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Category:Georgia Railroads

Category:Georgia railroads

This category is for railroads which are operating or have operated in the U.S. state of Georgia. For railways in the Republic of Georgia, see :Category:Transportation in Georgia (country). Railroads Category:Railway companies of the United States

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U.S. state

A U.S. state is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia and Palmyra Atoll (an uninhabited incorporated unorganized territory), form the United States of America. The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty, in that an "American" is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of residence. The United States Constitution allocates power between the two levels of government in general terms; the general idea is that by ratifying the Constitution, each state has transferred certain aspects of its sovereign powers to the federal government while retaining the remainder for itself. The tasks of education, health, transportation, and other infrastructure are generally the responsibility of the states. Over time, the Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did.

Legal relationship

At the time of the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, the 13 colonies became 13 independently sovereign states, which became fourteen in 1777 with the formation of the Vermont Republic; for a brief period, they were in effect legally separate nations. But upon the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the states became a single sovereign political entity as defined by international law, empowered to levy war and to conduct international relations, albeit with a very loosely structured and inefficient central government. After the failure of the union under the Articles of Confederation, the thirteen states joined the modern union via ratification of the United States Constitution, beginning in 1789. Under Article IV of the Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, the Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, criminal judgments, and - at the time - slave status. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also required to ensure that the government of each state remains a republic. The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. The Articles of Confederation had stated that the earlier union of the colonies "shall be perpetual", and the preamble to the Constitution states that Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union". In 1860 and 1861, several states attempted to secede, but were brought back into the Union by force of arms during the Civil War. Subsequently, the federal judicial system, in the case of Texas v. White, established that states do not have the right to secede without the consent of the other states.
- Four of the states bear the formal title of Commonwealth: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In these cases, this is merely a name and has no legal effect. However, the United States has non-state areas called commonwealths (Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas) which do have a legal status different from the states.
- States are free to organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as due process is protected. See state supreme court for more information. For example, most lawsuits in the state of New York are filed in the Supreme Court, and then appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The highest court in New York is the Court of Appeals.
- The joint resolution which admitted the Republic of Texas to the Union as a state guaranteed Texas the right to divide itself up into up to 5 states. This clause may be redundant, however, as any such state would arguably require Congressional approval, just as when Maine was split off from Massachusetts; it may also be unconstitutional, as reducing the equal suffrage of the other states in the United States Senate.

List of states

The states, with their U.S. postal abbreviations, traditional abbreviations, capitals and largest cities, are as follows. For a complete list of non-state dependent areas and other territory under control of the U.S., see United States dependent areas. State names speak to the circumstances of their creation. (See the lists of U.S. state name etymologies and U.S. county name etymologies for more detail.)
- Southern states on the Atlantic coast originated as British colonies named after British monarchs: Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Some northeastern states, also former British colonies, take their names from places in the British Isles: New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York.
- Many states' names are those of Native American tribes or are from Native American languages: Kansas, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Connecticut, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Mississippi, Texas, Utah, and others.
- Because they are on territories previously controlled by Spain or Mexico, many states in the southeast and southwest have Spanish names. They include Colorado, New Mexico, Florida, and Nevada.
- Because it was previously a French colony, Louisiana is named after the Louis XIV (King of France at the time).
- The origins of the names of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Rhode Island are unknown, although various theories exist.

Trivia

Names

- "Georgia" can refer to either a U.S. state or to an independent country in the Caucasus.
- The name "New York" can refer to any one of three geographical levels: a state, a city in that state, or a county (coterminous with the borough of Manhattan) in that city.
- "Washington" is a state, a city corresponding to the District of Columbia (and thus not part of any state), and a number of cities and counties in various states. See the list of places named for George Washington.
- The state of Washington is the only state named after a U.S. President (or after a person born within the area now comprising the U.S., for that matter).
- The official name of Rhode Island is "the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations."
- Only two states have state capitals named for the state (however, such name-sharing occurs commonly with states and provinces in some other countries, where the state or province actually often takes its name from a capital city): Oklahoma, with capital Oklahoma City, and Indiana, with capital Indianapolis (which means Indiana City). Iowa City, Iowa was the first state capital of Iowa but the capital was later moved to Des Moines, Iowa.
- Maine is the only state with a one-syllable name.

