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Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President (1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson presided over the Reconstruction of the United States following the American Civil War, and his conciliatory policies towards the defeated rebels and his vetoes of civil rights bills embroiled him in a bitter dispute with the Congressional Republicans, leading the House of Representatives to impeach him in 1868; he was the first President to be impeached. He was subsequently acquitted by a single vote in the Senate.

Early life

Johnson was born on December 29, 1808, in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson and Mary McDonough. When Johnson was four his father died. At the age of 10 he was apprenticed to a tailor, but ran away to Greeneville, Tennessee in 1826, where he continued his employment as a tailor. He never attended any type of school; his wife has historically been credited with teaching him to read and write.

Early political career

1826 Johnson served as an alderman in Greeneville from 1828 to 1830 and mayor of Greeneville from 1830 to 1833. He was a member of the State House of Representatives from 1835 to 1837 and 1839 to 1841. He was elected to the State Senate in 1841, and elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4 1843 to March 3 1853). He was chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures (Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses).

Political ascension

Johnson did not seek renomination, having become a candidate for the governorship of Tennessee. He was Governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857, and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from October 8 1857 to March 4 1862, when he resigned. He was chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (Thirty-sixth Congress). At the time of secession of the Confederacy, Johnson was the only Senator from the seceded states to continue participation in Congress. Johnson was then appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862.

National office

He was elected Vice President of the United States on the National Union ticket headed by Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864 and was inaugurated March 4 1865. He became President of the United States on April 15 1865, upon the death of Lincoln. He was the first Vice President to succeed to the U.S. Presidency upon the assassination of a President and the third to succeed upon the death of a President.

Cabinet


Impeachment

Congress and Johnson argued in an increasingly public way about Reconstruction: the manner in which the Southern secessionist states would be readmitted to the Union. Johnson favored a very quick restoration of all rights and privileges of other states. However, "Congressional Reconstruction", enforced by repeated acts passed over Johnson's veto, provided for provisional state governments run by the military and ensuring the local passage of civil rights laws and otherwise imposing the will of the United States Congress — which, of course, was run by the North. Johnson's public criticisms of Congress provoked much talk of impeachment over the months. civil rights On February 21, 1868, Johnson notified Congress that he had removed Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, and was replacing him in the interim with Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas. This violated the Tenure of Office Act, a law enacted by Congress on March 2, 1867, over Johnson's veto, specifically designed to protect Stanton. Johnson had vetoed the Act, claiming it was unconstitutional. The Act said, "...every person holding any civil office, to which he has been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ... shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been in like manner appointed and duly qualified," thus removing the President's previous unlimited power to fire any of his Cabinet members at will. (Years later in Myers v. United States (1926), the Supreme Court ruled that such laws were indeed unconstitutional.) The Senate and House entered into hot debate. Thomas attempted to move into the War office, for which Stanton had Thomas arrested. Three days after Stanton's removal, the House passed a resolution to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors", specifically, for intentionally violating the Tenure-of-Office Act and thus violating the law of the land, which he had sworn an oath to enforce. Supreme Court On March 5, 1868 a court of impeachment was organized in the Senate to hear charges against the President. William M. Evarts served as his counsel. Eleven articles were set out in the resolution and the trial before the Senate lasted three months. Johnson's defense was based on a clause in the Tenure-of-Office Act stating that the then-current Secretaries would hold their posts throughout the term of the President who appointed them. Since Lincoln had appointed Stanton, it was claimed, the applicability of the Act had already run its course. Johnson was acquitted by a vote of thirty-five for conviction to nineteen for acquittal. He had avoided removal from office by a single vote. Johnson's fate rested upon the single undecided vote of a young Radical Republican named Edmund G. Ross. Despite monumental pressure from fellow Radicals and dire warnings that a vote for acquittal would end his political career, Ross stood up at the appropriate moment and quietly announced "not guilty," effectively ending the impeachment trial. On May 26, two more ballots produced the same 35-19 result. Thus Johnson's impeachment was not upheld by a single vote and he remained in office. (A two-thirds vote being required for conviction.) There were two votes in the Senate: one on May 16, 1868 for the 11th article, and another on May 26 for the other 10. Johnson was the first President to be impeached, and the only one until Bill Clinton on December 19, 1998. Both presidents were acquitted.

States Admitted to the Union


- Nebraska: March 1, 1867 The Johnson Administration negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia on 9 April 1867 for $7,200,000.

Post-Presidency

purchase of Alaska Johnson was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1868 and to the House of Representatives in 1872. He eventually succeeded and was elected as a Democrat to the Senate and served from March 4, 1875, until his death near Elizabethton, Tennessee, on July 31, 1875. He is the only President to serve in the Senate after his presidency. Interment was in the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery, Greeneville, Tennessee.

