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Chicago, Rock Island And Pacific Railroad

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad

The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad was a Class I railroad in the United States. It was also known as the Rock Island Line, or, in its final years, THE ROCK. Its ancestor, the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, was incorporated on February 7, 1851 and operated its first train on October 10, 1852. Once an acquisition target of the Union Pacific Railroad, the company went into receivership for its third and final bankruptcy in 1975, and after attempts to reorganize failed, the company was liquidated, operating its final train on March 30, 1980.

Territory

The Rock Island stretched across Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. The easternmost reach of the system was Chicago, and the system also reached Memphis, Tennessee; west, it reached Denver, Colorado, and Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Southernmost reaches were to Galveston, Texas, and Eunice, Louisiana while in a northerly direction the Rock Island got as far as Minneapolis, Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota, in July, 1975.]] Major lines included Minneapolis to Kansas City, Missouri, via Des Moines, Iowa; St. Louis, Missouri, to Santa Rosa via Kansas City; Herington, Kansas, to Galveston, Texas, via Fort Worth, Texas, and Dallas, Texas; and Santa Rosa to Memphis. The heaviest traffic was on the Chicago-to-Rock Island and Rock Island-to-Muscatine lines. The system got its start in Chicago and was a major player in the Iowa railroad industry.

Passenger trains

The Rock Island jointly operated the Golden State Limited (Chicago—Kansas City—Tucumcari—El Paso—Los Angeles) with the Southern Pacific Railroad from 1902–1968. The name was shortened to the Golden State after 1948's modernization. The railroad operated a number of trains known as Rockets serving the Midwest, including the Rocky Mountain Rocket (Chicago—Omaha—Lincoln—Denver—Colorado Springs), the Corn Belt Rocket (Chicago—Des Moines—Omaha), the Twin Star Rocket (Minneapolis—St. Paul—Des Moines—Kansas City—Oklahoma City—Fort Worth—Dallas—Houston), the Zephyr Rocket (Minneapolis—St. Paul—Burlington—St. Louis) and the Choctaw Rocket (Memphis—Little Rock—Oklahoma City—Amarillo).

Song

Choctaw Rocket when the Rock Island shut down in 1980, and became MoPac #2278.]] A song called The Rock Island Line memorializes the railroad. Versions were recorded by Johnny Cash, Huddie Ledbetter, The Weavers, Lonnie Donegan and many other artists, including a parody version by Stan Freberg. The chorus to the old song reads: :The Rock Island Line is a mighty good road :The Rock Island Line is the road to ride :The Rock Island Line is a mighty good road :If you want to ride you gotta ride it like you find it :Get your ticket at the station for the Rock Island Line
See also

- Grand Excursion
- List of United States railroads
References

- (1973). Handy Railroad Atlas of the United States. Rand McNally & Co. p.53.
External links

- [http://storm.simpson.edu/~RITS/ Rock Island Technical Society History page @ Simpson College]
- [http://www.trainweb.org/theattic/RockIsland.html The Rock Island Line]
- [http://web.archive.org/web/20041031002138/http://rockislandline.homestead.com/rockislandsong.html History of the song]

Class I railroad
A Class I railroad in the United States, or a Class I railway (also Class I rail carrier) in Canada, is one of the largest freight railroads, as classified based on operating revenue. Smaller railroads are classified as Class II and Class III. The exact revenues required to be in each class have varied through the years, and they are now continuously adjusted for inflation.
Current criteria
As of 2004, a Class I railroad, as defined by the Surface Transportation Board, has an operating revenue exceeding $277.7 million. The exact setting of the cut-off figure has always been as much a political decision as anything else, as different rules apply to the different classes. For instance, in early 1991, Montana Rail Link and Wisconsin Central asked the Interstate Commerce Commission to raise the bar, then set at $93.5 million, to avoid being redesignated as Class I, due to extra costs and paperwork. The cutoff was raised at the end of 1992 to $250 million, dropping the Florida East Coast Railway to Class II (the Class II/III line stayed at $20 million). In Canada, a Class I railway is defined (as of 2004) as a company that has earned gross revenues exceeding $250 million for each of the previous two years. Currently seven United States railroads are classified as Class I. The two major players east of the Mississippi River are CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway (the latter called "Norfolk Southern Combined Railroad Subsidiaries" by the AAR). West of the Mississippi, the BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad cover roughly the same territory. The Kansas City Southern Railway is a smaller system, mainly forming part of the NAFTA Railway corridor from the Midwest into Mexico, and two subsidiaries of Canadian companies - the Grand Trunk Corporation, controlled by the Canadian National Railway, and the Soo Line Railroad, controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway - are also considered Class I. The Grand Trunk Corporation includes two former Class I railroads - the Illinois Central Railroad and Grand Trunk Western Railroad - which still operate separately, but are reported as one unit. Two Canadian railways are currently Class I - the Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway. Those companies would be Class I by the U.S. definition. Two Mexican railroads would fit the definition if they were U.S. companies - Ferrocarril Mexicano and Grupo Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana; the latter is controlled by the Kansas City Southern Railway. Amtrak and VIA Rail provide intercity passenger service in the U.S. and Canada, but as they are not typical freight carriers, they are not classified.
History
The classification of U.S. railroads as Class I, II, or III was started by the Interstate Commerce Commission in the 1930s. Initially Class I railroads were defined as railroads with operating revenue of at least $1 million. There were 132 Class I railroads in 1939. The $1 million figure was used until 1956 (at which time there were 113 ); however, since that time, it has increased faster than inflation. In 1956 it was increased to $3 million. By 1963 the number of Class I railroads had dropped to 102. By 1965 the cut-off had increased to $5 million, to $10 million in 1976 and to $50 million in 1978, at which point only 41 railroads were still Class I. The Class III category was dropped in 1956, but reinstated in 1978. In 1979 all switching and terminal railroads, even those with Class I or Class II revenues, were redesignated as Class III. Nowadays, the Class II and Class III designations are rarely used. The Association of American Railroads instead splits non-Class I companies into three categories:
- Regional railroads operate at least 350 miles or make at least $40 million per year.
- Local railroads are non-regional railroads that engage in line-haul service.
- Switching and terminal railroads mainly switch cars between other railroads or provide service from other liens to a common terminal. The Surface Transportation Board continues to use Class II and Class III, as labor regulations are different for the two classes.
Consolidations
Over the years, many Class I railroads have merged to stave off bankruptcy or simply to increase profits. The following is a list of consolidations that have merged at least one Class I railroad into a larger one:
- July 1, 1967: Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad into Seaboard Coast Line Railroad
- 1968: New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroad merge to become Penn Central
- 1970: Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway and Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway all merge into Burlington Northern Railroad
- 1976: Central Railroad of New Jersey, Erie Lackawanna Railroad, Lehigh and Hudson River Railway, Lehigh Valley Railroad, Penn Central and Reading Railroad all merge into Conrail
- 1982: Louisville and Nashville Railroad and Seaboard Coast Line Railroad into Seaboard System Railroad
- 1982: Norfolk and Western Railroad and Southern Railway merge to form Norfolk Southern
- 1985: Milwaukee Road merged into Soo Line Railroad
- 1986: Seaboard System Railroad renamed CSX Transportation
- 1987: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Railway merged into CSX Transportation
- 1988: Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and Southern Pacific Railroad merge, keeps Southern Pacific name
- 1995: Chicago and North Western Railway merges into Union Pacific Railroad
- 1995: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and Burlington Northern Railroad merge to become Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway
- 1996: Southern Pacific Railroad merges into Union Pacific Railroad
- 1998: Conrail's main operations divided between CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern; Conrail continues as a CSX-NS joint venture for switching purposes
Table of Class I railroads by year

