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Category:Alpha Phi Alpha Brothers

Category:Alpha Phi Alpha brothers

This category is for biographical articles and images relating to members of Alpha Phi Alpha, the oldest intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans. The organization was founded on the campus of Cornell University in 1906. The organization will celebrate a century of Manly Deeds, Scholarship, and Love for All Mankind, in 2006. Category:National Pan-Hellenic Council Category:United_States_student_societies

Alpha Phi Alpha

Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity (commonly know as ΑΦΑ, pronounced A-Phi-A, but also Alphas and A-PHI) is the oldest Greek letter intercollegiate fraternity founded for African American men in the United States. Alpha Phi Alpha was founded on December 4, 1906 on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The fraterntiy is the only National Pan-Hellenic Council member organization founded at an Ivy League institution. The founders, known as the Seven Jewels, were Henry A. Callis, Charles H. Chapman, Eugene K. Jones, George B. Kelley, Nathaniel A. Murray, Robert H. Ogle and Vertner W. Tandy.

History

The fraternity was born of a desire to promote close association and mutual support among African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century. Initially it provided a literary, study, social and support group at the founders' university, Cornell, for all minority students who faced racial prejudice, both educational and social. The Sphinx is the fraternity's journal, printed quarterly since 1914. It is among America's oldest periodicals serving as the official publication of an African American organization. The first, founded by fraternity member W.E.B. DuBois in 1910 is NAACP's The Crisis. Since its founding, the fraternity has initiated over 150,000 men into the organization; it has been interracial since 1945. The fraternity will celebrate a century of service in 2006.

Mission

The objectives of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity (Inc.) are to stimulate the ambition of its members; to prepare them for the greatest usefulness in the cause of humanity, freedom, and dignity of the individual; to encourage the highest and noblest form of manhood; and to aid downtrodden humanity in its efforts to achieve higher social, economic, and intellectual status. The first two objectives #to stimulate the ambition of its members, and #to prepare them for the greatest usefulness in the cause of humanity, freedom, and dignity of the individual provide the basis for the establishment of Alpha University.

Chapters

The first chapter established at Cornell University is named Alpha chapter. Chapters were developed at other colleges and universities, many of them historically black; the second chapter Beta was established at Howard University. The fraternity established Alpha Lambda its first graduate alumni chapter in 1911 at Louisville, Kentucky. Omega chapter was distinguished to contain the names of deceased fraternity members. The fraternity's international scope was established early. In 1908 it chartered undergraduate chapter Delta at University of Toronto; shortly thereafter, the chapter became defunct. Its seat was transferred to what is now Huston-Tillotson University in Austin, Texas in 1939. In 1938 the fraternity chartered Beta Psi college chapter in London, England. The Theta Theta Lambda alumni chapter was chartered 1963 at Frankfurt, Germany. Other chapters have been chartered in Monrovia, Liberia, Caribbean islands, Vietnam and South Korea.

National programs

The Washington, D.C. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. [http://www.mlkmemorial.org/ National Memorial Foundation] is a project of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity (Inc.) of which King was a member. In 1998, the fraternity was authorized by United States Congress to establish a foundation to manage fundraising and design of a memorial to Dr. King [http://www.alphaphialpha.net/]. The fraternity sponsors [http://www.marchofdimes.com/aboutus/787_4279.asp Project Alpha] in conjunction with March of Dimes. Other programs of the fraternity are Go To High School, Go To College and Voteless People Is a Hopeless People. The fraternity combines its efforts with Head Start, Boy Scouts of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. The organization is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC); an umbrella organization established in 1930 of nine international collegiate fraternities and sororities.

Notable Alphas

fraternities and sororities List of Alpha Phi Alpha members The United States Postal Service has honored fraternity members W.E.B. Dubois, Duke Ellington, Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Paul Robeson and Whitney M. Young with a commemorative stamp in their popular [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/blackhis/stamps.htm Black Heritage Stamp] series of famous African Americans.