Geography

- Colorado and Wyoming are bounded by two circles of latitude and two meridians each, i.e. they appear to be rectangles in a cylindrical map projection.
- Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are the only states whose borders are made up of only straight lines (taking meridians and circles of latitude as straight lines) and, thus, the only states whose borders completely ignore natural features.
- Every state—except Hawaii, which has no land boundaries—has straight lines as at least part of its boundaries. These are usually combined with rivers (see river borders of U.S. states), ridge lines and other natural boundaries. Pennsylvania and Delaware are unique in that their common border is an arc of a circle, see The Twelve-Mile Circle.
- The lower peninsula of Michigan is shaped like a mitten; Louisiana is shaped like a boot.
- Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia have panhandles.
- Alabama, Missouri, New Mexico and Mississippi have bootheels.
- Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state. Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.
- Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah are the only four states to share a common border, known as the "Four Corners."
- Appearances given by the stereographic projection to the contrary, Minnesota is the northernmost of the forty-eight contiguous United States, as a northern spur of the state contains a portion of Lake of the Woods. At one time it was thought that Lake of the Woods contained the headwaters of the Mississippi River (now known to be at Lake Itasca).
- Alaska is the northernmost state and the westernmost state. Some would argue that it is also the easternmost state, as the Aleutian island chain crosses the 180º line of longitude.

Grouping of the states in regions

Alaska, The South and The Northeast. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]] States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings, as most states are not defined by obvious geographic or cultural borders. For further discussion of regions of the U.S., see the list of regions of the United States.

State lists

References

External links

- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)]
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org US Newspapers by State]
- [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0854966.html Origin of State Names] United States, States of the Category:Subdivisions of the United States
- U.S. State ja:アメリカ合衆国の地方行政区画 ko:미국의 주 simple:List of U.S. states th:มลรัฐของสหรัฐอเมริกา zh-min-nan:Bí-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu

Category:Transportation in Georgia (country)

Category:Georgia (country) Georgia Georgia Georgia

Category:Railway companies of the United States

United States Companies Category:Transportation companies of the United States ja:Category:アメリカ合衆国の鉄道事業者

Tuvalu

Tuvalu er en øynasjon i Stillehavet, midtveis mellom Hawaii og Australia. Navnet betyr "Åtte som står sammen" på Tuvaluesisk. Med unntak av den lille Vatikanstaten er Tuvalu den uavhengige staten som har færrest innbyggere. Øyene ligger svært lavt (høyeste punkt er 5 m.o.h.), og er dermed truet av en eventuell fremtidig stigning i havnivået. Befolkningen kan bli tvunget til å evakuere i løpet av de neste tiårene til New Zealand eller Niue, en liten stillehavsøy (uavhengig men tilknyttet New Zealand) som ikke er truet av stigende havnivå, men som har synkende befolkning.

Historie

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus historie Tuvaluans are a Polynesian people who are estimated to have settled the islands around 2,000 years ago. During pre-contact times, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands. Tuvalu was first sighted by Europeans in 1568 with the arrival of Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra from Spain, who encountered the island of Nui but was unable to land. No other Europeans turned up again until the late 1700s, when further European explorers reached the area. By the early 1800s, whalers were in the Pacific, though visiting Tuvalu only infrequently due to the difficulties of landing ships on the atoll, and no settlements were established by them. Peruvian slave raiders ("blackbirders") combed the Pacific between 1862 and 1864 and Tuvalu was one of the hardest-hit Pacific island groups with over 400 people taken from Funafuti and Nukulaelae, none of whom returned. In 1865, the London Missionary Society, Protestant congregationalists, began their process of evangelization of Tuvalu, and conversion to Christianity was complete by the 1920s. Also in the late 1800s, European traders began to live on the islands hoping to profit from local resources. Europeans brought diseases new to the Pacific which caused many deaths in Tuvalu. In 1892, the islands became part of the British protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, with Tuvalu being called the Ellice Islands. The protectorate became a colony in 1915. In 1943 during World War II, Tuvalu was selected as an operations base for Allied forces battling the Japanese in the Pacific. Thousands of marines were stationed there until December 1945. In 1974, ethnic differences within the colony caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati). The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. Tuvalu Independence Day is celebrated on the 1st of October.

Politikk

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus politikk Tuvalu is a constitutional monarchy within the British Commonwealth, with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. She is represented in Tuvalu by a Governor-General, who is appointed upon the advice of the prime minister. Tuvalu's government has announced its intention to hold a referendum by June 2005 on the question of becoming a republic[http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=642&id=265402005]. The local parliament, or Fale I Fono, has 15 members and is chosen every four years. Its members elect a prime minister, who is the head of government. Some elders also exercise informal authority on a local level.

Atoller, øyer og distrikter

prime minister Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus Øyer og atoller Da Tuvalu teknisk sett ikke har noen administrative regioner/kommuner - Befolkningstallet er for lite (beregnet til 11,000 i 2004) - landet kan bli delt opp i 9 atoller. ; Atoller av mer enn en øy:
- Funafuti
- Nanumea
- Nui
- Nukufetau
- Nukulaelae
- Vaitupu ; Atoller med bare en øy:
- Nanumaga
- Niulakita
- Niutao Den minste øya, Niulakita, var ubebodd inntil det kom innbyggere fra Niutao i 1949. navnet Tuvalu betyr "åtte som står sammen" på det tuvaliske språket..