See also


- U.S. presidential election, 1864
- History of the United States (1865-1918)

References


- Newspaper clippings, 1865–1869: http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/
- Series of Harper's Weekly articles covering the impeachment controversy and trial: [http://www.andrewjohnson.com/09ImpeachmentAndAcquittal/ImpeachmentAndAcquittal.htm]
- Johnson's obituary, from the New York Times: http://starship.python.net/crew/manus/Presidents/aj2/aj2obit.html

External links


-
- [http://jbw1291-essays.wikispaces.org/The+Andrew+Johnson+Administration The Andrew Johnson Administration]
- [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/articles.html Articles of Impeachment]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/aj17.html White House Biography]
- [http://www.mlwh.org/inside.asp?ID=91&subjectID=2 Mr. Lincoln's White House: Andrew Johnson] Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew ko:앤드루 존슨 ja:アンドリュー・ジョンソン

December 29

December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining.

Events


- 1170 - Thomas Becket is slain in his own cathedral on orders from Henry II of England.
- 1813 - War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
- 1845 - Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.
- 1851 - The first American-based YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts
- 1860 - The first British seagoing iron-clad warship, the HMS Warrior is launched.
- 1862 - American Civil War: End of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.
- 1876 - The Ashtabula River Railroad bridge disaster, 64 injured, 92 dead at Ashtabula, Ohio.
- 1890 - Wounded Knee Massacre: The United States soldiers massacred over 400 men, women and children of the Great Sioux Nation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
- 1891 - Thomas Edison patents the radio.
- 1911 - Sun Yat-sen becomes the first President of the Republic of China
- 1913 - The first serial motion picture, The Unwelcome Throne is released by Seligs Polyscope Company.
- 1921 - William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Prime Minister of Canada
- 1934 - The first college basketball game at Madison Square Garden in New York City is played, between the University of Notre Dame and New York University
- 1934 - Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
- 1937 - The Irish Free State was replaced by a new state called Ireland when a new constitution was adopted.
- 1940 - Battle of Britain: Luftwaffe firebombs London, killing almost 3000 civilians
- 1949 - KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut becomes the first Ultra high frequency (UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule.
- 1972 - An Eastern Airlines Lockheed Tristar crashed on approach to Miami International Airport, Florida, killing 101
- 1975 - A bomb explodes at New York City's LaGuardia Airport killing 11.
- 1987 - Yuri Romanenko of USSR remained in space for 326 days and came back to Earth on this day that year.
- 1989 - Václav Havel becomes President of Czechoslovakia
- 1989 - Riots break-out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.
- 1989 - On the final day of trading for the year and decade, the Japanese Nikkei 225 Average closes at an all-time high of 38,915.87.
- 1992 - Fernando Collor de Mello, president of Brazil, resigned.
- 1993 - Construction of the Tian Tan Buddha, the world's tallest outdoor bronze statue of the seated Buddha, was completed.
- 1996 - Guatemala and leaders of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union sign a peace accord that ends a 36 year civil war.
- 1997 - Hong Kong begins to kill all the nation's chickens (1.25 million) to stop the spread of a potentially deadly influenza strain.
- 1998 - Leaders of the Khmer Rouge apologize for the genocide in Cambodia that claimed over 1 million in the 1970s.
- 2001 - A massive fire in the historic district of downtown Lima kills at least 274 people.

Births


- 1709 - Empress Elizabeth of Russia (d. 1762)
- 1721 - Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XIV of France (d. 1764)
- 1796 - Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist (d. 1877)
- 1800 - Charles Goodyear, American inventor and businessman (d. 1860)
- 1808 - Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (d. 1875)
- 1809 - William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1897)
- 1816 - Carl Ludwig, German physician (b. 1895)
- 1840 - Anton Dohrn, German zoologist (d. 1909)
- 1876 - Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist and conductor (d. 1973)
- 1881 - Jess Willard, American boxer (d. 1968)
- 1908 - Helmut Gollwitzer, German theologian (d. 1993)
- 1910 - Ronald Coase, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1914 - Billy Tipton, American musician (d. 1989)
- 1914 - Albert Tucker, Australian artist (d 1999)
- 1917 - Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (d. 1998)
- 1927 - Andy Stanfield, American athlete d. (1985)
- 1931 - Prince Gu of Korea (d. 2005)
- 1934 - Tom Jarriel, American correspondent
- 1936 - Mary Tyler Moore, American actress
- 1936 - Ray Nitschke, American football player (d. 1998)
- 1937 - Barbara Steele, British actress
- 1938 - Jon Voight, American actor
- 1942 - Rick Danko, Canadian musician (The Band) (d. 1999)
- 1946 - Marianne Faithfull, English singer
- 1947 - Ted Danson, American actor
- 1952 - Gelsey Kirkland, American dancer
- 1953 - Gali Atari, Israeli singer
- 1954 - Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter
- 1963 - Francisco Bustamante, Filipino billiard player
- 1963 - Dave McKean, English artist and filmmaker
- 1965 - Dexter Holland, American singer and guitarist (The Offspring)
- 1967 - Andy Wachowski, American director
- 1970 - Aled Jones, Welsh singer and television presenter
- 1970 - Kevin Weisman, American actor
- 1972 - Jason Kreis, American soccer player
- 1972 - Jude Law, English actor
- 1973 - Theo Epstein, baseball general manager
- 1974 - Richie Sexson, baseball player
- 1978 - Alexis Amore, Peruvian actress, dancer, and model
- 1978 - Kieron Dyer, English footballer
- 1978 - LaToya London, American singer
- 1981 - Angela Via, American singer