External links

- [http://www.alphaphialpha.net/ Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity website]
- [http://www.brown.edu/Students/Alpha_Phi_Alpha/icons.html Alpha Phi Alpha iconography]
- [http://www.nphchq.org/ National Pan-Hellenic Council]

References

- Wesley, Charles H., The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life, Chicago, Foundation Publishers, 1981
- Mason, Herman "Skip", Jr., The Talented Tenth: The Founders and Presidents of Alpha , 1991, 2005 Category:Cornell University Category:National Pan-Hellenic Council Category:United States student societies

Cornell University

Cornell University is a research university based in Ithaca, New York. The youngest of the Ivy League universities, Cornell was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell, a self-made businessman involved in the formation of the Western Union Telegraph Company , and Andrew Dickson White, a respected scholar and politician. With an initial enrollment of 412 students, the university's opening day ceremonies were held on October 7, 1868. Current undergraduate enrollment is now over 13,500, the largest of any Ivy League university, and almost 20,300 total students including graduate and professional students in Ithaca and medical students at the New York City campus, a number comparable to the total populations of other Ivy League institutions. Cornell's alma mater song, Far Above Cayuga's Waters, is one of the few such songs widely known outside of the institution it celebrates. Cornell ranked 12th globally in an Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2005 , 13th in the 2006 U.S. News and World Report "National Universities" ranking,, and 4th in the country in the Washington Monthly College Guide

History

U.S. News and World Report When Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White first met in 1863 in the New York senate, their eventual partnership seemed unlikely. Besides both being liberal Democrats who valued egalitarianism, science, and education, they shared little else. Cornell was an austere, pragmatic telegraph mogul who shunned aesthetics and high minded pursuits. He envisioned a technical school which taught the applied sciences, engineering, and agriculture. This populist ideal can be seen today in the Cornell motto, an 1865 quotation by Ezra Cornell: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." White, on the other hand, was a well-traveled, Yale-educated scholar who loved architectural grandeur and the liberal arts. White desired to build a university that was Oxonian in appearance, while being secular and modernist in curriculum. The two had their chance to implement their plans when the New York State Senate was charged with appropriating the educational funds provided by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act. Cornell wanted to divide the money between two state colleges and, concurrently, was planning to donate $300,000 of his own money and his farm in Ithaca, NY to do "whatever shall do the greatest good to the greatest number of the industrial classes of my state." White countered Ezra's proposal by claiming that the greatest good would be achieved by pooling all the funds along with the sale of Cornell's farm to create a new university (Rudolph, 266). They agreed to build the University on Cornell's condition that it be constructed on his farm, far away from the supposed immorality of city life. Though White argued that such a remote location would hinder their ability to attract students and professors, he conceded so that the opportunity would not be lost. Thus, after much debate in the state senate, on April 27, 1865, the governor of New York, Reuben Fenton, signed a bill formally creating Cornell University. Cornell's founding principles included nonsectarianism and coeducation. In his 1868 dedication speech, Ezra Cornell said "It shall be our aim to make true Christian men, without dwarfing or paring them down to fit the narrow gauge of sect," and voiced confidence that the school "woud prove highly beneficial to the poor young men and poor young women of our country." The first women were admitted in 1870, putting Cornell in the vanguard of post-Civil-War coeducation and making it the first of the Ivy League schools to admit women. Other Cornell "firsts" include: awarding the first university degrees in veterinary medicine and journalism, teaching the first course in American History, forming the first university publishing company, and awarding the nation's first doctorates in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Engineering. The School of Hotel Administration and New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations are the first four-year schools devoted to those fields. In 2001, Cornell opened the American medical school outside of the United States in Doha, Qatar. Historian Frederick Rudolph once called Cornell "the first American university" (a distinction also claimed by the University of Pennsylvania[http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php]).

Organization

Academic units

Cornell is a private institution, receiving most of its funding through tuition, research grants, and alumni contributions. However, three of its undergraduate colleges as well as the graduate-level College of Veterinary Medicine, called contract or statutory colleges, also receive partial funding from the state of New York to support their research and service mission in niche fields. Residents of New York enrolled in the statutory colleges enjoy reduced tuition. Further, the governor of the state serves as an ex-officio member of the board of trustees. It is a common misconception that Cornell's contract colleges are public institutions. They are not—they are private institutions that Cornell operates by contract with the state government. Cornell is highly decentralized; its colleges and schools have wide autonomy. Each defines its own academic programs, organizes its own admissions and advising programs, and confers its own degrees; the only university-wide requirements for a baccalaureate degree are to pass a swimming test and take two physical education courses. Periodically, the university attempts to resolve naturally arising redundancies by creating special interschool departments. While students may take courses offered by the division, their enrollment remains with their individual college or school. With that said, any student may take any course in any of the colleges, provided they have fulfilled the pre-requisites for enrollment. Seven schools offer undergraduate programs. Students pursuing graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in the Cornell University Graduate School. In addition, there are six units offering graduate and professional programs.

Undergraduate colleges and schools

Other

- School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions.

