor. Thus it continued until 1741. Under King George II New Hampshire returned to its royal provincial status with a governor of its own, Benning Wentworth, who was its governor from 1741 to 1766. It was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It was the first state to declare its independence, and the historic attack on Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. On January 5, 1776, the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, meeting in Exeter, New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution in the soon-to-be United States, six months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In the 1830s, New Hampshire saw two major news stories: the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue, and the founding of the modern Republican Party by Amos Tuck and friends. New Hampshire grew as a hotbed of Abolitionist sentiment up to the American Civil War, participating in the Underground Railroad in providing safe routes into Canada, primarily via the Connecticut River waterway. In the 20th Century, New Hampshire gained political renown for its First in the Nation political primaries which tended to accurately predict who would be elected President of the United States. See also: Province of New Hampshire

Law and government

Province of New Hampshire The New Hampshire state capital is Concord, which has also been known over time by the names Rumford and Penacook. The governor of New Hampshire is John Lynch (Democrat). New Hampshire's two U.S. senators are Judd Gregg (Republican) and John E. Sununu (Republican). New Hampshire has a bifurcated executive branch, consisting of the Governor and a five-member Executive Council which votes on state contracts over $5,000 and "advises and consents" to the governor's nominations to major state positions such as department heads and all judgeships, and pardon requests. New Hampshire does not have a Lieutenant Governor, the Senate President serves as "acting governor" whenever the governor is unable to perform the duties. The New Hampshire General Court is the bicameral legislative body, consisting of the the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representative is the third-largest and most representative legislative body in the world with 400 members. Legislators are typically independently wealthy or retired as they only make $100 a year, plus mileage. The state's sole appellate court is the New Hampshire Supreme Court. The Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction and the only which provides for jury trials in civil and criminal cases. The other state courts are the Probate Court, District Court, and Family Division. The New Hampshire State Constitution is the supreme law of the state, followed by the the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated. Although the state retains the death penalty, the last execution was conducted in 1939. In 2004, the General Court passed the "New Hampshire Parental Notification Prior to Abortion Act" which was declared unconstitutional in Federal court; in Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England, the state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Politics

New Hampshire has historically been dominated by the Republican Party. However, in national elections it has become a swing state. In 2004, New Hampshire narrowly gave its four electoral votes to John Kerry with 50.2% of the vote. In the 2000 presidential election, New Hampshire narrowly supported George W. Bush. The state supported Clinton in 1992 and 1996, but prior to that had only strayed from the Republican party for three candidates—Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson. Unlike other northeastern states, Republicans still dominate most local and state offices. Democratic strength is greatest in Strafford, Cheshire, Grafton and Merrimack counties. New Hampshire has a Libertarian-like political tradition that values individual freedom and weak state governmental powers, although the Libertarian party does not do well in elections when compared to the Democratic and Republican parties. Much of the authority in the state is in the hands of municipal governments. In 1995, with the passage of Senate Bill 2, municipalities were able to continue conducting town meetings the traditional way or by ballot voting. The New Hampshire's government has earned the positive attention of residents in neighboring Vermont: Killington, Vermont has twice voted to secede from Vermont and join New Hampshire—a largely symbolic act, since secession would require the agreement of both states' legislatures and the U.S. Congress. Supporters of the secession note that almost all Vermont towns were first chartered by New Hampshire, and point out that these two states already have some unusual cross-border links, including two of the rarely seen interstate school districts in the United States (a third is shared by Oregon and Nevada).