Deaths


- 1170 - Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (assassinated)
- 1563 - Sebastian Castellio, French theologian (b. 1515)
- 1634 - John Albert Vasa, Polish bishop (b. 1612)
- 1661 - Antoine Gérard de Saint-Amant, French poet (b. 1594)
- 1689 - Thomas Sydenham, English physician (b. 1624)
- 1731 - Brook Taylor, English mathematician (b. 1685)
- 1785 - Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian poet (b. 1742)
- 1825 - Jacques-Louis David, French painter (b. 1748)
- 1891 - Leopold Kronecker, mathematician (b. 1823)
- 1894 - Christina Rossetti, English poet (b. 1830)
- 1916 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk (b. 1869)
- 1924 - Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
- 1926 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian writer (b. 1875)
- 1937 - Don Marquis, American author (b. 1878)
- 1960 - Eden Phillpotts, British writer (b. 1862)
- 1967 - Paul Whiteman, American musician and conductor (b. 1890)
- 1980 - Tim Hardin, American musician (b. 1941)
- 1980 - Nadezhda Mandelstam, Russian writer (b. 1899)
- 1986 - Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1894)
- 2003 - Earl Hindman, American actor (lung cancer) (b. 1942)
- 2003 - Dinsdale Landen, English actor (cancer) (b. 1932)
- 2003 - Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (b. 1928)
- 2004 - Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1912)
- 2004 - Liddy Holloway, New Zealand actress (b. 1947)

Holidays and observances


- The fourth day of Christmas in Western Christianity

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/12/29 Today in History: December 29] ---- December 28 - December 30 - November 29 - January 29 -- listing of all days ko:12월 29일 ms:29 Disember ja:12月29日 simple:December 29 th:29 ธันวาคม

1808

1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 1 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned
- February - Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join France, Denmark and Russia and attacks Finland.
- 26 January - Rum Rebellion: On the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the "Rum Corps") overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh and seize control of the colony.
- February 2 - French troops occupy Papal States (Vatican)
- February 11 - Anthracite coal first burned as fuel, experimentally.
- February 21 - Russian troops cross border to Finland without declaration of war - the Finnish War begins
- March 2 - Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg
- March 11 - Russian troops occupy Tampere
- March 22 - Russian troops occupy Turku
- March 26 - Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII
- April 6 - John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company.
- April 16 - Troops under colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops in Pyhäjoki, Finland
- May 2 - Peninsular War: The people of Madrid uprise against the French troops.
- May 3:
  - The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia, during the Finnish War.
  - Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who uprose on May 2 are fired near Príncipe Pío hill.
- June 12 - Landing of Swedish troops to Ala-Lemu fails
- June 19 - Second landing of Swedish troops fails in Ala-Lemu
- July 5 - Battle of Buenos Aires - locals repel the British troops
- July 14 - Troops under colonel Adlercreutz force Russians to withdraw in Lapua
- August 10 - Troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat Russian attack in Kauhajoki
- August 21 - Battle of Vimiero - British troops under Duke of Wellington defeat French under general Junot
- September 29-October 19 - Truce between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland
- November 19 - New truce ends fighting in Finland
- November - Swedish troops evacuate Finland. Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.
- November - James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney in U.S. presidential election
- December - Napoleon invades Spain
- December 9 - At 20:34 UTC Mercury occults Saturn. There are no observation records.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa IV (1807-1808) to Mahmud II (1808-1839)
- Academy of Fine Arts, Munich founded

Ongoing events


- Napoleonic Wars

Births


- January 19 - Lysander Spooner, American philosopher (d. 1887)
- January 27 - David Strauss, German theologian (d. 1874)
- February 5 - Carl Spitzweg, German painter (d. 1885)
- February 26 - Honoré Daumier, French painter, illustrator, and sculptor (d. 1879)
- May 22 - Gérard de Nerval, French writer (d. 1855)
- June 3 - Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States (d. 1889)
- June 17 - Henrik Wergeland, Norwegian author (d. 1845)
- June 20 - Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (d. 1888)
- July 9 - Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer and military leader (d. 1887)
- September 13 - Saverio Bettinelli, Italian writer (b. 1718)
- October 6 - King Frederick VII of Denmark (d. 1863)
- October 20 - Karl Andree, German geographer (d. 1875)
- November 1 - John Taylor, American religious leader (d. 1887)
- November 2 - Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, French writer (d. 1889)
- December 29 - Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (d. 1875)