Non-academic units

Cornell University Library

The Cornell University Library consists of twenty units. It holds 7 million volumes in open stacks, 7 million microforms, 5 million computer files, and some 76,000 sound recordings in its collections in addition to extensive digital resources and the University Archives; it is one of the twelve largest (by volume) academic research libraries in the United States. It was the first among all U.S. colleges and universities to allow undergraduates to borrow books from its libraries.

Cornell University Press

Cornell University Press, established in 1869, was the first university publishing enterprise in the United States and is one of the country's largest university presses. It produces approximately 150 titles each year in various disciplines including anthropology, classics, cultural studies, history, literary criticism and theory, medieval studies, philosophy, politics and international relations, psychology and psychiatry, and women's studies.

The campuses

Main campus

1869] Cornell's main campus, is located on the eastern hill of Ithaca, New York, overlooking the city. Day Hall, the administration building, is located on East Avenue. The campus itself is situated on a rolling site of 745 acres (3 km²) on East Hill, overlooking Cayuga Lake and downtown Ithaca two miles (3 km) to the west. The 260 or so major buildings are mostly divided into quads for the Arts, Engineering, and Agriculture, a science lab complex, and the athletic complex. Central campus is bounded to its north and south by spectacular limestone gorges and waterfalls. Dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses, and student centers are located on North Campus, north of Fall Creek Gorge, and on West Campus, at the bottom of the Library Slope ("Libe Slope"); after snowfalls, students are known to sled down the Slope on trays from the dining hall. East of the main campus lie the Cornell Plantations, approximately 3,600 acres (15 km²) encompassing an arboretum and botanical gardens as well as natural woodlands, trails, streams, and gorges. South of Cascadilla Gorge lies the student-oriented Collegetown business and residential district. Cayuga Lake The first building, Morrill Hall, was erected in 1868, although Cascadilla Hall, a dormitory purchased some years later, is slightly older. Cornell's signature landmark is McGraw Tower, which rises 173 feet and 161 steps from the ground. Constructed in 1891 adjoining Uris Library, it features the Cornell Chimes, 21 bells on which the Cornell chimesmasters play three daily concerts. The clock tower has been the target of a number of pranks. In 1997, a large pumpkin was placed on spire of the clocktower and a discoball in 2005. How either prank was engineered has not been discovered. Contrasting with the Gothic, Victorian, and Neo-Classical buildings on the Arts Quad is the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, designed by I. M. Pei. Other notable buildings: Willard Straight Hall, one of the earliest student unions; Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, the largest academic building in the eastern United States; Duffield Hall, one of the world's most advanced nanotechnology facilities; and the Statler Hotel, adjacent to and associated with the School of Hotel Administration.

New York City campus

The New York Weill Cornell Medical Center is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. It is home to the Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and has a long affiliation with the New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Although their faculty and academic divisions remain separate, the Medical Center shares its administrative functions with the Columbia University Medical Center, and is also affiliated with the Sloan-Kettering Institute for cancer research. In addition to the medical facilities, Cornell in New York City includes offices of; Cornell Cooperative Extension, the College of Industrial & Labor Relations (ILR), and Operations Research Manhattan Center.

Other campuses

The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, operated by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is located in Geneva, New York, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the main campus. The facility now comprises 20 major buildings on 130 acres (0.5 km²) of land, as well as over 700 acres (2.8 km²) of test plots and other lands devoted to horticultural research. It also operates three substations, Vineyard Research Laboratory in Fredonia, Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland and the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in Riverhead. The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, located in Education City, near Doha, is housed in a large two-story structure designed by Arata Isozaki. Arata Isozaki The Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station dedicated to undergraduate education and research operated in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire, is located on the 95 acre (0.4 km²) Appledore Island off the Maine–New Hampshire coast. The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, site of the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, is operated by Cornell. The current and upcoming missions to Mars are managed by Steven Squyres and the Cornell Astronomy Department. Cornell University maintains facilities in Washington, D.C. and New York City for its Cornell in Washington, Urban Semester, and Urban Scholars Programs. Other facilities include
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology in Sapsucker Woods in Ithaca, New York
- Cornell Biological Field Station at Shackelton Point in Bridgeport
- Punta Cana and EsBaran biodiversity field stations in the Dominican Republic and Peru
- Arnot Teaching and Research Forest natural resources center in Tompkins and Schuyler Counties.
- Animal Science Teaching and Research Center in Harford, and Duck Research Laboratory in Eastport, New York
- Offices of the New York Sea Grant, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and School of Industrial and Labor Relations Extension Service throughout New York State
- Offices for Cornell-administered study abroad programs such as the Cornell-Nepal Study Program and Cornell-in-Rome

