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1882
1882 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events - January 2 - John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust. - February 2 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut - February 3 - P. T. Barnum purchases the elephant Jumbo - February 7 - In Mississippi City the last heavyweight boxing championship bareknuckle fight takes place. - February 14 - Llanelli Conservative Association founded. - March 2 – Robert Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor - March 22 - Polygamy is outlawed by the U.S. Congress - March 24 - Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). - March 29 - The Knights of Columbus are established. - March - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claims to be the 'Reformer of Islam or Majaddid' of 14th Century. - April 3 - Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back and killed by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward. - May 2 – Charles Stewart Parnell released - May 6 - "Invincibles", militant Irish republicans kill Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland and permanent undersecretary T.H. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin - May 20 - Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. - June 6 - A cyclone is the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor - about 100.000 dead - June 30 – Assassin Charles Guiteau hanged - July 11 - British troops occupy Alexandria and Suez Canal - July 26 - Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa. - August 5 - Standard Oil of New Jersey is established. - August 20 - Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" debuts in Moscow. - September 5 - The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City. - September 13 - British troops occupy Cairo - Egypt becomes British protectorate - October 16 - The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business. - November 16 - Royal Navy HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger Month/day unknown - Nikola Tesla conceives rotating magnetic field principle and uses it to invent the alternating current generator/motor - First Polar Year, an international scientific program. - Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi - Married Women's Property Act in Britain enables women to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings - Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa - Peace treaty between Paraguay and Uruguay - The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded. - Personal Liberty League established to oppose temperance movement in United States. - Carolyn Merrick elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Births January-April - January 6 - Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965) - January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961) - January 17 - Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946) - January 18 - A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956) - January 25 - Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941) - January 30 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945) - February 1 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973) - February 2 - James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941) - February 15 - John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942) - February 26 - Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968) - February 28 - Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967) - March 10 - Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973) - March 14 - Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969) - March 15 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (d. 1953) - March 21 - Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor (d. 1971) - March 23 - Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935) - April 17 - Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951) - April 18 - Isabel J. Cox, First Lady of Canada (d. 1985) - April 18 - Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977) - April 21 - Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961) May-December - May 6 - Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951) - May 9 - Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967) - May 9 - George Barker, American painter (d. 1965) - May 13 - Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963) - May 19 - Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967) - May 20 - Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949) - May 30 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915) - June 9 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963) - June 15 - Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister and dictator (d. 1946) - June 17 - Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (d. 1971) - August 14 - Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972) - August 17 - Samuel Goldwyn, Hollywood movie mogul (d. 1974) - August 25 - Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966) - August 26 - James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) - October 5 - Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945) - October 6 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (d. 1937) - October 14 - Eamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975) - October 14 - Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959) - November 11 - King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973) - December 9 - Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (d. 1949) - December 11 - Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil Indian poet (d. 1921) - December 11 - Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970) - December 16 - Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (d. 1967) Deaths - January 13 - Juraj Dobrila, Croatian bishop (b. 1812) - March 24 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American author (b. 1807) - April 3 - Jesse James, American Western outlaw (b. 1847) - April 10 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828) - April 19 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist (b. 1809) - April 27 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American philosopher and writer (b. 1803) - June 25 - François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b. 1806) - July 4 - Joseph Brackett, Shaker religious leader and composer (b. 1797) - July 16 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818) - December 3 - Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811) - December 6 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (b. 1819) Category:1882 ko:1882년 ms:1882 simple:1882 th:พ.ศ. 2425 Common year starting on Sunday This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A). e.g. 2006 (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.) For other years, just shift the headers appropriately. Category:Weeks
2nd Millennium:	19th century:	1809	1815	1826	1837	1843	1854	1865	1871	1882	1893	1899
2nd Millennium:	20th century:	1905	1911	1922	1933	1939	1950	1961	1967	1978	1989	1995
3rd Millennium:	21st century:	2006	2017	2023	2034	2045	2051	2062	2073	2079	2090
3rd Millennium:	22nd century:	2102	2113	2119	2130	2141	2147	2158	2169	2175	2186	2197

Category:Sunday ko:일요일로 시작하는 평년 th:ปีปกติสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันอาทิตย์

January 2

January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 363 days (364 in leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events