Deaths


- February 14 - John Dickinson, American lawyer and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b. 1732)
- March 13 - King Christian VII of Denmark (b. 1749)
- May 18 - Elijah Craig, American minister and inventor
- May 28 - Richard Hurd, English bishop and writer (b. 1720)
- September 3 - John Montgomery, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1722)
- September 5 - John Home, Scottish writer (b. 1722)
- September 6 - Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (b. 1723)
- September 17 - Benjamin Bourne, American politician (b. 1755)
- November 10 - Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (b. 1724)
- November 17 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (b. 1721) Category:1808 ko:1808년 ms:1808 simple:1808

July 31

July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 153 days remaining, as the final day of July.

Events


- 781 - The oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781)
- 1009 - Pietro Boccapecora becomes Pope Sergius IV
- 1423 - Hundred Years War: Battle of Cravant - The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
- 1498 - On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
- 1588 - The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
- 1667 - The Treaty of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
- 1703 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.
- 1777 - The US Congress passed a resolution that services of Marquis de Lafayette "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States."
- 1790 - First US patent issued; granted to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
- 1856 - Christchurch, New Zealand chartered as a city.
- 1917 - The Third Battle of Ypres starts in Flanders.
- 1919 - German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution (to enter into force August 14)
- 1930 - The radio mystery program The Shadow airs for the first time.
- 1936 - The International Olympic Committee announces that the 1940 Summer Olympics were to be held in Tokyo. However, the games were given back to the IOC after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, and were eventually cancelled altogether because of World War II.
- 1941 - Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."
- 1945 - Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
- 1948 - At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.
- 1951 - Japan Airlines is established.
- 1954 - First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.
- 1956 - Jim Laker sets extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test of taking nineteen wickets in a first-class match (the previous best was seventeen.
- 1961 - At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain.
- 1964 - Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes).
- 1971 - Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
- 1973 - A Delta Air Lines jetliner crashes while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89
- 1975 - In Detroit, Michigan, Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.
- 1976 - NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1
- 1987 - A rare, class F-4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
- 1992 - A Thai Airways Airbus A300-310 crashes into mountain south of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113.
- 1996 - MIL-STD-1750A is declared inactive for use in new designs.
- 1999 - NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.

Births


- 1143 - Emperor Nijo of Japan (d. 1165)
- 1396 - Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
- 1527 - Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, (d. 1576)
- 1598 - Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1654)
- 1702 - Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768)
- 1704 - Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752)
- 1718 - John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772)
- 1724 - Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801)
- 1803 - John Ericsson, Swedish inventor and engineer (d. 1889)
- 1816 - George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
- 1835 - Henri Brisson, French statesman (d. 1912)
- 1843 - Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (d. 1918)
- 1860 - Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (d. 1940)
- 1887 - Hans Freyer, German sociologist (d. 1969)
- 1901 - Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985)
- 1904 - Brett Halliday, American writer (d. 1977)
- 1911 - George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983)
- 1912 - Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1912 - Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)
- 1914 - Louis de Funès, French actor and comedian (d. 1983)
- 1916 - Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
- 1918 - Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1918 - Hank Jones, American pianist
- 1919 - Curt Gowdy, American sports announcer
- 1919 - Primo Levi, Italian author and chemist (d. 1987)
- 1921 - Whitney Young, American civil rights activist (d. 1971)
- 1923 - Ahmet Ertegun, Turkish-born record company executive
- 1929 - Don Murray, American actor
- 1929 - José Santamaria, Uruguayan footballer
- 1930 - Oleg Popov, Russian clown
- 1931 - Kenny Burrell, American guitarist
- 1933 - Cees Nooteboom, Dutch writer
- 1939 - France Nuyen, French actress
- 1941 - Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician
- 1943 - William Bennett, U.S. Secretary of Education
- 1943 - Susan Flannery, American actress
- 1944 - Geraldine Chaplin, American actress
- 1944 - Robert Carhart Merton, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1946 - Bob Welch, American musician
- 1950 - Steve Miller, American writer
- 1951 - Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player
- 1951 - Barry Van Dyke, American actor
- 1952 - Alan Autry, American football player, actor, and Mayor of Fresno, California
- 1952 - Helmuts Balderis, Latvian hockey player
- 1952 - João Barreiros, Portuguese writer
- 1958 - Bill Berry, American musician (R.E.M.)
- 1958 - Mark Cuban, American businessman, producer, and basketball team owner
- 1959 - Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist
- 1962 - Wesley Snipes, American actor
- 1962 - Kevin Greene, professional American football player
- 1964 - Jim Corr, Irish singer and musician (The Corrs)
- 1965 - John Laurinaitis, American professional wrestler
- 1965 - J. K. Rowling, English novelist
- 1966 - Dean Cain, American actor
- 1967 - Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. 2005)
- 1969 - David Cash (Kid Kash), American professional wrestler
- 1971 - Gus Frerotte, American football player
- 1974 - Emilia Fox, English actress
- 1974 - Jonathan Ogden, American football player
- 1976 - Annie Parisse, American actress
- 1977 - Tim Couch, American football player
- 1978 - Justin Wilson, English race car driver
- 1979 - Jade Kwan, Hong Kong actress
- 1979 - Per Kroldrup, Danish footballer
- 1981 - Ira Losco, Maltese singer
- 1981 - M. Shadows, American Singer (Avenged Sevenfold)