See also

- List of U.S. Class I railroads
- Timeline of U.S. Class I railroads
References
# Arrivals and Departures, Trains March 1991 # Arrivals and Departures, Trains November 1992 # Profiles of the regionals, Trains December 1991
- [http://www.aar.org/PubCommon/Documents/AboutTheIndustry/Statistics.pdf AAR - Class I Railroad Statistics] (PDF)
- [http://www.spikesys.com/Trains/fmly_tre.html The Family Tree of North American Railroads]
- [http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/rail-ferro/finance/uca/1100_e.html Uniform Classification of Accounts and Related Railway Records (UCA)]. Retrieved April 24, 2005.
- Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States

February 7
February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 327 days remaining, 328 in leap years.
Events

- 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
- 1301 - Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.
- 1550 - Julius III becomes Pope.
- 1613 - Mikhail Romanov becomes Tsar of Russia.
- 1795 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed.
- 1807 - Napoléon's French Empire begin fighting against Russian and Prussian forces of the Fourth Coalition at the Battle of Eylau in Eylau, Poland.
- 1812 - The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
- 1842 - Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien
- 1863 - HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189.
- 1882 - The last heavyweight boxing championship bare-knuckle fight takes place in Mississippi City, Mississippi.
- 1898 - Emile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse.
- 1900 - The British Labour Party is formed.
- 1904 - A fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
- 1940 - Walt Disney's Pinocchio, an animated feature based on the Carlo Collodi's story Pinocchio was first released.
- 1944 - World War II: In Anzio, Italy Nazi forces launch a counteroffensive.
- 1962 - The United States Government bans all Cuban imports and exports.
- 1964 - The Beatles arrive on their first visit to the United States.
- 1966 - Paul Williams creates the rock music magazine Crawdaddy!.
- 1967 - A fire at a restaurant in Montgomery, Alabama kills 25 people.
- 1971 - Women gain the right to vote in Switzerland.
- 1974 - Grenada becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1976 - Darryl Sittler sets NHL record with 10 points in one game.
- 1977 - The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 24.
- 1979 - Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either planet was known to science.
- 1984 - Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.
- 1985 - "New York, New York" becomes the official city anthem of New York City.
- 1986 - Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation.
- 1990 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly of power.
- 1991 - Haiti's first democratically-elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.
- 1991 - The IRA launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.
- 1992 - The European Union is formed.
- 1998 - The 1998 Winter Olympic Games open in Nagano, Japan.
- 1999 - Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the ruler of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein.
- 2000 - Bahria University is established through the Presidential Ordinance No. V of 2000 of Government of Pakistan.
- 2003 - Last contact with Pioneer 10.
- 2005- Star Wars: Empire at War officially becomes available in the U.S.
Births