Geografi

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus geografi Siden Tuvalu er et av verdens minste land, faktisk det fjerde minste, er landområdene fattige fra naturens side. Det finnes nesten ikke drikkevann og jordsmonnet kan knapt brukes til jordbruk. I 2001 erklærte Tuvalus regjering at øyene, som har sitt høyeste punkt 5 m.o.h., kan komme til å måtte evakueres hvis havnivået skulle begynne å stige. New Zealand har gått med på å ta i mot en årlig kvote på 75 evakuerte, mens Australia har avslått Tuvalus anmodning, antagelig basert på landets avvisning av grunnlaget for Kyoto-avtalen.

Økonomi

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus økonomi Tuvalu har nesten ingen naturlige ressurser og hovedinntektskilden for landet er utenlandsk bistand. De viktigste næringsveiene er fiskeri og turisme, selv om få turister kommer til disse fjerntliggende øyene. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund grew from an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu, with 1999 payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries at about $9 million, a total which is expected to rise annually. In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from use of its area code for "900" lines and from the sale of its ".tv" Internet domain name. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years. Royalites from these new technology sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next decade. Det lavtliggende Tuvalu er særlig sårbart for stigende havnivåer ved fremtidige klimaendringer. I midten av februar 2004 forårsaket uvanlig høyt tidevann en oversvømmelse som forvandlet mye av innlandet til en saltvannssjø. Dette har skadet produksjonen av rotfrukter. Tuvalu-dollaren, den lokale valutaen er knyttet til Australske dollar.

Demografi

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus demografi Tuvalus befolkning består nesten utelukkende av Polynesere. Ca. 97% av befolkningen er medlemmer av Den Tuvaluanske Kirke, et protestantisk kirkesamfunn. Religionen har blitt blandet med noen elementer fra den opprinnelige innfødte religionen. The Tuvaluan language is spoken by virtually everyone, while I-Kiribati is spoken by some people on Nui. English is also an official language, but is not spoken in daily use. Landets befolkning har mer enn fordoblet seg siden 1980 og har trolig nådd 11000 i 2004. Befolkningseksplosjonen har trolig bidratt til miljøødeleggelsene på øyene.

Kultur

Hovedartikkel: Tuvalus Kultur Det tradisjonelle samfunnssystemet har i stor grad overlevd på Tuvalu. Hver familie har sin egen oppgave, eller salanga, de skal utføre for samfunnet, som for eksempel å fiske, bygge hus eller forsvare øya. Kunnskapen om familiens "yrke" går fra far til sønn.
- Music of Tuvalu

Klimaforandringer

As a low lying island lacking a surrounding shallow shelf, the island communities of Tuvalu are especially susceptible to changes in sea level and storm patterns that hit the island undissipated. Over the past decade, the islands have seen a disappearance of 10 feet of beachfront and an increase in the severity and frequency of storms. Tuvaluans are worried about the submerging of the islands and a growing number have left the island. In 2002, then-Prime Minister Koloa Talake announced plans to sue the United States and Australia at the International Court of Justice in the Hague over their disproportionate production of carbon dioxide emissions. The suit was never filed because Talake failed in his bid to be re-elected later that year, but it gained the controversy a lot of media coverage. While blaming the island's problems on climate change has gained the island much publicity, there are other factors that affect it. One of these is the population boom on a resource-scarce island which has wreaked environmental damage. Since 1980, the population of Funafuti has more than doubled from 2,000 to 4,500 or almost half of Tuvalu's citzenry. Another major factor contributing to gradual sinking of the island and salinization of its fresh water source is the consequences of airport construction, which has brought a sizable part of island's area within inches of sea level and caused significant damage to the island's coralline base.

Diverse

- Communications in Tuvalu
- Transportation in Tuvalu
- Military of Tuvalu
- Foreign relations of Tuvalu
- ISO 3166-2:TV

Eksterne lenker

- [http://www.tuvaluislands.com/ Tuvalu Online]
- [http://www.southpacific.org/text/tuvalu.html Finding Tuvalu]
- [http://map.tuvalu.tv/ Online Maps of Tuvalu]
- [http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/tuvalu/index.html Map of Tuvalu]
- [http://tuvalu.consul.cc/ Consulate of Tuvalu in Switzerland]
- [http://www.janeresture.com/tuvalu2/tuvalu_home_page.htm Jane's Tuvalu Home Page] Kategori:Land i Oseania Kategori:Øyer i Oseania Kategori:Monarkier ja:ツバル ko:투발루 ms:Tuvalu simple:Tuvalu th:ประเทศตูวาลู zh-min-nan:Tuvalu

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