Deaths


- 1099 - El Cid, Spanish warrior (b. 1044)
- 1108 - King Philip I of France (b. 1052)
- 1396 - William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1342)
- 1508 - Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (killed in battle) (b. 1494)
- 1547 - King Francis I of France (b. 1494)
- 1556 - Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest and founder of the Jesuits
- 1653 - Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1576)
- 1726 - Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)
- 1750 - King John V of Portugal (b. 1689)
- 1784 - Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encylopedist (b. 1713)
- 1875 - Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)
- 1886 - Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)

1900 to Present


- 1914 - Jean Jaurès, French politician (d. 1859)
- 1917 - Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881)
- 1944 - Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer (b. 1900)
- 1953 - Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889)
- 1972 - Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899)
- 1980 - Mohd. Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924)
- 1993 - King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930)
- 2001 - Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)
- 2003 - Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (b. 1933)
- 2005 - Wim Duisenberg, Dutch banker and 1st president of the European Central Bank (b. 1935)

Holidays and observances


- La Hae Hawai‘i - Hawaiian Flag Day
- Republic of the Congo - Upswing of the Revolution
- Feast day of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/31 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 30 - August 1 - June 30 - August 31 -- listing of all days ko:7월 31일 ms:31 Julai ja:7月31日 simple:July 31 th:31 กรกฎาคม

Vice President of the United States

The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government, the person who, in the words of Adlai Stevenson, is "a heartbeat from the presidency." As first in the presidential line of succession, the Vice President becomes the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President. The Vice President also serves as the President of the Senate, and may break any tie votes in that chamber. The government jargon that often acronymizes the President of the United States as POTUS similarly applies VPOTUS to the Vice President. More casually, the title is abbreviated Veep. The current Vice President of the United States is Dick Cheney.

Constitutional requirements

Dick Cheney To hold the office, the Vice President must satisfy the same constitutional qualifications as the President; that is, the Vice President must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least thirty-five years of age and a resident of the United States for 14 years. Traditionally, the Vice President-Elect takes office just before the President-Elect. Unlike the President, the Constitution does not specify an oath of office for the Vice President. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited by Senators, Representatives and other government officers, has been used since 1884: :I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God.

Election

Dick Cheney Under the original terms of the Constitution, the members of the U.S. Electoral College voted only for office of President rather than for both President and Vice President. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that such a number was a majority of electors) would be President, while the individual who was in second place became Vice President. If no one received a majority of votes, then the U.S. House of Representatives would choose between the five highest vote-getters, with each state getting one vote. In such a case, the person who received the highest number of votes but was not chosen President would become Vice President. If there was ever a tie for second, then the U.S. Senate would choose the Vice President. The original plan, however, did not forsee the development of political parties. In the election of 1796, for instance, Federalist John Adams came in first, and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson came second. Thus, the President and Vice President were from different parties. An even greater problem occurred in the election of 1800, when Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied the vote. While it was intended that Jefferson was the Presidential contender and Burr was the Vice Presidential one, the electors did not and could not differentiate between the two under the system of the time. After 35 unsuccessful votes in the U.S. House of Representatives, Thomas Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot and Burr became Vice President. U.S. House of Representatives The tumultuous affair led to the adoption of Amendment XII in 1804, which directed the electors to use separate ballots to vote for the President and Vice President. While this solved the problem at hand, it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency, as the Vice President was no longer the second choice for President. The Constitution also prohibits electors from voting for both a Presidential and Vice Presidential candidate from the same state as themselves. In theory, this might deny a Vice Presidential candidate with the most electoral votes the absolute majority required to secure election, even if the Presidential candidate is elected, and place the Vice Presidential election in the hands of the Senate. In practice, this requirement is easily circumvented by having the candidate for Vice President change the state of residency as was done by Dick Cheney who changed his legal residency from Texas to Wyoming in order to run for election as Vice President alongside George W. Bush. Formally, the Vice Presidential candidate is nominated by the party convention. However, it has long been the custom that the Vice Presidential candidate has been effectively named by the Presidential candidate. Often, the Presidential candidate will name a Vice Presidential candidate to bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or to appeal to a particular constituency.