Geography

Nevada See List of New Hampshire counties New Hampshire is part of the New England region. It is bounded by Quebec, Canada to the north, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshire's major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains region, the Lakes region the Seacoast region, the Merrimack Valley region, the Monadnock region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. See List of mountains in New Hampshire New Hampshire was home to the famous geological formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until May 2 to May 3, 2003, when the symbol of New Hampshire collapsed. The Presidential Range in New Hampshire spans the central portion of the state, with Mount Washington being the tallest, and other mountains like Mount Madison and Mount Quincy Adams surrounding it. With hurricane force winds every third day on the average, 100 recorded deaths among visitors, and conspicuous krummholz (dwarf, matted trees much like a carpet of bonsai), the upper reaches Mount Washington claim the distinction of the "worst weather on earth." In consequence, a non-profit observatory is located on the peak for the purposes of observing harsh environmental conditions. In the flatter southwest corner of New Hampshire another feature, the prominent landmark and tourist attraction of Mount Monadnock, has given its name to a general class of earth-forms, a monadnock signifying in geomorphology any isolated resistant peak rising from a less resistant eroded plain. See List of New Hampshire rivers Major rivers include the 116 mile (187 km) Merrimack River, which bisects the state north-south and ends up in Massachusetts. Its major tributaries include the Souhegan River. The 410 mile (670 km) Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshire's Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, forms the western border of New Hampshire. Oddly, the state border is not in the center of that river, as is usually the case, but lies at the low-water mark on the Vermont side, so New Hampshire actually owns the whole river. The Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the state's only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The largest lake is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 72 square miles (186 km²) in the central part of New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any coastal state, 18 miles (29 km) by state figures. (Under some federal definitions, Pennsylvania's coast is shorter: See Footnote in "Miscellaneous"). Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. About 10 miles (16 km) offshore are the Isles of Shoals, nine small islands (4 belonging to the state) best known as the site of a 19th-century art colony founded by poet Celia Thaxter, as well as the alleged location of one of the buried treasures of the pirate Blackbeard. The state has an ongoing boundary dispute with Maine in the area of Portsmouth Harbor, with New Hampshire claiming dominion over several islands (now known as Seavey Island) that include the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard as well as to the Maine towns of Kittery and Berwick. New Hampshire asserts the area was granted to it by Massachusetts prior to Maine becoming a state of its own rather than just the northern part of Massachusetts, in the Missouri Compromise of 1820. New Hampshire’s claim is also bolstered by British records of captured American POWs during the Revolutionary period, who were held in England and claimed "Berwick, NH," "York, NH," and "Kittery, NH" as their home towns. A dramatic change in the visual landscape of New Hampshire occurred about a century ago when it changed from an open landscape of fields and small farms: It is now the second-most-forested state in the country, after Maine, in terms of percentage of land covered by woods. This change was caused by the abandonment of farms by owners seeking wage jobs in urban areas or bank seizure of unproductive farms, with farming families moving west. The reversion forms the subject of many poems by Robert Frost, while the emigration is consistent with the results of New Hampshire native and newspaper legend Horace Greeley imploring, "Go West, Young Man." The northern third of the state, locally refered to as "north of the notches", contains less than 5% of the state's population and is therefore often at a disadvantage in state politics. Even many New Hampshire residents are unaware that the state extends north a considerable distance beyond the Conway area. As a result, while most of New Hampshire prospers, the northern third suffers from relatively high poverty rates, and is losing population.

Economy

Horace Greeley [http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that New Hampshire's total state product in 2003 was $49 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $35,140, 7^th in the nation. Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, nursery stock, cattle, apples, and eggs. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, rubber and plastic products, and tourism. New Hampshire experienced a significant shift in its economic base during the last century. Historically, the base was composed of the traditional New England manufactures of textiles, shoe-making, and small machining shops drawing upon low wage labor from nearby small farms and from Quebec. Today, these sectors contribute only 2% for textiles, 2% for leather goods, and 9% for machining of the state's total manufacturing dollar value (Source: U.S. Economic Census for 1997, Manufacturing, New Hampshire). These traditional sectors experienced their sharp decline during the Twentieth Century due to increasingly obsolete plants and increasingly cheaper wages available in the US South. The current New Hampshire economy is largely driven by fiscal policy. The state has no personal income tax and advocates a frugal budget, thereby attracting commuters, light industry, specialty horticulture, and service firms from other jurisdictions with high tax policies, notably from neighboring Massachusetts. This is a viable fiscal policy for a small, high-income state with limited social service demands, but it has not been one hundred percent successful, and pockets of depressed manufacturing activity still remain. Additionally, New Hampshire's lack of a broad-based tax system (aside from the controversial state-wide property tax which former Governor Benson cut nearly in half in two years) has resulted in the state's local communities having some of the nation's highest property taxes, yet overall NH remains ranked 49th in combined average state and local tax burden, due to its lack of income or sales taxes.