Reputation

Many of Cornell's programs are regarded as exceptional. For example, in its 2005 ranking of engineering programs at universities in the United States, U.S. News and World Report has placed Cornell first in engineering science and engineering physics. Cornell's reputation reflects in its competitive admissions. For the Class of 2009, 25.1% of applicants were admitted. Over 88% of them graduated in the top 10% of their high school class (among schools reporting class rank).. Cornell attracts students from all corners of the globe, who represent over 120 countries and all fifty United States. Eastport, New York Recently, [http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1074142800#question5 complaints] by students regarding the "Big Red Box" logo, Cornell's falling rankings (from number 6 in 1999 to the mid-teens in recent years the USNWR Rankings), and a poor selection of branded merchandise, led a group of students to form an ad hoc committee of the Student Assembly in order to improve Cornell's image. Armed with a 32-page report, "Cornell: A Brand in Crisis," the Image Committee raised campus awareness regarding the importance of marketing in improving Cornell's recruitment efforts and rankings status. Working directly with then-president Jeffrey S. Lehman and other members of the administration, the Image Committee assisted with the development of a new identity program, improved merchandising, and a revitalized website. In 2004, Cornell replaced the short-lived "Big Red Box" logo (seen on the right) with a modernized version of the University's shield.

Student life

Activities

Cornell has more than 800 registered student organizations, running the gamut from kayaking to full-armor jousting, from varsity and club sports and a cappella groups to improvisational theatre, from political clubs and publications to chess and video game clubs. Many groups are subsidized financially by the Student Assembly Finance Commission, a student-run organization that gives nearly $1,000,000 a year to clubs and organizations. Cornell also hosts one of the largest fraternity and sorority systems in North America, with over 60 chapters involving 30 percent of undergraduate students. Alpha Phi Alpha, the oldest intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans was founded at Cornell in 1906. The oldest student organization is the internationally recognized Cornell University Glee Club. The Cornell Daily Sun is the oldest continuously independent college daily in the United States, having been published since September, 1880.

Housing

1880 University housing is broadly divided into three sections: West Campus, Collegetown and North Campus. As a result of President Hunter R. Rawlings III's 1997 Residential Initiative West Campus houses mostly transfer and returning students, whereas North Campus is almost entirely populated by freshmen. The only options for living on North Campus for upperclassmen are the program houses: Risley Residential College, Just About Music (JAM), the Ecology House, Holland International Living Center (HILC), the Multicultural Living Learning Unit (MLLU), the Latino Living Center (LLC), Akwe:kon, and Ujaama. In an attempt to create a sense of community and an atmosphere of education outside the classroom, the University has undertaken the $250 million residential college project on West Campus. In line with Andrew Dickson White's vision of the University, the West Campus housing will be demolished and rebuilt as five residential colleges. The first House, the Alice Cook House, was opened to students in 2004, followed by the Carl Becker House in 2005. The next house will be the Hans Bethe House. The names of the Houses come from notable Cornell professors. The idea of building a House system can be attributed in part to the success of Risley Residential College, the oldest continually-in-use residential college at Cornell. Like Risley, the new houses will have their own dining halls, student governments, in-house lectures, House trips, and crests. The completion of the five-"House" "residential college" campus will occur in 2010 . A variety of off-campus housing options exist. Many homes in the East Hill neighborhoods adjacent to the University have been converted to apartments, and several high-rise apartment complexes have been constructed in the Collegetown neighborhood. A significant number of undergraduate students live in fraternity and sorority houses. Many "co-op" or other independent living units such as Watermargin, Telluride House, Young Israel, and the Wait Cooperative also exist. The campus dining services have been rated as one of the top college dining services many times in recent years.

Athletics

Telluride House] Cornell has one of the most diverse varsity athletic programs in the country. It sponsors 36 varsity teams. An NCAA Division I institution, Cornell is a member of the Ivy League and also competes in Eastern College Athletic Conference, the largest athletic conference in North America. Cornell's traditional football rival is the University of Pennsylvania; in 1993, the two institutions celebrated the 100th anniversary of their first game. More keenly followed in the present day are the men's ice hockey contests with Harvard University, although the rivalry has been somewhat one-sided in recent years, with Cornell leading 22-5-2 since the 95-96 season, inlcuding ECAC Championship Game wins in 1996, 2003, and 2005. In addition to the school's varsity athletics, a wide variety of club sports teams have been organized as student organizations under the auspices of the Dean of Students. Cornell's intramural program includes 30 sports. In addition to such familiar sports such as flag football, squash, or horseshoes, such unusual offerings as "inner tube water polo," and formerly "broomstick polo" have been offered, as well as a sports trivia competition. See Cornell Big Red for more Cornell Athletics information.