Role of the Vice President

George W. Bush

President of the Senate

As President of the Senate (Article I, Section 3), the Vice President oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. There is a strong convention within the U.S. Senate that the Vice President not use his position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner, except in the case of breaking tie votes. As president of the Senate, Adams cast twenty-nine tie-breaking votes—a record that no successor has ever threatened. His votes protected the president's sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, and prevented war with Great Britain. On at least one occasion he persuaded senators to vote against legislation that he opposed, and he frequently lectured the Senate on procedural and policy matters. Adams' political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of the Washington administration. Toward the end of his first term, as a result of a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters, he began to exercise more restraint in the hope of realizing the goal shared by many of his successors: election in his own right as president of the United States. In practice, the Vice President rarely presides over day-to-day matters in the Senate; in his place, the Senate chooses a President pro tempore (or "president for a time") to preside in the Vice President's absence, and the Senate maintains a Duty Roster for the post so that no single Senator serves in the post more than any other. One duty required of President of the Senate is presiding over the U.S. Electoral College. This is the process of the counting and presentation of the Presidential and Vice Presidential electoral votes in the presence of both houses of Congress, on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election. In this capacity, only four Vice Presidents have been able to announce their own election to the Presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush. Though he was President of the Senate, Vice President John C. Calhoun believed he would have more power as a Senator. When he was elected to the Senate from his native South Carolina, he became the first Vice President to resign the office.

Growth of the office

For much of its existence, the office of Vice President was seen as a little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first Vice President, described it as "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." Even 150 years later, 32nd Vice President John Nance Garner famously described the office as "not worth a pitcher of warm piss" (at the time reported with the bowdlerization "spit"). Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th Vice President, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One went away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again." When the Whig Party was looking for a vice president on Zachary Taylor's ticket, they approached Daniel Webster who said of the offer "I do not intend to be buried until I am dead." The natural stepping stone to the Presidency was long considered to be the office of Secretary of State. It has only been fairly recently that this notion has reversed; indeed, the notion was still very much alive when Harry Truman became the Vice President for Franklin Roosevelt. For many years, the Vice President was given few responsibilities. After John Adams attended a meeting of the President's Cabinet in 1791, no Vice President did so again until Thomas Marshall stood in for President Woodrow Wilson while he travelled to Europe in 1918 and 1919. Marshall's successor, Calvin Coolidge, was invited to meetings by President Warren G. Harding. The next Vice President, Charles G. Dawes, was not invited after declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country." Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover. Herbert Hoover In 1933, Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the Vice President to cabinet meetings, which has been maintained by every President since. Roosevelt's first Vice President, John Nance Garner broke with him at the start of the second term, on the Court-packing issue, and became Roosevelt's leading political enbemy. Garner's successor, Henry Wallace was given major responsibilities during the war, proved incompetent, and was relieved of actual power. Roosevelt kept his last Vice President Harry Truman uninformed on all war and postwar issues, such as the atomic bomb. The need to keep Vice Presidents informed on national security issues became clear, and Congress made the Vice President one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949. Richard Nixon reinvented the office of Vice-President. Although he had no formal power, he had the attention of the media and the Republican party. Eisenhower ordered him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon demonstrated for the first time that the office could be a springboard to the White House; most Vice Presidents since have followed his lead and sought the presidency. (Nelson Rockefeller did not, and it is widely believed that Dick Cheney will not.) Nixon was the first Vice President actually to step in to run the government temporarily: when Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955; ileitis in June 1956; and a stroke in November 1957.

Modern role

The formal powers and role of the Vice President are limited to the Presidency of the Senate, including a casting vote in the event of a deadlock. This was important in the first half of 2001, as the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and thus Dick Cheney's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority. Their other functions are as a drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policy, as an adviser to the President, as Chairman of the Board of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as a Member of the board of the Smithsonian Institution, and as a symbol of American concern or support. Their influence in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Cheney, for instance, is widely regarded as one of George W. Bush's closest confidantes. Al Gore was an important advisor to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment. Often, Vice Presidents will take harder-line stands on issues to ensure the support of the party's base while deflecting partisan criticism away from the President. They often meet heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries, at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support without having to actually send the President to do so. Normally, candidates for President will name a candidate for Vice President when they are assured of the party's nomination. Since the Presidential candidate is now generally known before the party convention, this announcement is now typically made in the first day or so of the party convention. Generally, the choice of running mate is ultimately made by the Presidential candidate alone (although with considerable counsel from advisors) and often is done to create balance on a ticket. It is common for the Vice Presidential candidate to come from a different region of the country than the President or appeal to a slightly different ideological wing of the party. The 12th Amendment discourages the Vice President from legally residing in the same state as the President, as Electors must vote for at least one candidate not in the same state as themselves. However, the ease of changing one's state of residence (as Richard Cheney did in 2000) minimizes the effect of this provision. In recent years, the Vice Presidency has frequently been used to launch bids for the Presidency. Of the 13 presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, 9 featured the incumbent President; the other 4 (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent Vice President. Former Vice Presidents also ran, in 1984 (Walter Mondale), and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey). Since 1974, the official residence of the Vice President and his family has been Number One Observatory Circle, on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, DC.