- 1102 - Empress Matilda, Princess of England and wife of Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1169)
- 1478 - Sir Thomas More, English statesman, humanist, and author (d. 1535)
- 1693 - Empress Anna of Russia (d. 1740)
- 1812 - Charles Dickens, English novelist (d. 1870)
- 1842 - Alexandre Ribot, French statesman (d. 1923)
- 1867 - Laura Ingalls Wilder, American author (d. 1957)
- 1870 - Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937)
- 1883 - Eubie Blake, American musician and composer (d. 1983)
- 1885 - Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
- 1895 - Anita Stewart, American film actress (d. 1961)
- 1898 - Dock Boggs, American musician (d. 1971)
- 1905 - Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Paul Nizan, French author (d. 1940)
- 1906 - Puyi, Emperor of China (d. 1967)
- 1908 - Buster Crabbe, American swimmer and actor (d. 1983)
- 1914 - Ramón Mercader, Spanish assassin of Leon Trotsky (d. 1978)
- 1915 - Eddie Bracken, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1920 - An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d. 1990)
- 1922 - Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980)
- 1926 - Konstantin Feoktistov, cosmonaut
- 1927 - Juliette Greco, French singer and actor
- 1927 - Vladimir Kuts, Russian runner
- 1932 - Gay Talese, American author
- 1932 - Al Worden, astronaut
- 1934 - Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
- 1943 - Gareth Hunt, English actor
- 1945 - Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player
- 1945 - Pete Postlethwaite, English actor
- 1949 - Paulo César Carpegiani, Brazilian footballer and coach
- 1953 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (d. 1998)
- 1954 - Dieter Bohlen German composer
- 1955 - Rolf Benirschke, American football player
- 1955 - Mario Coutinho Brazilian physician
- 1955 - Miguel Ferrer, American actor
- 1960 - James Spader, American actor
- 1962 - Garth Brooks, American singer
- 1962 - Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
- 1965 - Jason Gedrick, American actor
- 1967 - Chris Rock, American comedian and actor
- 1968 - Peter Bondra, Ukrainian-born hockey player
- 1968 - Sully Erna, American singer (Godsmack)
- 1974 - Steve Nash, Canadian basketball player
- 1975 - Wes Borland, American guitarist (Limp Bizkit)
- 1978 - Ashton Kutcher, American actor
- 1984 - Jonathan "Trueborn" Smith, American vocalist (Binswitch)
- 1985 - Tina Majorino, American actress
- 1988 - Ai Kago, Japanese singer (W (Double You), Morning Musume, and MiniMoni)
Deaths

- 1045 - Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (b. 1009)
- 1317 - Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (b. 1256)
- 1560 - Bartolommeo Bandinelli, Italian sculptor (b. 1493)
- 1626 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1548)
- 1642 - William Bedell, English clergyman (b. 1571)
- 1652 - Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (b. 1582)
- 1690 - William Morice, English royalist statesman
- 1693 - Paul Pellisson, French writer (b. 1624)
- 1736 - Stephen Gray, English astronomer and scientist (b. 1666)
- 1779 - William Boyce, English composer (b. 1711)
- 1799 - Qianlong, Emperor of China (b. 1711)
- 1801 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
- 1823 - Ann Radcliffe, English novelist (b. 1764)
- 1837 - King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (b. 1778)
- 1873 - Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (b. 1814)
- 1878 - Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
- 1920 - Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, Russian military commander (b. 1874)
- 1937 - Elihu Root, American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1845)
- 1938 - Harvey Firestone, American manufacturer (b. 1868)
- 1968 - Nick Adams, American actor (b. 1931)
- 1971 - Dock Boggs, American musician (b. 1898)
- 1979 - Josef Mengele, Nazi war criminal (b. 1911)
- 1980 - Secondo Campini, Italian jet pioneer (b. 1904)
- 1985 - Matt Monro, English singer (b. 1932)
- 1990 - Jimmy Van Heusen, American songwriter (b. 1913)
- 1993 - Lillian Gish, American actress (b. 1893)
- 1994 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Stephen Milligan, British journalist and politician (b. 1948)
- 1996 - Phillip Davidson, US Army general (b. 1915)
- 1998 - Lawrence Sanders, American author (b. 1920)
- 1999 - King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
- 1999 - Bobby Troup, American musician and actor (b. 1918)
- 2000 - Doug Henning, Canadian magician (b. 1947)
- 2000 - Big Pun, Puerto Rican singer (b. 1971)
- 2001 - Dale Evans, American actress and singer (b. 1912)
- 2001 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and aviator (b. 1906)
- 2003 - Augusto Monterroso, Guatemalan author (b. 1921)
- 2003 - John Reading, Mayor of Oakland, California (b. 1917)
- 2004 - John Hench, American animator (b. 1908)
Holidays and observances

- Independence Day in Grenada (1974)
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Mulk (Dominion) - First day of the 18th month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- Sapporo Snow Festival in Sapporo, Japan (2005)
External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050207.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 6 - February 8 - January 7 - March 7 -- listing of all days ko:2월 7일 ms:7 Februari ja:2月7日 simple:February 7 th:7 กุมภาพันธ์

October 10

October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). There are 82 days remaining.

Events

- 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I. This is commemorated by Shi'a Muslims as Aashurah.
- 732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. The governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, is killed during the battle.
- 1471 - Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm: Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
- 1575 - Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Duke Henry of Guise defeated the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.
- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1631 - A Saxon army takes over Prague.
- 1780 - The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000-30,000 in the Caribbean.
- 1845 - In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 midshipmen students and seven professors.
- 1868 - Carlos Céspedes issued the Grito de Yara from his plantation, La Demajagua, proclaiming Cuba's independence.
- 1877 - Lieutenant-Colonel George Armstrong Custer is given a funeral with full military honors.
- 1908 - citing of bigfoot in japanBaseball Writers Association forms.
- 1910 - Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity is established at Columbia University.
- 1911 - Wuchang Uprising which led to the demise of Qing Dynasty, the last emperial court in China, and the founding of the Republic of China.
- 1913 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggered the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- 1920 - The Carinthian Plebiscite determined that the larger part of Carinthia became part of Austria.
- 1933 - A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by sabotage while en route from Cleveland, Ohio to Chicago, Illinois, the first such proven case in the history of commercial aviation.
- 1935 - A tornado destroyed the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg. As a result of this catastrophe, nearly no more wooden radio towers are built any more.
- 1938 - The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario
- 1938 - World War II: The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Germany.
- 1944 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp.
- 1954 - The Communist Party of Honduras is founded.
- 1957 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he was refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant.
- 1964 - The 1964 Summer Olympics open in Tokyo, Japan
- 1966 - Simon and Garfunkel release the album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme.
- 1970 - Fiji becomes independent.
- 1970 - In Montreal, Quebec, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.
- 1971 - Sold, dismantled and moved to the United States, the London Bridge reopens in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
- 1973 - Vice President of the United States Spiro Agnew resigns after being charged with federal income tax evasion.
- 1978 - US President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.
- 1979 - The Pac-Man arcade game is released to the Japanese market by Namco.
- 1985 - United States Navy F-14 fighter jets intercept an Egyptian plane carrying the Achille Lauro cruise ship hijackers and force it to land at a NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily where they are arrested.
- 1986 - An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people.
- 1987 - Fiji becomes a republic.
- 1997 - An Austral Airlines DC-9-32 crashes and explodes near Nuevo Berlin, Uruguay, killing 74.
- 2001 - US President George W. Bush presents a list of 22 most wanted terrorists.
- 2005 - Channel 4's new 'adult' entertainment channel More4 starts broadcasting on ntl, Sky Digital and Freeview in the UK.
- 2005 - Angela Merkel is announced to be the new chancellor of Germany.
- 2005 - Most Aardman Animations props are melted in a warehouse fire. Props from Chicken Run and Wallace and Gromit were destroyed.