Suicides

Two deep gorges cut through the Cornell campus which have become infamous for student suicides. According to Cornell's Gannett Health Services over 10 years the average number of student suicides at Cornell is two per year, consistent with national epidemiological data for college student suicides (1 per 10,000). This is half the national rate for individuals in this age group who are not in college. The myth that Cornell features one of the nation's highest suicide rates is most likely promulgated by:
- Suicides in the gorges by Ithaca residents and visitors
- A media focus on Cornell
- The persistence and promulgation of urban legends
- Accidental deaths of students in the gorges Cornell is involved in a collaboration with the Jed Foundationand several other universities to enhance and evaluate university-wide efforts to identify and intervene with students in distress, prevent suicides, reduce harm related to mental health problems, and enhance student mental health.

Faculty

Cornell University has over 1,550 full-time and part-time academic faculty members, and an additional 1,600 affiliated with its medical divisions. The 2003-04 Cornell faculty included 4 Nobel laureates, a Crawford Prize winner, 2 Turing Award winners, a Fields Medal winner, 2 Legion of Honor recipients, a World Food Prize winner, 4 National Medal of Science winners, 2 Wolf Prize winners, 4 MacArthur Award winners, 3 Pulitzer Prize winners, 13 Alexander von Humboldt Award winners, 2 Eminent Ecologist Award recipients, a Carter G. Woodson Scholars Medallion recipient, 3 Presidential Early Career Award holders, 23 National Science Foundation CAREER grant holders, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, a winner of the American Mathematical Society's Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement, a recipient of the Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, a Packard Foundation grant holder, a Searle Scholar, a Keck Distinguished Young Scholar, 2 Beckman Foundation Young Investigator grant holders, and a NYSTAR (New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research) early career award winner. In total, Cornell is affiliated to 32 Nobel laureates. Among Cornell's notable former professors are Carl Sagan, Norman Malcolm, Vladimir Nabokov, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Kip S. Thorne, and Allan Bloom.

Alumni

As of August 2003 Cornell University counted over 220,000 living alumni. The Office of Alumni Affairs and Development sponsors a wide variety of affinity programs, activities, and organizations, including annual Reunion Weekend and Homecoming Weekend festivities in Ithaca, and the International Spirit of Zinck's Night sponsored by Cornell offices and organizations around the world. The various classes, regional clubs, and special interest associations are coordinated by the Cornell Alumni Federation. Cornell ranked first in gifts and bequests from alumni and third in total support from all sources (alumni, friends, corporations, and foundations) among U.S. colleges and universities reporting voluntary gift support received in fiscal year 2003-4. Cornell boasts many notable alumni; see Cornellians for a listing.

Cornelliana

The school colors are carnelian (a shade of red) and white, a play on "Cornellian" and Andrew Dickson White. The name of Cornell's athletic teams is the "Big Red"; a bear is commonly used as the unofficial mascot, which dates back to the introduction of the mascot "Touchdown" in 1915, a live bear who was brought onto the field during football games. The sports teams participate in the Ivy League and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). At sporting events, Cornellians sing the University's alma mater "Far Above Cayuga's Waters" and fight song "Give My Regards to Davy". People associated with the University are called "Cornellians"; "Cornellian" may also be used as an adjective and is the name of the university's annual. Other unique parts of Cornell's culture can be found at Cornelliana.

References

# # [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Ezra-exhibit/EC-life/EC-life-6.html Ezra Cornell:A 19th Century Life] – From the Cornell University Library Archives # [http://www.cornell.edu/about/facts/faq_profile.cfm?id=915 How old is Cornell?] - From the Cornell University official website # [http://www.cornell.edu/about/facts/stats.cfm Facts about Cornell] - From the Cornell University official website # # # # # # # # # # # # #
- Rudolph, Frederick, American College and University: A History, University of Georgia Press, 1991

External links

- [http://www.cornell.edu/ Cornell University], official website
- [http://admissions.cornell.edu/ Cornell Undergraduate Admissions]
- [http://cuinfo.cornell.edu/ CUinfo], campus information portal
- [http://www.alumni.cornell.edu/ alumni.cornell], alumni classes and organizations portal
- [http://www.cornelldailysun.com/ The Cornell Daily Sun], student newspaper (independent)
- [http://www.cornellbigred.com/ Cornell Big Red], official athletics site
- [http://cybertower.cornell.edu/ Cornell Cybertower], collection of Cornell lectures available online
- [http://www.cornellclubnyc.com/ The Cornell Club], private alumni club in New York City
- [http://www.law.cornell.edu/ Legal Information Institute], public information service of Cornell Law School
- [http://www.explore.cornell.edu/scene.cfm?scene=Sites%20and%20Landmarks A Virtual Tour of Cornell] Category:Association of American Universities Category:Cornell University Category:Ivy League Category:Land-grant universities Category:Sea-grant universities Category:Space-grant universities Category:Sun-grant universities Category:Tompkins County, New York Category:Universities and colleges in New York Category:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools ko:코넬 대학교 ja:コーネル大学