Succession and the 25th Amendment

Washington, DC.]] The U.S. Constitution provides that should the President die or become disabled while in office, the "powers and duties" of the office are transferred to the Vice President. It remained unclear as to whether the Vice President actually became the new President or merely Acting President. This was first tested in 1841 with the death of President William Harrison. Harrison's Vice President, John Tyler, asserted that he should gain the full Presidential office, powers, and title. Despite some strong calls against it, Tyler took the oath of office, becoming the tenth President. Tyler's claim was not challenged legally, and so the precedent of full succession was established. The Constitution still left several questions unanswered, however. If the Vice President died in office, resigned, or succeeded to the Presidency, there was no process for selecting a replacement, so the office of Vice President remained vacant until the next Presidential election. Additionally, the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22 1963 provoked the question of who has the power to declare that an incapacitated President is unable to discharge his duties. This question prompted the adoption of Amendment XXV to the U.S. Constitution in 1967. Amendment XXV (R) swears in President Gerald Ford (L) following the resignation of President Richard Nixon.]] Section 2 of the 25th Amendment provides that "Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress." Gerald Ford was the first Vice President selected by this method, after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1974; after succeeding to the Presidency, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President. Section 3 of the amendment provides means for the Vice President to become Acting President upon the temporary disability of the President. This provision has been invoked twice: on July 13, 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon, and again on June 29, 2002 when George W. Bush underwent a colonoscopy procedure requiring sedation. Prior to this amendment, Vice President Richard Nixon informally replaced President Dwight Eisenhower three times for a period of weeks each time when Eisenhower was ill.

Vice Presidents of the United States

Prior to ratification of the 25th Amendment in 1967, no provision existed for filling a vacancy in the office of Vice President; as a result, the position was left vacant 16 times until the next ensuing election and inauguration. Since the adoption of the 25th Amendment, the office has been vacant twice while awaiting confirmation of the new Vice President by both houses of Congress.

Notes

1 Arriving in New York City before President-elect George Washington, Adams was sworn as Vice President nine days before the President.
2 Died in office
3 Resigned from office
4 Succeeded to Presidency upon death or resignation of President
5 The only Vice President to be sworn in outside of the United States (in Havana, Cuba), with special dispensation from Congress.
6 Became Vice President under provisions of 25th Amendment
7 Acted as President under provisions of 25th Amendment

Vice Presidential facts

Two served under two different Presidents

25th Amendment
- George Clinton under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
- John C. Calhoun under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

Seven died in office


- George Clinton in 1812
- Elbridge Gerry in 1814
- William Rufus de Vane King in 1853
- Henry Wilson in 1875
- Thomas Hendricks in 1885
- Garret Hobart in 1899
- James Sherman in 1912

Two resigned


- John C. Calhoun resigned in 1832 to take a seat in the Senate, having been chosen to fill a vacancy.
- Spiro Agnew resigned in 1973 upon pleading no contest to charges of accepting bribes while governor of Maryland.

Nine succeeded to the Presidency

# John Tyler became President when William Harrison died. Chose not to seek full term. # Millard Fillmore became President when Zachary Taylor died. Chose not to seek full term. Four years later, ran and lost. # Andrew Johnson became President when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Chose not to seek full term. # Chester Arthur became President when James Garfield was assassinated. Sought a full term, but was not re-nominated. # Theodore Roosevelt became President when William McKinley was assassinated; then was elected to full term. Didn't seek re-election. Four years later, ran and lost. # Calvin Coolidge became President when Warren Harding died; then was elected to full term. Did not seek re-election. # Harry Truman became President when Franklin Roosevelt died; then was elected to full term. Did not seek re-election. # Lyndon Johnson became President when John Kennedy was assassinated; then was elected to full term. Did not seek re-election. # Gerald Ford became President when Richard Nixon resigned; then lost election to full term.