- 366 - Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading Roman Empire.
- 533 - Mercurius became Pope John II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.
- 1492 - Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
- 1757 - The United Kingdom captures Calcutta, India.
- 1788 - Georgia becomes the 4th state to ratify the United States Constitution.
- 1793 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland.
- 1815 - Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, Seaham, County Durham.
- 1818 - British Institution of Civil Engineers formed.
- 1859 - Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette.
- 1860 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.
- 1870 - Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
- 1871 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- 1872 - Brigham Young is arrested for bigamy (25 wives).
- 1879 - Fred Spofforth claims the first Hat-trick in test cricket on the Sydney Cricket Ground against England.
- 1882 - John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust.
- 1890 - Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer for the White House.
- 1893 - Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers.
- 1900 - John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
- 1900 - Chicago Canal opens.
- 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Russian fleet surrenders at Port Arthur, China.
- 1917 - The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
- 1921 - The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) .
- 1921 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park San Francisco opens.
- 1923 - U.S.Interior Secretary Albert Fall resigns due to the Teapot Dome scandal.
- 1929 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
- 1935 - Bruno Hauptmann goes on trial for the murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh.
- 1941 - WWII: German bombing severely damaged the Llandaff Cathedral, built in 1290 on the bank of the River Taff in Cardiff, Wales.
- 1941 - The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program with a stated goal of building 200 freighters. Over 2,700 ships will eventually be constructed by the end of the war.
- 1942 - World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
- 1942 - The United States Navy opens a blimp base at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
- 1946 - Unable to resume his rule over Albania after World War II, King Zog abdicated but retained his claim to the throne.
- 1949 - Luis Muñoz Marín became the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
- 1955 - Panamanian president Jose Antonio Remon is assassinated.
- 1957 - San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange and Los Angeles Oil Exchange merge.
- 1959 - The first artificial satellite to orbit the sun, Luna 1, was launched by the U.S.S.R.
- 1959 - CBS Radio cuts four soap operas: Backstage Wife, Our Gal Sunday, Road of Life, and This is Nora Drake.
- 1967 - Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful heart transplant.
- 1971 - The second Ibrox disaster occurred.
- 1974 - Richard Nixon signs a bill lowering the maximum US speed limit to 55 MPH in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.
- 1979 - Sid Vicious goes on trial for the murder of Nancy Spungen.
- 1981 - Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, is arrested.
- 1983 - The musical Annie is performed for the last time after 2,377 shows at the Uris Theatre on Broadway.
- 1991 - Sharon Pratt Dixon is sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC becoming the first African American woman to lead a city of that size and importance.
- 1992 - Paraguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1993 - Leaders of the three warring factions in Bosnia meet to discuss peace plans.
- 1998 - Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.
- 1999 - A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern USA, causing 14 inches (359mm) of snow at Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 19 inches (487mm) at Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, temperatures plunge to -13°F (-25°C), and 68 deaths are reported.
- 2002 - Levy Mwanawasa takes office as the third President of Zambia.
- 2004 - Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that it will return to Earth two years later.

Births

- 1642 - Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1693)
- 1713 - Marie Dumesnil, French actress (d. 1803)
- 1719 - Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder and merchant (d. 1797)
- 1727 - James Wolfe, British general (d. 1759)
- 1777 - Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857)
- 1822 - Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888)
- 1836 - Mendele Moykher Sforim, Russian writer (d. 1917)
- 1837 - Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910)
- 1870 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor, graphic artist, and poet (d. 1938)
- 1877 - Slava Raskaj, Croatian painter (d.1906)
- 1886 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (d. 1938)
- 1896 - Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (d. 1954)
- 1904 - Sally Rand, American fan dancer (d. 1979)
- 1905 - Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
- 1913 - Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Vera Zorina, German dancer and actress (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Isaac Asimov, Russian-born author (d. 1992)
- 1930 - Julius LaRosa, American singer
- 1936 - Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
- 1938 - Ian Brady, British serial killer
- 1938 - Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
- 1939 - Jim Bakker, American televangelist
- 1942 - Hugh Shelton, American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- 1944 - Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian politician
- 1947 - Jack Hanna, American zoologist
- 1949 - Christopher Durang, American playwright
- 1954 - Henry Bonilla, American politician
- 1954 - Dawn Silva, American singer (The Brides of Funkenstein and P-Funk)
- 1955 - Tex Brashear, American voice actor
- 1961 - Gabrielle Carteris, American actress
- 1961 - Todd Haynes, American film director
- 1963 - David Cone, baseball player
- 1964 - Pernell Whitaker, American boxer
- 1967 - Tia Carrere, American actress
- 1968 - Cuba Gooding Jr., American actor
- 1968 - Anky van Grunsven, Dutch dressage champion
- 1969 - Tommy Morrison, American boxer
- 1969 - Christy Turlington, American model
- 1971 - Lisa Harrison, American basketball player
- 1972 - Taye Diggs, American actor
- 1974 - Tricia Helfer, Canadian actress and model
- 1975 - Doug Robb, American singer (Hoobastank)
- 1976 - Paz Vega, Spanish actress
- 1983 - Kate Bosworth, American actress