Century

This page is about centuries as units of time. For other meanings of the term, see Century (disambiguation). For a list of centuries, see Centuries. A century (From the Latin cent, one hundred) is one hundred one hundred consecutive years.
- In all dating systems, centuries are essentially numbered ordinally, as time is a purely relative notion (its physical existence, though indispensable for our understanding of reality, still remains unproven in theory). Thus, the first century of a time frame is "The First Century" and not "Century 0".
- There is considerable disagreement about whether to count the centennial year (i.e. 2000) as the first or last year of a century. This confusion is documented for every centennial year from 1500 onward, and almost certainly arises from the introduction of Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concept of zero to Western Europe in the twelfth century. The oldest dating systems were regnal, and considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. Thus, one speaks of the first year of the reign of King so-and-so. Obviously, the century problem does not arise in such systems. Somewhat later, systems arose dating from the founding of a dynasty, city or religion, and these continued ordinal, rather than cardinal, counting. Thus Ab Urbe Condita counts the Year 1 as the founding of Rome; Anno Domini as the first full year of Jesus Christ's life; the Islamic Calendar as the year of the Hejira, so it is also latinized as Anno Hejira. More modern systems of dating, (such as the astronomical calendar, see proleptic Gregorian calendar) begin with a year zero. In these cardinal dating systems, it is perfectly logical to use 0 to 99 as the first century, and to regard 2000 as the first year of the twenty-first century.

2006

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It corresponds to the years 5766-5767 of the Hebrew Calendar. It has been designated:
- The International Year of Deserts and Desertification
- The Rembrandt Year, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the birth of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, Holland's greatest 17th-century painter.
- The Mozart Year, celebrating the 250th birthday of the Austrian composer Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
- The Tesla Year, celebrating the 150th birthday of the world known electrotechnician Nikola Tesla.

Predicted and scheduled events

January

- January 1 -
- Deadline by which the small remainder of non-metric road distance signs in the Republic of Ireland must be changed to metric units.
- Revaluation of the Azerbaijani manat.
- 30 cities across the Canadian province of Quebec will be reconstituted, as the result of a referendum held June 20, 2004.
- January 10 - Muslim Feast of Eid ul-Adha.
- January 15 -
- First round of the Finnish presidential election.
- Mordechai Vanunu to appear in Isreali court, charged with meeting foreigners.
- January 23 - 39th Canadian federal election
- January 25 - Palestinians vote in the Parliamentary Elections.
- January 27 - Worldwide celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Mozart.
- January 29 -
- Chinese New Year - The year of the Dog begins.
- Second round (if needed) of the Finnish presidential election.
- January 31 - Anticipated retirement date of Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States.

February

- February 8 - The 48th annual Grammy Awards will be handed out at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California.
- February 10 to February 26 - XX Olympic Winter Games in Turin, Italy.
- February 20 to 21 - solidarity conference in Bil'in in Palestine.

March

- March -
- Elections in Israel. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon is expected to be re-elected, but no longer as head of the Likud. Instead, he will govern as the leader of the new Kadima ("Forward") Party. The Likud will probably lose much of its numbers and power.
- Al Jazeera will launch its new satellite service, Al Jazeera International, in Europe, Asia, and North America.
- March 5 - The 78th annual Academy Awards handed out at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California.
- March 7 - Census night in Zealand, Denmark
- March 18 - South Australia to vote in a Parliamentary State Election.
- March 20 - Spring begins officially in the northern hemisphere, autumn in the southern hemisphere.
- March 28 - Probable date for Israeli Parliamentary elections (see above).
- March 29 -
- Total solar eclipse (Brazil, Mid Atlantic ocean, Sahara, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia)
- Attack Submarines USS-Lapon to start to be deactivated. Los Angeles class submarines USS Indianapolis, USS-Birmingham, USS-New York City and USS-Atlanta also begin to be deactivated.
- March 31 - The BBC World Service is to end broadcasts in Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Kazakh, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian and Thai by this date.

