Category:Cities in Virginia

This category is restricted to municipalities in Virginia that are incorporated as cities. Under Virginia law, all cities are legally independent of any county. All other incorporated Virginia municipalities are towns, which are always included within a county. It also includes cities that no longer exist because they were merged into another city, but does NOT include cities that have given up their city status and reincorporated as towns. The latter can be found in the Towns in Virginia category. Category:Virginia Virginia Virginia ko:분류:버지니아 주의 도시 ja:Category:バージニア州の都市

Independent city

An independent city is a city that does not form part of another local government entity. As a formal term it is mainly used in the U.S. state of Virginia, however there are equivalent entities in a number of other jurisdictions throughout the world. Independent cities should not be confused with city-states (such as Singapore), which are fully sovereign cities that are not part of any other nation-state.

United States

In the United States, an independent city is a city that does not belong to any particular county. Because counties have historically been a strong institution in local government in most of the United States, independent cities are relatively rare outside of Virginia (see below), whose state constitution makes them a special case. The U.S. Census Bureau uses counties as its base unit for presentation of statistical information, and treats independent cities as county equivalents for those purposes.

Virginia

Of the 43 or so independent cities in the United States, 39 are in Virginia. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, all municipalities incorporated as "cities" have also been "independent cities" since 1871. Other municipalities, even though they may be more populous than some existing independent cities, are incorporated as "towns", and as such form part of a county. An independent city in Virginia may serve as the county seat of an adjacent county, even though the city by definition is not part of that county. Several Virginia counties, whose origins go back to the original eight shires of the colony formed in 1634, have the word city in their names; however, politically they are counties. Examples are Charles City County and James City County.

List of Virginia's independent cities

The independent cities in Virginia are (as of December, 2004):
- Alexandria
- Bedford (also the seat of Bedford County)
- Bristol
- Buena Vista
- Charlottesville (also the seat of Albemarle County)
- Chesapeake (formed through the merger of the City of South Norfolk and Norfolk County)
- Colonial Heights
- Covington (also the seat of Alleghany County)
- Danville
- Emporia (also the seat of Greensville County)
- Fairfax (also the seat of Fairfax County)
- Falls Church
- Franklin
- Fredericksburg
- Galax
- Hampton (formed through the merger of the Town of Phoebus and Elizabeth City County)
- Harrisonburg (also the seat of Rockingham County)
- Hopewell
- Lexington (also the seat of Rockbridge County)
- Lynchburg
- Manassas
- Manassas Park
- Martinsville
- Newport News (consolidated with the City of Warwick, itself formerly Warwick County)
- Norfolk
- Norton
- Petersburg
- Poquoson
- Portsmouth
- Radford
- Richmond
- Roanoke
- Salem (also the seat of Roanoke County)
- Staunton (also the seat of Augusta County)
- Suffolk (formed by the merger of the Towns of Suffolk, Holland, and Whaleyville, with the City of Nansemond)
- Virginia Beach (formed by the merger of the Town of Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County)
- Waynesboro
- Williamsburg (also the seat of James City County)
- Winchester (also the seat of Frederick County) Note that while most counties and cities in Virginia with similar names are contiguous, the independent city of Richmond is located nowhere near Richmond County. The latter is located in the state's Northern Neck region, about 50 miles distant from the city.

Arlington County

Arlington County, commonly referred to as just "Arlington", is not an independent city. However, it is often thought of as a city because it is fully urbanized, is close in size to other independent cities in the state, and includes no municipalities within its borders.

Former cities

See also: Lost Counties, Cities and Towns of Virginia. Former independent cities that were long extant in Virginia include:
- Clifton Forge, which gave up its city charter in 2001, and is now an incorporated town in Alleghany County.
- Manchester, which was consolidated by mutual agreement with the City of Richmond in 1910.
- South Boston, which gave up its city charter in 1994, and is now an incorporated town in Halifax County.
- South Norfolk, which merged with Norfolk County in 1963 to form the City of Chesapeake. Two other independent cities existed for a short time:
- Nansemond, created from the former Nansemond County in 1972, was merged in 1974 with the then-City of Suffolk and three unincorporated towns within the county's former boundaries to form today's City of Suffolk.
- Warwick, which was formed from the former Warwick County in 1952, was in 1958 consolidated by mutual agreement with the newly-expanded City of Newport News.