Demographics

As of 2004, the population of New Hampshire was estimated to be 1,299,500. This includes 64,000 foreign-born (4.9%). The racial makeup of the state is:
- 95.1% White
- 1.7% Hispanic
- 1.3% Asian
- 0.7% Black
- 0.2% Native American
- 1.1% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in New Hampshire are: Irish (19.4%), English (18%), French (14.6%), French Canadian (10.6%), German (8.6%). People of British ancestry live throughout most of New Hampshire, although Coos and Hillsborough counties are predominantly French-Canadian. New Hampshire has the highest percentage of residents of French/French-Canadian ancestry of any state.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of New Hampshire are:
- Christian – 80%
- Protestant – 43%
- Congregational/United Church of Christ – 7%
- Baptist – 7%
- Episcopal – 4%
- Methodist – 3%
- Other Protestant or general Protestant – 22%
- Roman Catholic – 35%
- Other Christian – 2%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 19% see People from New Hampshire

Important cities and towns

People from New Hampshire
- Berlin, the northernmost town of any size, important center of the forest products industry.
- Manchester, is the most populous city in the state giving it the nickname of the "Queen City." The Merrimack River runs through the city and once provided water power to a textile mill industry.
- Nashua, the second-most-populous city, was twice named the best city in the country to live by Money magazine.
- Keene is still called "The Elm City" despite the fact that Dutch elm disease destroyed most of the city's elm trees in the 1930s. Keene is the home to Keene State College.
- Salem contains The Mall at Rockingham Park, frequented by Massachusetts residents to avoid paying sales tax; Canobie Lake Park, an amusement park; and Rockingham Park, New England's first racetrack for horses.
- Peterborough is the inspiration for the town of Grover's Corners portrayed in Thornton Wilder's play Our Town.
- Lebanon is known as "The City of Fountains." It contains Lebanon College and the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and is the location of many malls along the Connecticut River that draw Vermont shoppers avoiding that state's sales tax.

- Concord
- Derry
- Portsmouth
- Rochester
- Durham
- Loudon
- Littleton
- Claremont
- Dover
- Merrimack

- Bedford
- Londonderry
- Hudson
- Hampton
- Milford
- Hanover
- New London
- Randolph
- Tilton
- Franklin

10 largest towns/cities in New Hampshire according to 2000 Census

- While Census records may seem to indicate that two separate Census Districts exist for this community, in fact one district is contained entirely within the other.

Education

Franklin

Colleges and universities

- Antioch New England
- Chester College of New England
- Colby-Sawyer College
- Granite State College
- Daniel Webster College
- Dartmouth College
- Franklin Pierce College
- Franklin Pierce Law Center
- Hesser College
- Keene State College

- Lebanon College
- New England College
- Southern New Hampshire University
- Plymouth State University
- Rivier College
- Saint Anselm College
- The Thomas More College of Liberal Arts
- University of New Hampshire
- University of New Hampshire at Manchester

Notable high schools

- St. Paul's School
- Dublin School
- Tilton School
- Derryfield School
- Pinkerton Academy
- St. Thomas Aquinas High School
- Phillips Exeter Academy
- Kimball Union Academy

Professional sport teams

Kimball Union Academy Minor league baseball teams:
- Nashua Pride
- New Hampshire Fisher Cats Hockey team:
- Manchester Monarchs Arena football teams:
- Manchester Wolves Soccer team:
- New Hampshire Phantoms