April-June

- April 2 Former Connecticut governor John Rowland is scheduled to be released from the federal prison in Loretto, Pennsylvania.
- April 7 - EU citizens are now able to register .eu domain names, which replaced the old eu.int TLD on December 7 2005.
- April 12 - Passover or Pesach begins at sunset.
- April 14 - Good Friday 2006.
- April 14 to April 17 - Breakpoint 2006 will take place in Bingen.
- April 16 - Easter (Western).
- April 22 - Earth Day.
- April 23 :
- Easter (Eastern). :
- Ireland's Central Statistics Office will carry out a census.
- May 3 - Unofficial launch date for Space Shuttle STS-121 Discovery (ISS-18) Pad B, (ISS-18-ULF1.1: Return-To-Flight Test, MPLM, Logistics)
- May 4 - Local elections to be held across England.
- May 14 - Mother's Day.
- May 16 - Statistics Canada to hold Census. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/index.cfm]
- May 20 - The final of the 51st Eurovision Song Contest will take place in Athens, Greece.
- June 9 to July 9 - FIFA World Cup in Germany
- June 21 - Summer begins in northern hemisphere. Winter begins in southern hemisphere.

July-September

- July 1 -
- Electronic equipment imported to or sold in Europe will have to be lead free soldered, to comply with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.
- Smaller 10-, 20-, and 50-cent coins will start circulating in New Zealand.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico.
- July 29 to August 5 - World Congress of Esperanto in Florence, Italy.
- August 1 - MTV will celebrate its 25th anniversary.
- August 8 - Australian Bureau of Statistics to hold a census.
- August 9 - United States population is expected to top 300,000,000.
- August 13 to August 18 - The XVI International AIDS Conference will be held in Toronto, Canada.
- August 14 to August 25 - The 26th General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in Prague, Czech Republic.
- September 4 - Labor Day in the USA.
- september 16 - October 2 - Oktoberfest, the world's largest festival is held in Munich, Germany
- September 17 - Sweden holds elections for the Riksdag.
- September 22 - Annular solar eclipse (South America, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean). Autumn begins in the northern hemisphere. Spring begins in the southern hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew New Year) begins at sunset - celebration continues until nightfall on the 24th.

October-December

- October 1 - 5-cent pieces will cease to be legal tender in New Zealand, and the larger 10-, 20-, and 50-cent piece will be recast into smaller coins. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) begins at sunset; continues until nightfal of the 2nd.
- October 2 - general elections in Brazil. Federal sphere:Presidential elections, full renewal of the House of Representatives and renewal of one third of the Brazilian Senate (one of each state's three seats); State sphere: Gubernatorial elections, renewal of the State Legislative body (State Assembly) in all states.
- October 9 - Columbus Day in the USA.
- October 12 - Columbus Day outside the USA.
- October 24 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft to Mercury makes the first of two Venus flybys.
- November 7 - US Mid-term Election which includes:
- all 435 seats of the US House of Representatives (outlook)
- 33 of the 100 seats in the US Senate (outlook)
- Gubernatorial elections in 36 of the 50 states (outlook)
- Many other state-wide offices in those states such as attorneys general and state auditors
- November 8 - Transit of Mercury.
- November 23 - Thanksgiving 2006 in the USA.
- December 31 -
- Italy will officially cease analog television transmissions and will switch to DTTV.
- Muslim feast of Eid ul-Adha

Unknown/undecided dates

- NATO Summit 2006 will take place in Latvia.
- The third Chinese manned space mission Shenzhou 7 is scheduled with the first Chinese space walk ever to be performed.
- BSkyB launches the first High-definition television service in the United Kingdom.
- Finland plans to cease analog television broadcasts.
- Airbus plans to release into service Airbus A380, the biggest airliner in the world.
- Microsoft plans to release Windows Vista, previously called Longhorn, a computer operating system (as indicated by Bill Gates)
- The European Space Agency plans to launch the KEO space time capsule
- The Republic of Ireland is expected to hold a referendum on the European Constitution.
- Manuel Noriega becomes eligible for parole.
- The Osaka Outer Loop Line and the eighth line of the Osaka City Subway are scheduled to open in Osaka, Japan.
- Wembley Stadium expected to open after renovations.
- Kobe Airport, a controversial offshore airport in Kobe, Japan, is scheduled to open for airline service in the Northern spring.
- World oil production peaks this year according to "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge" by Richard C. Duncan.
- The new Nintendo Revolution will be released worldwide.
- The new Sony Playstation 3 will be released worldwide.
- General election in Italy, probably for the first half of the year.
- Apple Computer to release the first Macintosh with an Intel processor. The PowerPC switch will not be completed in the year. Apple CEO Steve Jobs has said it should take around 2-3 years for a complete switch.
- The new transit centre for Trolley Bus operations in Vancouver, Canada opens.
- Estonia will adopt Euro as its currency rather than Estonian Kroon
- A bridge linking Savannakhet, Laos, over the Mekong, to Mukdahan, Thailand is expected to be completed late in the year.