Births

- 1678 - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier (d. 1743)
- 1684 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (d. 1721)
- 1700 - Lambert-Sigisbert Adam, French sculptor (d. 1759)
- 1731 - Henry Cavendish, British scientist (d. 1810)
- 1780 - John Abercrombie, Scottish physician and philosopher (b. 1844)
- 1813 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (d. 1901)
- 1825 - Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal Republic (d. 1904)
- 1830 - Queen Isabella II of Spain (d. 1904)
- 1834 - Aleksis Kivi, Finnish author (d. 1872)
- 1837 - Robert Gould Shaw, U.S. Army officer (d. 1863)
- 1861 - Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1930)
- 1870 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- 1885 - Walter Anderson, German folklorist (d. 1962)
- 1898 - Lilly Daché, French-born milliner (d. 1989)
- 1900 - Helen Hayes, American actress (d. 1993)
- 1901 - Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (d. 1966)
- 1906 - Paul Creston, American composer (d. 1985)
- 1906 - R.K. Narayan, Indian novelist (d. 2001)
- 1913 - Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
- 1914 - Tommy Fine, baseball player (d. 2005)
- 1917 - Thelonious Monk, American jazz pianist (d. 1982)
- 1924 - James Clavell, Australian author (d. 1994)
- 1924 - Ed Wood, American filmmaker (d. 1978)
- 1926 - Richard Jaeckel, American actor (d. 1997)
- 1930 - Yves Chauvin, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1930 - Harold Pinter, English playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1933 - Jay Sebring, American hair stylist
- 1938 - Moriyama Daido, Japanese photographer
- 1942 - Peter Coyote, American actor
- 1946 - Charles Dance, English actor
- 1946 - Naoto Kan, Japanese politician
- 1946 - John Prine, American singer
- 1946 - Chris Tarrant, British television host
- 1946 - Ben Vereen, American actor and dancer
- 1948 - Séverine, French singer
- 1951 - Ratu Epeli Ganilau, Fiji soldier and statesman
- 1953 - Midge Ure, Scottish musician
- 1953 - Gus Williams, American basketball player
- 1954 - David Lee Roth, American singer
- 1957 - Rumiko Takahashi, Japanese artist
- 1958 - Tanya Tucker, American singer
- 1959 - Kirsty MacColl, British singer and songwriter (d. 2000)
- 1960 - Eric Martin, American singer
- 1961 - Jodi Benson, American voice actress and singer
- 1963 - Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (d. 2003)
- 1963 - Daniel Pearl, American journalist (d. 2002)
- 1963 - Rebecca Pidgeon, American actress, singer, and songwriter
- 1963 - Jolanda de Rover, Dutch swimmer
- 1966 - Tony Adams, English footballer
- 1966 - Rick "Finky" Finkelstein, The inventor of the "Rick Rub"
- 1968 - Bart Brentjens, Dutch mountain biker
- 1969 - Brett Favre, American football player
- 1970 - Dean Kiely, Irish footballer
- 1970 - Corinna May, German singer
- 1970 - Sir Matthew Pinsent, English rower
- 1970 - Maja Tatic, Serbian singer
- 1973 - Mario López, American actor
- 1974 - Dale Earnhardt Jr., American race car driver
- 1976 - Bob Burnquist, Brazilian-born skateboarder
- 1976 - Pat Burrell, baseball player
- 1978 - Jodi Lyn O'Keefe, American actress
- 1979 - Mya, American singer
- 1979 - Nicolás Massú, Chilean tennis player
- 1980 - Tim Maurer, American singer (Suburban Legends
- 1980 - Charles Gauthier, Peribonka citizen
- 1984 - Stephanie Cheng, Hong Kong singer
- 1984 - Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress

Deaths

- 19 - Germanicus, Roman general (b. 15 BC)
- 732 - Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Moorish Governor of Andalusia
- 833 - al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 786)
- 1359 - King Hugh IV of Cyprus
- 1459 - Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist and classicist (b. 1380)
- 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (killed in battle) (b. 1484)
- 1659 - Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer (b. 1603)
- 1674 - Thomas Traherne, English poet
- 1691 - Isaac de Benserade, French poet (b. 1613)
- 1708 - David Gregory, Scottish astronomer (b. 1659)
- 1714 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (b. 1646)
- 1720 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (b. 1640)
- 1723 - William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, Lord Chancellor of England
- 1725 - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New France
- 1747 - John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1759 - Granville Elliott, British military officer (b. 1713)
- 1765 - Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1688)
- 1795 - Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (b. 1714)
- 1827 - Ugo Foscolo, Italian writer (b. 1778)
- 1837 - Charles Fourier, French philosopher (b. 1772)
- 1872 - William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State (b. 1801)
- 1875 - Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian novelist, poet and dramatist (b. 1817)
- 1893 - Lip Pike, baseball player (b. 1845)
- 1901 - Lorenzo Snow, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1814)
- 1913 - Katsura Taro, Prime minister of Japan (b. 1848)
- 1914 - Charles I of Romania (b. 1839)
- 1927 - Gustave Whitehead, German-born inventor (b. 1874)
- 1930 - Adolf Engler, German botanist (b. 1844)
- 1940 - Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (b. 1876)
- 1964 - Eddie Cantor, American singer and vaudeville performer (b. 1892)
- 1964 - Heinrich Neuhaus, Soviet pianist (b. 1888)
- 1970 - Édouard Daladier, French politician (b. 1884)
- 1971 - John Cawte Beaglehole, New Zealand historian (b. 1901)
- 1978 - Ralph Metcalfe, American athlete (b. 1910)
- 1979 - Christopher Evans, British psychologist and computer scientist (b. 1931)
- 1979 - Paul Paray, French conductor (b. 1886)
- 1983 - Ralph Richardson, English actor (b. 1902)
- 1985 - Yul Brynner, Russian-born actor (b. 1915)
- 1985 - Orson Welles, American director and actor (b. 1915)
- 1998 - Clark Clifford, United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1906)
- 2000 - Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Teresa Graves, American actress and singer (b. 1948)
- 2003 - Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925)
- 2004 - Ken Caminiti, baseball player (heart attack) (b. 1963)
- 2004 - Christopher Reeve, American actor (b. 1952)
- 2004 - Arthur H. Robinson, American cartographer (b. 1915)
- 2004 - Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand writer (b. 1932)
- 2005 - Wayne Booth, American literary critic (b. 1921)
- 2005 - Milton Obote, President of Uganda (b. 1925)

Holidays

- RC Saints - Saint Thomas of Villanueva? ; Saint Paulinus of York (in England)
- Also see October 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Canada - Thanksgiving Day of 2005 (second Monday of October)
- Republic of China (on Taiwan) - National Day (Double Tenth Day 雙十國慶)
- Fiji - Fiji Day (National Day)
- United States - Columbus Day of 2005 (second Monday of October)
- Japan - National Health-Sports Day
- World Mental Health Day

External links

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Union Pacific Railroad

The Union Pacific Railroad is the largest railroad in the United States. Its primary AAR reporting mark is UP. Richard K. Davidson, who began his career as a Missouri Pacific brakeman in 1960, has headed Union Pacific Railroad since 1991 and parent Union Pacific Corporation since 1997. James R. Young is president and chief operating officer and Richard "Dick" K. Davidson is the CEO of the Railroad. The Union Pacific's route map covers most of the central and western United States, westward of Chicago and New Orleans. It has achieved this size thanks to purchasing a large number of other railroads; notable purchases include the Missouri Pacific, Chicago and North Western, Western Pacific, Missouri-Kansas-Texas, and Southern Pacific (which itself was purchased by the Rio Grande before UP purchased it). Union Pacific's chief competitor is the BNSF Railway, which covers much of the same territory.

History

BNSF Railway The Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated on July 1, 1862 in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The first rails were laid in Omaha, Nebraska. They were part of the railroads which came together at Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869 as the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Subsequently the Union Pacific took over the Utah Central extending south through Salt Lake City, and the Utah & Northern, extending from Ogden through Idaho into Montana, and it built or absorbed local lines, which gave it access to Denver and to Portland, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest. It acquired the Kansas Pacific (originally called the Union Pacific, Eastern Division, though in essence a separate railroad). It also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. Union Pacific was entangled in the Credit Mobilier scandal of 1872. The railroad's early troubles led to bankruptcy during the 1870s, the result of which was reorganization of the Union Pacific Railroad as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24, 1880. The new company also declared bankruptcy, in 1893, but emerged on July 1, 1897, reverting again to the original name, Union Pacific Railroad. Such minor changes in corporate titles were a common result of reorganization after bankruptcy among American railroads. The recovered railroad was strong enough to take control of Southern Pacific Railroad in 1901 and then was ordered in 1913 by the U.S. Supreme Court to surrender control of the same. The Union Pacific Railroad also founded the Sun Valley resort in Idaho. In 1996, the UP finally acquired the Southern Pacific Railroad in a transaction that was envisioned nearly a century earlier. From 1948 to the early 1970s the UP operated a series of gas turbine-electric locomotives. No other railroad in the world operated turbines on such a scale. At one point, UP claimed that the turbines hauled ten percent of the railroad's freight. They were retired due to rising fuel costs. Two of them can now be seen in museums. UP has the headquarters of the railroad located in Omaha, Nebraska since its inception and moved in 2003 into the recently completed Union Pacific Center, also in Omaha.

Union Pacific Corporation

In 1986 Union Pacific purchased Overnite Transportation, a fairly major less-than-truckload shipping carrier. Union Pacific divested itself of Overnite Trucking through an IPO in late 2003 but still owned a sizable stake until UPS agreed to purchase Overnite in May 2005 for $1.25 billion. That same year, the Union Pacific Corporation was created as a holding company for Union Pacific and its related properties, initially including the railroad and Overnite. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Union Pacific Corporation purchased several non-railroad companies, such as Skyway Freight Systems of Watsonville, California and United States Pollution Control, Inc., but by 2000, following the accession of Richard K. Davidson as CEO of the Corporation, it had divested itself of all non-railroad properties except for Overnite Trucking, and its holding company for logistical technology, Fenix Enterprises. The Corporation was located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania until 1997, when Richard K. Davidson announced that the headquarters of the Corporation was moving to Dallas in September of that year. Upon the sale of Skyway and the impending divestiture of Overnite, however, the corporate headquarters were moved to Omaha to join the headquarters of the railroad only two years later, in 1999.