Miscellaneous information

New Hampshire Phantoms New Hampshire Phantoms See List of New Hampshire-related topics
- The New Hampshire Constitution is the nation's only state constitution that allows the Right to Revolution.
- New Hampshire's Constitution is one of the few in the nation that does not mandate the provision of a public school system.
- In Charlestown, New Hampshire there is the reconstructed Fort at Number 4 from the 1740's and 1750's
- New Hampshire has the highest per capita of elected and appointed Libertarians, and the highest density of Libertarian Party members in the nation.
- New Hampshire was the last of the New England states to observe Fast Day, a day of prayer for a bountiful harvest. Traditionally observed on the 4th Thursday in April, from 1949 was observed as a legal holiday on the 4th Monday in April until 1991 when it was replaced by Civil Rights Day. [http://www.state.nh.us/nhinfo/fast.html]
- There is no general sales tax, no individual income tax, no capital gains tax, no inventory tax and no tax on machinery and equiptment in New Hampshire, though the state does have meals, lodging, and other taxes. (List of states without personal income tax)
- New Hampshire is the only state that does not mandate public kindergarten, partly out of frugality and lack of funding, and partly out of belief in local control, a philosophy under which towns and cities, not the state, make as many decisions as possible. As of 2005, all but two dozen communities in the state provided public kindergarten with local property-tax money.
- Like several states, New Hampshire requires all hard liquor to be sold in state-owned, state-run stores, which keep prices so low that it attracts many out-of-state customers.
- New Hampshire is host to the New Hampshire Highland Games. New Hampshire has also registered an official tartan with the proper authorities in Scotland, used to make kilts worn by the State Police while they serve during the games.
- Based on FBI figures, New Hampshire has the least overall crime in the nation as of 2001.
- New Hampshire is the #1 healthiest state in the nation, tied with Minnesota, as ranked by the United Health Foundation, 2003.
- New Hampshire has the 4th lowest percentage of government employment in the country, following Nevada, Pennsylvania and Massachusettes.
- New Hampshire has the only piece of Interstate highway that is two-lane (i.e. a single northbound lane and a single southbound lane) with a cobblestone median. This was done to preserve Franconia Notch, the site of the Old Man of the Mountain, a former rock formation visible from Interstate 93 in Franconia.
- In northern New Hampshire the town of Dixville Notch is traditionally the first city or town in the U.S. to vote in presidential primaries and the presidential election. The few dozen residents of Dixville Notch all stay awake until after midnight to vote. State law grants that a town where all registered citizens have voted may close early and announce their results.
- Approximately 37% are registered Republicans and 27% are registered Democrats but a full 36% are registered Independents.
- New Hampshire is the only state with no mandatory seatbelt law for adults, no motorcycle helmet law for adults, nor mandatory vehicle insurance for automobiles.
- New Hampshire is the destination of the Free State Project.
- EXTENDED FOOTNOTE on coastline. Official figures recognize two coastal concepts, the coastline and the shoreline. The coastline is a generalized measurement of the shore configuration, whereas the shoreline includes measurements for offshore islands and other features such as inlets and rivers to the head of a narrow tidewater. Pennsylvania has no saltwater coastline of 0 miles, but when the more detailed measurement of shoreline is used, Pennsylvania has a saltwater shoreline of 89 miles versus 131 for New Hampshire. Pennsylvania's number apparently comes because a portion of the Delaware River on its southeastern border is tidal. Source: U.S. Dept of Commerce, "U.S. Coastline by States" cited on Page 606 of the 2003 "World Almanac."