Deaths

- 1512 - Svante, Regent of Sweden (b. 1460)
- 1514 - William Smyth, English bishop and statesman
- 1557 - Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494)
- 1685 - Harbottle Grimston, English politician (b. 1603)
- 1694 - Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English polician (b. 1651)
- 1726 - Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (b. 1688)
- 1893 - John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist (b. 1805)
- 1904 - James Longstreet, American Confederate general (b. 1821)
- 1913 - Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
- 1917 - Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
- 1924 - Sabine Baring-Gould, English composer and novelist (b. 1834)
- 1939 - Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (b. 1864)
- 1960 - Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist(b. 1919)
- 1963 - Dick Powell, American actor (b. 1904)
- 1974 - Tex Ritter, American actor and singer (b. 1905)
- 1977 - Errol Garner, American musician (b. 1921)
- 1986 - Una Merkel, American actress (b. 1903)
- 1986 - Bill Veeck, baseball executive (b. 1914)
- 1990 - Alan Hale Jr., American actor (b. 1918)
- 1992 - Jason Oledan, Awesome kid from F.C.
- 1995 - Siad Barre, President of Somalia
- 1996 - Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (b. 1915)
- 2000 - Nat Adderley, American musician and composer (b. 1931)
- 2000 - Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (b. 1914)
- 2000 - Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr., American admiral (b. 1920)
- 2001 - Teri Diver, American actress (b. 1971)
- 2004 - Lynn Cartwright, American actress (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Frank Kelly Freas, American artist (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Ronald 'Bo' Ginn, U.S. Congressman from Georgia (b. 1934)
- 2005 - Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Edo Murtić, Croatian painter (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances

- The eighth day and ninth night of Christmas in Western Christianity.
- Catholicism and Anglicanism — Feast day of St. Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzen.
- Scotland — Second day of the Hogmanay Bank Holiday.
- New Zealand — Statutory holiday, Second day of New Year.
- Slovenia — Second day of New Year.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/1/2 Today in History: January 2] ---- January 1 - January 3 - December 2 - February 2 — listing of all days ko:1월 2일 ja:1月2日 simple:January 2 th:2 มกราคม

Standard Oil

Standard Oil (1863 - 1911) was a large integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization. Using new techniques invented by chemist Samuel Andrews, it was founded by John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) and partners in 1863, with the plan of making kerosene, which was sweeping the home lighting market, supplanting the commonly used whale oil (blubber). Borrowing heavily to expand his business, Rockefeller drew five big refineries including the business concern of Henry Morrison Flagler into one large firm, Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler. By 1868 Rockefeller and Company headed Standard Oil of Pennsylvania, based in Pittsburgh, one of the world's largest oil refining concerns.

Foundation

On January 10, 1870 Rockefeller formed his business concerns into one large company, the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, based in Cleveland. Cleveland with its port on Lake Erie and a large refinery complex, was more suited to the growing concern. Standard sought out efficiencies in its own processes and aggressively competed for refinery business, buying out rival companies. In 1874, Rockefeller acquired the oil interests of Charles Pratt and Company. The founder Charles Pratt (1830-1891) and his protégé Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840-1909) came with the deal. By 1878 Standard Oil held about 90% of the refining capacity in the U.S. In 1882 the company was reorganized as the Standard Oil Trust. The three key leaders of Standard Oil Trust were Henry H. Rogers, William Rockefeller, and, the most well known, John D. Rockefeller. The quality of kerosene did improve greatly, up to the new standard of refined products.