Current Trackage

Primarily concentrated west of the Mississippi River, the Union Pacific Railroad directly owns and operates track in 23 U.S. states: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. For administrative purposes, the Union Pacific’s track network is divided into 21 “service units”: Cheyenne, Chicago, Council Bluffs, Commuter Operations, Denver, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, Kansas City, Livonia, Los Angeles, North Little Rock, North Platte, Portland, Roseville, San Antonio, Saint Louis, Tucson, Twin Cities, Utah, and Wichita. Each “service unit” is further divided into many different subdivisions, which represent segments of track ranging from 300-mile mainlines to 10-mile branch-lines. Not including second, third and fourth main line trackage, yard trackage, and siding trackage, the Union Pacific directly operates some 36,206 miles (58,364 kilometers) of track as of March, 24, 2000. When the additional tracks are counted, however, the amount of track that the Union Pacific has direct control over rises to 54,116 miles (87,091 kilometers). Union Pacific has also been able to reach agreements with competing railroads, mostly BNSF, that allows the railroad to operate its own trains with its own crews on hundreds of miles of competing railroads’ main tracks. Furthermore, due to the practice of locomotive leasing and sharing undertaken by the Class 1 Railways, Union Pacific locomotives occasionally show up on competitors' tracks throughout the United States, Canada and most recently, Mexico.

Yards and Facilities

Because of the enormity of the Union Pacific, hundreds of yards throughout the Union Pacific’s rail network are needed to effectively handle the daily transport of goods from one place to another. Among the more prominent rail yards in Union Pacific’s system include:
- Bailey Yard, the largest railroad classification yard in the world, located in North Platte, Nebraska.
- The Hinkle Locomotive Service and Repair Facility, the largest locomotive facility along the Union Pacific, in Hinkle, Oregon.
- J.R. Davis Yard, the largest rail facility on the United States’ west coast, in Roseville, California.
- Jenks Shop, one of the largest locomotive overhaul and maintenance facilities in the world, located in North Little Rock, Arkansas.
- Global III Intermodal Facility, a critical interchange hub and loading/unloading terminal for intermodal shipments moving through the Chicago metropolitan area, in Rochelle, Illinois.

Union Pacific Police Department

Rochelle, Illinois gang held up a Union Pacific train, this posse was organized to give chase. L to R: Standing, Unidentified; On horse, George Hiatt, T. Kelliher, Joe Lefors, H. Davis, S. Funk, Thomas Jefferson Carr. [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/butch2.html] ]] Union Pacific, like most other major railroads, maintains a functioning police department staffed with Special Agents with jurisdiction over crimes against the railroad. Special Agents have federal and state arrest powers and can enforce laws even off railroad property. Special Agents typically investigate major incidents such as derailments, sabotage, grade crossing accidents and hazardous material accidents and minor issues such as trespassing on the railroad right of way, vandalism/graffiti, and theft of company property or customer product. Special Agents often coordinate and liaise with local, state, and federal law enforcement on issues concerning the railroad and are dispatched nationally through UP Headquarters in Omaha. The Union Pacific Police Department and the term "Special Agent" were models for the FBI when it was created in 1907.

Paint and colors

FBI, 1991.]] The Union Pacific's basic paint scheme for its diesel-electric locomotives is the oldest still in use by a major railroad. The bottom two-thirds of the locomotive body is painted Armour Yellow (so-named because it was the color used by the Armour meat company). A thin band of red divides this from the Harbor Mist Gray (a fairly light gray color) used for the body and roof above that point. A red line is also painted at the bottom of the locomotive body, but this color will gradually become yellow as new FRA regulations for reflectorized tape come into effect in 2005; the trucks, underframe, fuel tanks and everything else beneath that line are also painted Harbor Mist Gray. Lettering and numbering is also in red, with black outlines. Some locomotives (historically passenger locomotives, and some recent units from 2000 on) have white-outlined blue "wings" on the nose. More recently, some units have been repainted with a large, billowing Stars and Stripes with the corporate motto "Building America" on the side, where the 'UNION PACIFIC' lettering is normally positioned. The first version of this scheme was used on the UP's streamlined trains in the 1930s, although a brown was used instead of grey. Passenger cars, cabooses and other non-freight equipment is also painted in a similar fashion. The steam locomotive paint schemes are unique in their own way. Up until the mid-1940s, all steam locomotives on the Union Pacific were painted in a similar fashion: the smokebox and firebox were painted graphite and the rest was painted jet black. In the 1940s, many passenger locomotives were repainted to look somewhat similar to the flashy new E and F units being delivered. These locomotives were painted graphite all over, with one dark grey strip running alongside the running board and in the middle of the tender. This dark grey strip was outlined in yellow, and all lettering inside the strip was yellow also. Near the end of the steam locomotive's reign on the Union Pacific, these locomotives were repainted in the same color scheme as the earlier freight locomotives. In the second half of 2005, Union Pacific unveiled a new set of EMD SD70ACe locomotives in "Heritage Colors," painted in schemes reminiscent of railroads acquired by UP since the 1980s. The engine numbers match the year that the predecessor railroad was absorbed into the Union Pacific. The three locomotives already repainted commemorate the Missouri Pacific (UP 1982), Western Pacific (UP 1983), and Missouri-Kansas-Texas (UP 1988) railroads. A further three engines will also be painted in the colors of other UP predecessors, which are Chicago and North Western (bought by UP in 1995) and Southern Pacific (1996), Denver and Rio Grande Western (which had already a part of Southern Pacific from 1988). These three locomotives are expected to be painted in Q1 of 2006. Union Pacific recently unveiled another specially painted SD70ACe. UP 4141 has "George Bush 41" on the sides and its paint scheme resembles that of Air Force One.