Granite State firsts

From New Hampshire's official folklife website: http://www.nh.gov/folklife/
- On January 5, 1776 at Exeter, the Province of New Hampshire ratified the first independent state constitution, free of British rule.
- On June 12, 1800, Fernald's Island in the Piscataqua River became the first government-sanctioned US Navy shipyard.
- Started in 1822, Dublin's Juvenile Library was the first free public library.
- In 1828, the first women's strike in the nation took place at Dover's Cocheco Mills.
- In 1845, the machine shop of Nashuan John H. Gage was considered the first shop devoted to the manufacture of machinists' tools.
- On August 29, 1866, Sylvester Marsh demonstrated the first mountain-climbing "cog" railway.
- Finished on June 27, 1874, the first trans-Atlantic telecommunications cable between Europe and America stretched from Balinskelligs Bay, Ireland, to Rye Beach, New Hampshire.
- On February 6, 1901, a group of nine conservationists founded the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, the first forest conservation advocacy group in the US.
- In 1908, Monsignor Pierre Hevey organized the nation's first credit union, in Manchester, to help mill workers save and borrow money.
- On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard Jr. of Derry rode a Mercury spacecraft and became the first American in space.
- In 1963, New Hampshire's legislature approved the nation's first legal state lottery.
- In 1966, Ralph Baer of Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, recruited engineers to develop the first home video game, patented in 1969.
- Christa McAuliffe of Concord became the first private citizen selected to venture into space. She perished with her six space shuttle Challenger crewmates in January 28, 1986.

Hotels

- Mount Washington Hotel
- The Balsams Resort
- Mountain View Resort
- Wentworth Hotel
- Oceanic Hotel

Daily newspapers

- New Hampshire Union Leader (Manchester)
- Telegraph of Nashua
- Concord Monitor
- Foster's Daily Democrat of Dover
- Laconia Citizen

- Portsmouth Herald
- Keene Sentinel
- Conway Daily Sun
- Eagle Times of Claremont
- Laconia Daily Sun

Other publications

- The New Hampshire Gazette Portsmouth alternative biweekly, arguably the oldest paper in America (although other publications also make that claim)
- New Hampshire Business Review (statewide)
- Hippo Press (Manchester and Nashua editions)
- The New Hampshire - "The University of New Hampshire's Student Newspaper Since 1911"

External links

- [http://www.state.nh.us Official State Website]
- [http://www.nhhistory.org New Hampshire Historical Society]
- [http://www.state.nh.us/nhinfo/ The New Hampshire Almanac]
- [http://www.northnh.com Coos County Website]
- Category:States of the United States ko:뉴햄프셔 주 ja:ニューハンプシャー州 simple:New Hampshire

Ivy League

The Ivy League is an athletic conference, founded in 1954, of eight institutions of higher education located in the eastern United States. The term has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a certain amount of academic elitism. All of the Ivy League institutions share some general characteristics: They are among the most prestigious and selective schools in the U.S., they consistently place close to the top of college and university rankings; they rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment; they attract top-tier students and faculty; and they have relatively small undergraduate populations, ranging between 4,079 for Dartmouth College and 13,700 for Cornell University and modestly sized graduate student populations, ranging between 1,625 for Dartmouth and 14,692 for Columbia. Seven of the eight schools (Cornell University being the exception) were founded during America's colonial period. The Ivies also are all located in the Northeast region of the United States. Notably, the Ivies also prohibit the offering of athletic scholarships to students in most cases; this ban differentiates Ivy teams from those of schools that permit students to receive scholarships to attend or to join a team. The Ivy League institutions are privately owned and controlled. Although many of them receive funding from the federal or state governments to pursue research, only Cornell has state-supported academic units, termed statutory colleges, that are an integral part of the institution.

Members

The members of the Ivy League are, in alphabetical order:
- Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island, founded in 1764 as College of Rhode Island.
- Columbia University in New York, New York, founded in 1754 as King's College.
- Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York, founded in 1865.
- Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire, founded in 1769.
- Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636, named Harvard College in 1638.
- University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1740 as the Academy of Philadelphia.
- Princeton University, in Princeton borough and Princeton township, New Jersey, founded in 1746 as College of New Jersey.
- Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut, founded in 1701 as Collegiate School.