Fiction

- March 28 to March 29 - The events of the Doctor Who episodes Aliens of London and World War Three take place. In these episodes, an alien spacecraft crash-lands in the Thames River in London, sparking a national security crisis as a group of alien mercenaries take over the British government, killing the country's prime minister and attempting to spark a nuclear war. During these events the clock tower containing Big Ben and 10 Downing Street are destroyed.
- September - The events of Doctor Who episode Boom Town take place in which work on a new nuclear power plant in Cardiff, Wales is launched; unbeknownst to the citizens, however, the plant has been designed to cause catastrophic environmental damage by a member of the same group of aliens that tried to start World War III earlier in the year.
- Christmas Eve - The events of The Christmas Invasion, a Doctor Who episode, take place.
- DC Comics will begin its 'One Year Later' event, rewriting most of their back stock of unused characters in the aftermath of the Infinite Crisis.
- The events of the third season of the Transformers cartoon take place.
- The events of Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow take place.
- zh-min-nan:2006 nî als:2006 ko:2006년 ms:2006 ja:2006年 simple:2006 th:พ.ศ. 2549

Category:United States student societies

Category:Student societies

December 28

Névnapok: Kamilla, Apor, Apród, Ármin, Gáspár, Gazsó, Ince, Rúfusz, Teodor, Teofila, Tódor

Események

Születések

- 1856 - Woodrow Wilson amerikai politikus, az USA 28. elnöke († 1924)
- 1862 - Kemechey Jenő író, újságíró
- 1871 - Frederick Pethick-Lawrence angol szüfrazsett, feminista vezető
- 1903 - Neumann János amerikai magyar matematikus, a számítógép kifejlesztője († 1957)
- 1905 - Earl "Fatha" Hines amerikai jazz-zongorista († 1983)
- 1913 - Lou Jacobi filmszínész (Irma, te édes)
- 1928 - Lendvay Kamilló zeneszerző, egyetemi tanár
- 1934 - Maggie Smith Oscar díjas színésznő (Harry Potter, Apácashow, Hook)
- 1941 - Tordai Teri színésznő
- 1945 - Korcsmáros Péter budapesti operaénekes, tenor
- 1953 - Richard Clayderman francia zongorista
- 1954 - Denzel Washington amerikai filmszínész
- 1956 - Nigel Kennedy angol hegedűművész
- 1969 - Linus Torvalds programozó, a Linux atyja
- 1981 - Elizabeth Jordan Carr, az első amerikai lombikbébi

Halálozások

- 1694 - II. (Stuart) Mária angol királynő
- 1703 - II. Musztafa, az Oszmán birodalom 23. szultánja
- 1923 - Alexandre Gustave Eiffel francia építész, az Eiffel-torony és a budapesti Nyugati pályaudvar tervezője
- 1937 - Maurice Ravel francia zeneszerző (Bolero)
- 1959 - Ante Pavelić, a horvát usztasa mozgalom alapítója, a Független Horvát Állam vezetője
- 1984 - Sam Peckinpah amerikai író, filmrendező (Konvoj, Leszámolás Mexikóban) (sz. 1925)

Nemzeti ünnepek, évfordulók, események

- 1500 - Aprószentek napja
- 1793 - Eszterházy Károly egri püspök megnyitotta az általa alapított könyvtárat
- 1836 - Mexikó elnyerte függetlenségét Spanyolország-tól
- 1869 - A rágógumi szabadalmazása
- 1895 - A Lumiere testvérek által szervezett első, belépőjegyes mozielőadás
- 1897 - A Cyrano de Bergerac c. francia dráma (Edmond Rostand) bemutatója
- 1973 - Megjelenik Alekszandr Szolzsenyicin: A Gulág szigetvilág c. dokumentumregénye
- 1974 - Házasságot kötött Sylvester Stallone és Sasha Czeck
- 1989 - Alexander Dubcek a csehszlovák Parlament elnöke ja:12月28日 ko:12월 28일 ms:28 Disember simple:December 28 th:28 ธันวาคม

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Category:Alpha Phi Alpha brothers

Alpha Phi Alpha

History

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Cornell University

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2006

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Category:United States student societies

December 28

Események

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Nemzeti ünnepek, évfordulók, események

A

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