Surviving Merger Partner Locomotives

As of July 31, 2005, Union Pacific operates as many as 152 Southern Pacific, 36 St. Louis Southwestern (Cotton Belt), 6 Chicago and North Western, and 13 Denver and Rio Grande Western locomotives still in their former railroad's paint. In addition, many locomotives have been "patch" renumbered by UP, varying in the degree of the previous railroads' logos being eradicated, but always with a yellow patch applied over the locomotive's former number and a new Union Pacific number applied on the cab. This allows UP to number locomotives into its roster, yet it takes less time and money than it does to perform a complete repaint into UP colors. As of July 31, 2005, Union Pacific rostered a grand total of 492 "patches", consisting of 37 Chicago and North Western patches, 445 Southern Pacific patches, 47 St. Louis Southwestern patches, and 23 Denver and Rio Grande Western patches.

Historic locomotives

Air Force One] The UP, uniquely among modern railroads, maintains a small fleet of historic locomotives for special trains and hire. All historic Locomotives are stored in Cheyenne, Wyoming in the roundhouse. The roundhouse is just south of the historic depot.
- UP 844 is a 4-8-4 Northern type express passenger steam locomotive (class FEF-3). It was the last steam locomotive built for the Union Pacific and has been in continuous service since its 1944 delivery. A mechanical failure in which the boiler tubes from the 1996 overhaul, being made of the wrong material, collapsed inside the boiler and put the steam locomotive out of commission on June 24 1999. The Union Pacific steam crew successfully repaired it and returned it to service on November 10 2004. It is the only steam locomotive to never be officially retired from a North American Class I railroad.
- UP 3985 is a 4-6-6-4 Challenger class dual-service steam locomotive. It is the largest steam locomotive still in operation anywhere in the world. Withdrawn from service in 1962, it was stored in the Union Pacific roundhouse until 1975, when it was moved to the employee's parking lot outside the Cheyenne, Wyoming depot until 1981 when a team of employee volunteers restored it to service.
- UP 951, 949 and 963B are a trio of streamlined General Motors Electro-Motive Division E9 passenger locomotives built in 1955. They are used to haul the UP business cars and for charter specials. While externally they are 1955 vintage locomotives, the original twin engines have been replaced with single EMD 16-645E 3000 hp (2.2 MW) units and the electrical and control equipment similarly upgraded, making them modern locomotives under the skin. The set is made of two A units and one B unit.
- UP 6936 is an EMD DDA40X "Centennial" diesel-electric locomotive. These were the largest diesel locomotives ever built and were manufactured specifically for Union Pacific.
- UP 5511 is a 2-10-2 steam locomotive. This locomotive is very rarely ever heard of, due to the fact that it was never donated for public display. This locomotive is reportedly in excellent condition, and a restoration probably wouldn't take more than a couple of weeks. The only thing keeping it from being restored is that it would be limited to 40 mph or lower due to its large cylinders and small drivers. As of August 2004, this locomotive is being offered for sale by UP. In addition there are a number of other locomotives kept in storage for possible future restoration. Rio Grande (DRGW) F9B 5763 is one of the units in storage, part of the Trio (A-B-B) of F9s that served on the Rio Grande in various Passenger Duty services (From the Denver Ski Train to the Zephyr Trains) until their retirement in 1996. Sister Units 5771 (F9A) and 5762 (F9B) were donated to the Colorado Railroad Museum. Chicago & Northwestern F7 #401, used in Chicago Commuter Service, also was retained by UP. Among the former tenants was Southern Pacific SD7 1518 (The First Production SD7 (ex. EMD demo 990), transferred to the Illinois Railway Museum after sometime in storage in the UP shops.

Preserved locomotives

In addition to the historic fleet outlined above kept by the Union Pacific itself, a large number of UP locomotives survive elsewhere. Many locomotives were donated to towns along the Union Pacific tracks, for instance, as well as locomotives donated to museums.
- UP 737 - A 4-4-0 in the collection of Steamtown National Historic Site.
- UP 4004, 4005, 4006, 4012, 4014, 4017, 4018, 4023 - Union Pacific Big Boy 4-8-8-4 articulated steam locomotives. Eight out of twenty-five still survive. Number 4018, currently residing at the Age of Steam Railroad Museum in Dallas, TX, almost saw a return to operation in 1998 when a film director proposed restoring the locomotive for use in a movie. However, it has been almost a year since anything has been heard of this proposal, and it is considered to have been only a whim. Many consider the Big Boys to have been the largest locomotives ever built, however there are other classes of steam locomotive that are heavier, longer, or more powerful.
- UP 6911 - One of the huge UP's DD40x locomotives, stored in the Commission Federal de Electricidad CFE Museum in Mexico City.
- UP 9000, a Union Pacific 9000 class 4-12-2 giant non-articulated freight locomotive, at the Los Angeles County Fairplex, Pomona, California.