Four sitting Vice Presidents were elected President

# John Adams (1789-1797) was elected President in 1796. # Thomas Jefferson (1797-1801) was elected President in 1800. # Martin Van Buren (1833-1837) was elected President in 1836. # George H. W. Bush (1981-1989) was elected President in 1988.

One former Vice President was elected President

# Richard Nixon (1953-1961) was elected President in 1968. Actually, as discussed above, nine Vice Presidents succeeded to the Presidency on the death of the President. This made them former Vice Presidents. Four of those nine were subsequently elected President. Furthermore, in 1804, President (and former Vice President) Thomas Jefferson was elected President. However, Nixon was the only non-sitting Vice President to be later elected to the Presidency.

Two have been Acting President

# George H. W. Bush acted as President for Ronald Reagan on July 13, 1985. # Dick Cheney acted as President for George W. Bush on June 29, 2002. They officially acted as President due to presidential incapacity under the 25th Amendment.

Five former Vice Presidents are still alive

25th Amendment # Gerald Ford # Walter Mondale # George H. W. Bush # Dan Quayle # Al Gore

Three were named Johnson

# Richard Johnson # Andrew Johnson # Lyndon Johnson

Seven served two full terms

# John Adams # Daniel Tompkins # Thomas Marshall # John Garner # Richard Nixon # George H.W. Bush # Al Gore Al Gore

Note on spelling

Vice President may also be spelled Vice-President or Vice president or Vice-president. Because the modern usage is Vice President, it will be used here for consistency.

See also


- Vice Presidential Service Badge

External links


- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/vicepresident/ Official White House website for the Vice President]

Further reading


- Category:Officers of the United States Congress Category:United States Senate ja:アメリカ合衆国副大統領

1865

1865 is a common year starting on Sunday.

Events


- January 31 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.
- February - The only month in any year that might not have a Full moon.
- February 17 - American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.
- February 22 - Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.
- March 3 - The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmen's Bureau.
- March 13 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America reluctantly agrees to the use of African American troops.
- March 18 - American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
- March 19 - American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins. By the end of the battle on the 21st the Confederate forces had retreated from Greenville, North Carolina.
- March 25 - The "Claywater Meteorite" explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin. Fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg were recovered.
- March 25 - American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Steadman from the Union.
- April 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks - In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
- April 2 - American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia which is taken the next day.
- April 6 - German Chemicals producer, Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik(BASF) founded in Mannheim.
- April 9 - American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the American Civil War.
- April 14 - US President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
- April 21 - German Chemicals producer BASF moves its headquarters and factories from Mannheim to the Hemshof District of Ludwigshafen.
- April 26
  - Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead.
  - American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders his army to General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina.
- April 27 - The steamboat Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,700, most of whom were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.
- May 1 - Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed - War of the Triple Alliance has already begun.
- May 4 - American Civil War: Confederate General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General E.R.S. Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.
- May 5 - In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the United States takes place.
- May 10 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops near Irwinville, Georgia.
- May 13 - American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch - In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war ends with a Confederate victory.
- May 23 - Parade down Pennsylvania Ave in Washington, DC to celebrate the ending of the American Civil War.
- May 25 - Mobile magazine explosion: 300 are killed in Mobile, Alabama when an ordnance depot explodes.
- June 2 - American Civil War ends - Confederate forces west of the Mississippi under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, becoming the last to do so.
- June 11 - Brazilian navy squadron defeats Paraguayan navy at Riachualo.
- June 19 - American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation. This event is celebrated each year as Juneteenth.
- June 23 - American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant rebel army.
- July 2 - Salvation Army founded in Whitechapel, London
- July 4 - Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
- July 5
  - William Booth founds the Christian Mission (later renamed to the Salvation Army).
  - US Secret Service founded.
  - First speed limit introduced in Britain - 2 mph in town and 4 mph in the country
- July 14 - The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time; four of the party of seven die in a fall during the descent.
- July 21 - In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Dave Tutt dead in what is regarded as the first true western showdown.
- July 27 - Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.
- October 11 - Paul Bogle led hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
- November 10 - Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier to be executed for war crimes.
- November 26 -Battle of Papudo; Spanish ship Covadonga captured by Chileans and Peruvians.
- December 10 - Léopold II becomes King of Belgium.
- December 11 - U.S. Congress created the Appropriations Committee and the Committee on Banking and Commerce. Reducing the tasks of the Committee on Ways and Means.
- December 18 - Thirteenth Constitutional amendment declared ratified by three-fourths of the States of the United States. It forever abolished slavery.
- December 24 - Several US Civil War Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan.

Undated


- Gregor Mendel formulates his theories of Mendelian inheritance- they are mainly ignored for years.
- A forest fire near Silverton, Oregon destroys about one million acres (4,000 km²) of timber.
- Last volume of Annals of Joseon Dynasty published.
- National Temperance Society and Publishing House founded by James Black

Births


-