Shields and mottos

Image:Brown Coat of Arms.png|Brown
In deo speramus
("In God we hope") Image:Cu-shield.png|Columbia
In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen
("In Thy light shall we see light") Image:Cornell_emblem.png|Cornell
"I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study" Image:Dartmouth-seal.jpg|Dartmouth
Vox clamantis in deserto
("A voice crying in the wilderness") Image:Harvard_shield-University.png|Harvard
Veritas
("Truth") Image:Wikipedia_Penn_Shield.jpg|Penn
Leges sine moribus vanae
("Laws without morals are useless") Image:PrincetonShield.gif|Princeton
Dei sub numine viget
("Under God's power she flourishes") Image:Official Yale Shield.png|Yale
Lux et veritas
("Light and truth")

Terminology

Named after the ivy plants that traditionally cover their buildings, the term Ivy League was first coined informally to refer to these institutions of higher education which compete in both scholastics and sports. Formally, it also refers to the association of these schools in NCAA Division I athletic competition. The Ivy League universities are often simply called the Ivies or, affectionately, the Ancient Eight. The term "Ivy League" refers strictly to the original eight universities. However, the prestige associated with the Ivy League has given rise to similar terms that connote perceived preeminence within other various realms of American higher education: "Jesuit Ivy", "Little Ivies", "Public Ivies", etc. These terms are strictly colloquial and have no relation to the original eight schools.

History

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, in 1852. As an informal football league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when Yale took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years Army (the United States Military Academy), Navy (the United States Naval Academy), and to a lesser extent Rutgers were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization. For instance, Army traditionally had a rivalry with Yale, which some assert is set to resume in the next few years, and Rutgers had rivalries with Princeton and Columbia, which continue today in sports other than football. On October 14, 1937, when Caswell Adams, a sports writer for the New York Herald Tribune, was assigned a Columbia-Pennsylvania football game, he remarked, "Do I have to watch the ivy grow every Saturday afternoon? How about letting me see some football away from the ivy-covered halls of learning for a change?" Stanley Woodward, a fellow writer, overheard this and coined the phrase "Ivy League" in a column, informally describing the eight competitive universities in advance of any formal sports conference, and his phrase quickly caught on. In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season. As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which were situated very near to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. (The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours.) Some sources suggest that the Seven Sisters group was so named as a parallel to the Ivy League. [http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/PLLI/webreprt.html] A fake etymology attributes the name to the Roman numerals for four (IV), incorrectly asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this myth, claiming that over a century ago, Harvard, Yale, Columbia and Princeton formed an athletic league called the "Four League." [http://www.chipublib.org/008subject/005genref/faqiv.html]

Notable programs

Many of the universities are well known for their top-rate graduate and professional programs (the acceptance rate at Harvard's medical school is around 5%). Some notable programs include:
- Brown's Medical School
- Columbia's Business School, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Law School, Columbia School of the Arts, School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), School of Journalism, and Teachers College, and Mailman School of Public Health
- Cornell's College of Engineering, Law School, Johnson School of Management, Weill Medical College, NYS College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NYS College of Veterinary Medicine, NYS School of Industrial and Labor Relations and School of Hotel Administration
- Dartmouth's Tuck School of Business, Medical School, Thayer School of Engineering
- Harvard's Business School, Kennedy School of Government, Law School, Medical School, and School of Education, Harvard School of Public Health
- Penn's Law School, School of Social Policy & Practice, School of Education, School of Medicine, School of Nursing, Annenberg School for Communication, and The Wharton School
- Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and School of Architecture (Princeton maintains its undergraduate focus and does not have professional schools)
- Yale's Law School, School of Management, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, School of Art, School of Drama, School of Medicine, School of Nursing, School of Music and School of Architecture, Yale School of Public Health.

Reputation

All Ivy League schools are known for their highly selective undergraduate programs, and acceptance rates now range from 9.1% for Harvard to 26.1% for Cornell. These rates are far lower than they were previously. Indeed, as recently as 1992, acceptance rates ranged from 16% for Harvard all the way up to 47% for the University of Pennsylvania (1). In most college and university rankings, all or almost all of the Ivy League schools rank in the top tier. The ranking of the schools is greatly dependent on what each survey places the most weight, such as average class size, volume of research, and faculty accolades.