Other states

Some states have created independent cities in order to cater for the special requirements of governing their largest cities and/or capitals:
- The City of Baltimore, Maryland, has been separate from Baltimore County since 1851.
- The City of St. Louis, Missouri, was separated from St. Louis County in 1876.
- The Consolidated Municipality of Carson City, Nevada, absorbed all of the former Ormsby County in 1969.

Other entities similar to independent cities

An independent city should not be confused with
- A consolidated city-county (such as San Francisco or Philadelphia), in which both city and county government has been merged.
- A completely urbanized county such as Arlington, Virginia
- The City of New York, which is a sui generis jurisdiction: the city is made up of five boroughs, each of which is territorially contiguous with a county.
- Cities and towns in New England, which traditionally have very strong governments, with counties having correspondingly lesser importance. Today, most New England counties have almost no governmental institutions or roles associated with them (aside from serving as a basis for court districts). However, somewhat like the ceremonial counties of England, counties in New England still have a nominal existence, and so no city or town in New England is truly separate from a county. The U.S. Census Bureau still uses counties, and not cities or towns, as its base unit of statistical measurement in New England.
- Washington, D.C., which, like the capitals of many other countries (see below), has a special status. It is not part of any state; instead, it comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, which, in accordance with Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. When founded, the District was in fact divided into two counties and two independent cities. Alexandria County (now Arlington County and the independent city of Alexandria) was given back to Virginia in 1846, while the three remaining entities (the City of Washington, Georgetown City and Washington County) were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress in 1871 and Georgetown was formally abolished as a city entity by another act in 1895. Congress has established a home rule government for the city, although city laws can be overridden by Congress. This is fairly rare, however, and so in practice the city operates much like other independent cities in the United States.

Canada

In the Canadian province of Ontario, the same type of city is referred to as a single-tier municipality.

Europe

Austria

In Austria, a similar concept is the Statutarstadt.

Germany

:See also: List of German urban districts. In Germany, different states have either the Stadtkreis ("Urban District") or Kreisfreie Stadt (literally, "District-Free City"). Examples of German independent cities are:
- Flensburg
- Neuburg an der Donau
- Salzgitter

Hungary

:See also: List of towns in Hungary In Hungary 23 of the cities are "cities with county rights", these cities have equal rights with the 19 counties of Hungary.

United Kingdom

Some cities in the United Kingdom are a unitary authority, and could be considered to be independent cities. In the UK, however, "city" has no inherent status; city status depends on a grant from the monarch and merely confers on the place so-designated the right to call itself a city.

Republic of China

Under the administrative division system of the Republic of China (effectively controlling Taiwan and islands since 1949), some cities are directly administered by the Executive Yuan, some are administered by provinces, and some are subordinate to counties. The centrally-adminsitered and province-administered ones are like independent cities under this definition.

National capitals

A number of countries have made their national capitals into separate entities. For example Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is outside of the country's system of counties, as is the capital of Romania, Bucharest. The capital of the United States is not within any of the 50 states.

Federal capitals

In countries with a federal structure, the federal capital is usually separate from other jurisdictions in the country, and frequently has a unique system of government. Examples include:
- The Australian capital, Canberra, is situated in the Australian Capital Territory
- Brasília, Caracas, and Mexico City, the capitals of Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico respectively, are each located in a Federal District.

Category:Virginia

Category:States of the United States ko:분류:버지니아 주 ja:Category:バージニア州

Category:Cities in the United States

Articles about cities in the United States. See also Towns in the United States. Category:Subdivisions of the United States United States Cities Category:United States Category:Geography of the United States ko:분류:미국의 도시 ja:Category:アメリカ合衆国の都市 simple:Category:Cities in the United States sv:Kategori:USA:s städer

Whitby—Ajax

Whitby—Ajax was a federal electoral district represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1997 to 2003. It was located to the east of Toronto in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1996, from parts of Durham and Ontario ridgings. Whitby—Ajax consisted of the Town of Whitby and the part of the Town of Ajax lying to the south of Kingston Road. The electoral district was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed between Ajax—Pickering and Whitby—Oshawa ridings.

Electoral history

|- |Liberal |LONGFIELD, Judi |align="right"|23,551 |Reform |SERJEANTSON, Bill |align="right"| 11,977 |Progressive Conservative |SNYDER, Frank |align="right"|10,107 |New Democratic Party |DOLAN, Karen |align="right"| 3,354 |Canadian Action | RADFORD, Robert Charles |align="right"|394 |{{{{{

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