Passenger train service

Until May 1, 1971 (when Amtrak took over long-distance passenger operations in the United States), the Union Pacific at various times operated the following named passenger trains:
- Challenger
- City of Denver (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway)
- City of Las Vegas
- City of Los Angeles (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway)
- City of Portland
- City of Salina
- City of San Francisco (operated jointly with the Chicago and North Western Railway and the Southern Pacific Railroad)
- City of St. Louis
- Columbine
- Los Angeles Limited
- Overland Flyer (Overland Limited)
- Portland Rose

Diversity

Union Pacific was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. It was named "Most Military Friendly Employer in America" for 2005. For the third consecutive year, Union Pacific Railroad has been selected by LATINA Style magazine as one of the LATINA Style 50 best companies for Latina (female hispanic) employees in the United States.

Facts and Figures

According to Union Pacific’s 2003 Annual Report to Investors, at the end of 2003, the Union Pacific Railroad had more than 48,000 employees, 7,861 locomotives, and 87,725 freight cars. Broken down by specific type of car, the Union Pacific owned:
- 29,374 Covered Hoppers
- 18,691 Boxcars
- 13,489 Open-top Hoppers
- 14,955 Gondolas
- 11,296 “Other” types of cars In addition, the railroad also owns 6,950 different pieces of maintenance of way work equipment. The average age from date of manufacture for Union Pacific’s locomotive fleet was 14.3 years at the end of 2003, while the average age from date of manufacture for the freight car fleet at the end of 2003 was 24.5 years.

Company officers

Presidents of the Union Pacific Railroad:
- Sidney Dillon (1874–1884)
- Charles F. Adams (1884–1890)
- Sidney Dillon (1890–1892)
- Jay Gould (several months in 1892)
- E. H. Harriman (1904–1909)
- Carl R. Gray (1920–1937)
- William Jeffers (1937–?)
- John Kenefick (1971–1986)
- Richard K. Davidson (1991–1996)
- Ron Burns (several months in 1996)
- Jerry Davis (1996–1998)
- Ike Evans (1998–2004)
- James R. Young (2004–Present) Chief Executive Officers, Presidents, and Chairmen of the Union Pacific Corporation (Parent Corporation of the Railroad)
- John Kenefick (several months in 1986)
- Drew Lewis (1986–1997)
- Richard K. Davidson (1997– Retiring in January 2006)
- James R. Young (to be appointed in January 2006)

References

-
- Trains News Wire (May 17, 2005), [http://www.trains.com/Content/Dynamic/Articles/000/000/005/929cbkwg.asp UPS to buy Overnite trucking company]. Retrieved May 18, 2005 — details UPS/Overnite deal.
- [http://www.up.com/ Union Pacific Railroad]
- [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/photos/ Thousands of photographs from as early as 1860 taken by employees of the Union Pacific railroad]
- [http://www.uphs.org/ Union Pacific Historical Society]
- [http://UPRR.org/Museum/UPRR/ Union Pacific Railroad 19th Century Stereoview Exhibit (at the Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum)]
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/uplogo/logo01.shtml History of the UP logo: Decorative Victorian logos]. Retrieved February 24 2005.
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/uplogo/logo02.shtml History of the UP logo: Early shields]. Retrieved February 24 2005.
- Union Pacific Railroad, [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/sig-indv.shtml Significant individuals]. Retrieved February 24 2005.

External links

- [http://www.up.com Union Pacific's official website]
- Heritage paint photos: [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201982 Union Pacific 1982 (Missouri Pacific)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201983 Union Pacific 1983 (Western Pacific)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%201988 Union Pacific 1988 (Missouri-Kansas-Texas)], [http://www.railpictures.net/showphotos.php?road_number=UP%204141 Union Pacific 4141 (Air Force One)]
- [http://www.railserve.com/railnews/unionpacific_news.html Railserve's Union Pacific News]
- [http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/Union_Pacific/ Union Pacific Railroad Yahoo! e-mail list]
- [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/passengr.shtml A Brief History of Union Pacific's Passenger Trains]
- [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/butch2.html Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - From Wyoming Tales and Trails]
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Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. A declared state of bankruptcy can be requested by creditors in an effort to recoup a portion of what they are owed; however, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the bankruptcy is initiated by the bankrupt individual or organization.

Purpose

The primary purpose of the laws of bankruptcy are: (1) to give an honest debtor a "fresh start" in life by relieving the debtor of most debts, and (2) to repay creditors in an orderly manner to the extent that the debtor has property available for payment. Bankruptcy allows debtors to resolve debts through the division of non-exempt assets among creditors. Additionally the declaration of bankruptcy allows debtors to be discharged of most of the financial obligations, after their non-exempt assets are distributed, even if their debts have not been paid in full. During the pendency of a bankruptcy proceeding, the "debtor" is protected from extra-bankruptcy action by creditors by a legally imposed "stay."

History

This word is formed from the ancient Latin bancus (a bench or table), and ruptus (broken). Bank originally signified a bench, which the first bankers had in the public places, in markets, fairs, etc. on which they tolled their money, wrote their bills of exchange, etc. Hence, when a banker failed, they broke his bank, to advertise to the public that the person to whom the bank belonged was no longer in a condition to continue his business. As this practice was very frequent in Italy, it is said the term bankrupt is derived from the Italian banco rotto, broken bench (see e.g. Ponte Vecchio). Others rather choose to deduce the word from the French banque, table, and route, vestigium, trace, by metaphor from the sign left in the ground, of a table once fastened to it and now gone. On this principle they trace the origin of bankrupts from the ancient Roman mensarii or argentarii, who had their tabernae or mensae in certain public places; and who, when they fled, or made off with the money that had been entrusted to them, left only the sign or shadow of their former station behind them.

Bankruptcy fraud

Bankruptcy fraud is a business crime of filing for bankruptcy with criminal intent, that is with the intention of evading payment for goods even though the buyer has funds that could be used to pay fo