Endowments

The Ivy League schools are among the wealthiest private universities in the U.S., a status commensurate with their ages and long-standing relationships with the highest echelons of American society. All of the Ivy League schools have financial endowments over $1 billion.[http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/business/personal_finance/7774843.htm] Harvard, with a $22.6 billion endowment (as of 2004), is the wealthiest university in the world, and is only the second non-profit organization in the world to report an endowment over $20 billion, only surpassed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=503347] Yale, with an endowment size of $15.2 billion (2005 value), is the second-wealthiest, and Princeton, with $10.3 billion, is third. Next comes Columbia with $4.5 billion, Penn with $4 billion, Cornell with $3.75 billion, Dartmouth with $2.6 billion, and Brown with $1.96 billion. Princeton, the wealthiest institution in the country on a per capita basis, has a per-student endowment of $1.32 million, followed by Harvard with $1.15 million, Yale with $1.12 million, Dartmouth with $455,820, Brown and Columbia with $200,000, Penn with $190,000, and Cornell with $190,000.

Land ownership

Cornell has the largest campus in the Ivy League with 745 acres (3 km²) of property in Upstate New York. Dartmouth, the largest landowner in New Hampshire, owns 265 acres (1.1 km²) in its main campus in Hanover, New Hampshire and nearly 27,000 acres (109 km²)[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~doc/secondcollegegrant/] in northern New Hampshire. Princeton owns 600 acres (2.4 km²) in a suburban environment. Harvard owns nearly 571 acres (2.3 km²) in an urban setting (220 in Cambridge[http://thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=254361] and 352 directly across the river in Boston[http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/daily/2005/10/24-allstonfaq.html]) as well as holding a 1000-year lease (ending in 2882) on the 265 acres of the Arnold Arboretum also in Boston[http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/aboutus/history.html]. The University of Pennsylvania has 269 acres (1.1 km²). Yale owns 260 acres (1.1 km²) in an urban setting and Brown has 143 acres (0.6 km²) in urban Providence. Columbia owns over 82 acres (0.33 km²) in Manhattan: a 36 acre (0.14 km²) campus in Morningside Heights, the 26 acre (0.1 km²) Baker Field athletic complex, a 20 acre (0.09 km²) health sciences campus, as well as numerous individual buildings and properties. It is notably among the largest private landowners in New York City, third only after the city itself and the Catholic Church. Columbia also operates the 157 acre (0.64 km²) Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in the New York Palisades, and the 500 acre Harriman Estate ("Arden House") in Orange County, a northern suburb of New York City.

Cooperation

Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct interlibrary loan program, making a total of 40 million items available to participants with a waiting period of four working days. This ILL program is not affiliated with the formal Ivy arrangement. (Harvard holds another 15 million items in its collection.)

Competition

interlibrary loan Ivy champions are crowned in 33 men's and women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other. (For example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of the ECAC Hockey League; but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year.) Unlike all other Division I basketball conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title; the school with the best conference record represents the conference in the Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament (with a one-game playoff in the case of a tie). On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. In some sports, notably baseball and tennis, the Ivy League teams also frequently compete against Army and Navy. Harvard and Yale are celebrated football and crew rivals. Penn and Cornell are football rivals. Columbia and Princeton have a rivalry that goes back to the fourth college football game ever played. Princeton and Penn are mainly basketball rivals. Cornell and Harvard are hockey rivals. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid) [http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/whatisivy/index.asp]. Since there is no outright athletic scholarship program, the schools are typically less competitive in football and basketball, even when compared to universities with comparably rigorous academic standards. In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 24 recognized national championships in college football, and Yale won 19. Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Notre Dame, which has won 12, and USC, which has won 10. Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10, 2001. Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League still dominates others. One such example is rowing. Harvard, for example, has more National Rowing Championships than any other school in the country and most recently has won the IRA Championships the last three years in a row (2003, 2004, 2005). The other seven Ivies have historically been, and continue to be, among the top crews in the nation. This excellence dates back to 1852 when students from Harvard and Yale competed in the original Harvard-Yale Regatta, the first intercollegiate sporting event in the United States. Only recently have teams outside of the Ivy League, such as the