Monopoly

By 1890 Standard Oil controlled over 90% of the refined oil flows in the United States. Though conspicuous, it made John D. Rockefeller the wealthiest man in the world. It was at this time that Standard Oil of Ohio moved its headquarters out of Cleveland and into its permanent headquarters at 26 Broadway in New York City. Concurrently, the trustees of Standard Oil of Ohio chartered the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in order to take advantages of New Jersey's more lenient corporate stock ownership laws. Standard Oil of New Jersey eventually became one of many important trusts that dominated key markets, such as steel and the railroad. Also in 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act - the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restrain trade" remains open to interpretation. Standard Oil Trust quickly attracted attention from antitrust authorities and the Ohio Attorney General filed and won an antitrust suit in 1892. Standard Oil's quasi-monopolistic position had developed from aggressively competitive business practices, including purchasing competitors and engaging in volume-discount transportation deals with the railroad companies, in order to ensure that it could undercut smaller competitors' prices. This helped kerosene to drop in price from 58 to 26 cents between 1865 and 1870. Competitors might not have appreciated the company's business practices, but consumers appreciated the drop in prices. Standard Oil, being formed well before the discovery of the Spindletop oil field and a demand for oil other than for heat and light, was well placed to control the growth of the oil business. The company was perceived to own and control all aspects of the trade. Oil literally could not leave the oil field unless Standard Oil agreed to move it: the "posted price" for oil was the price that Standard Oil agents printed on flyers that were nailed to posts in oil producing areas, and producers were in a take-it-or-leave-it position. Then came Ida M. Tarbell, an American author and journalist, and one of the original "muckrakers". Her father was an oil producer whose business had failed due to his inability to compete with Rockefeller. Following extensive interviews with senior executive Henry H. Rogers, Tarbell's investigations of Standard Oil fueled growing public attacks on Standard Oil and on trusts in general. Her work was published in 19 parts for McClure's magazine, from November 1902 to October 1904, in which year it was published in book form as The History of the Standard Oil Company. Tarbell's investigation is seen as hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, in 1911.

The antitrust breakup

As the public became more aware of the Standard Oil trust in allowing its oil companies in different states to be headed by the same board of directors, there was more public support in calling for its dissolution. Eventually, the company was broken up after the United States Supreme Court declared the trust to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Thus, on May 15, 1911, though Standard Oil's share of the market had been steadily declining from 1900 to 1910 (Standard's share of oil refining was 64% at the time of the trial and in competition with over 100 other refiners), the Supreme Court of the United States ordered the dissolution of Standard Oil Company into 34 smaller companies, each with their own board of directors. It was at this time that John D. Rockefeller retired his position as President of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Successors

Successor companies to Standard Oil include:
- Standard Oil of Ohio - or Sohio now part of BP
- Standard Oil of Indiana - or Stanolind, renamed Amoco (American Oil Co.) - now part of BP
- Standard Oil of New York - or Socony and merged with Vacuum - renamed Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil
- Standard Oil of New Jersey - or Esso (S.O. or Eastern States Standard Oil) - renamed Exxon, now part of ExxonMobil
- Standard Oil of California - or Socal - renamed Chevron
- Atlantic and Richfield - merged to form Atlantic Richfield or Arco - now part of BP - Atlantic operations spun off and bought by Sunoco
- Standard Oil of Kentucky - or Kyso was acquired by Standard Oil of California - currently Chevron
- Continental Oil Company - or Conoco now part of ConocoPhillips
- The Ohio Oil Company - more commonly referred to as "The Ohio", and marketed gasoline under the Marathon name. Company is now known as Marathon Oil Company, and was often a rival with in-state Standard spinoff Sohio. Other Standard Oils:
- Standard Oil of Iowa - pre 1911 - became Standard Oil of California
- Standard Oil of Minnesota - pre 1911 - bought by Standard Oil of Indiana
- Standard Oil of Illinois - pre 1911 - bought by Standard Oil of Indiana
- Standard Oil of Kansas - refining only, eventually bought by Indiana Standard
- Standard Oil of Missouri - pre 1911 - dissolved
- Standard Oil of Louisiana - always owned by Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso)
- Standard Oil of Brazil - always owned by Standard Oil of New Jersey (now Esso)
- Standard Oil of Colorado - a scam to cash in on the Standard Oil brand in the 1930s
- Standard Oil of Connecticut - A fuel oil marketer in Connecticut not related to the Rockefeller companies

Scholarly Secondary Sources

- [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=73971734 Latham, Earl ed. John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman? (1949) primary and secondary sources]
-
- [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9990987 Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899 (1959)]

Online References

- Droz, R.V. (2004). [http://www.us-highways.com/sohist.htm Whatever Happened to Standard Oil?]. Retrieved June 25, 2005.
- Standard Oil Company of California (1980). [http://www.us-highways.com/std-oil.jpg Whatever happened to Standard Oil?]. Retrieved June 25, 2005.

External links

- [http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM The History of the Standard Oil Company] by Ida Tarbell
- [http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2000/standard_oil1.html Educate Yourself- Standard Oil -- Part I]
- [http://www.libertyhaven.com/theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/economics/monopolyandindustrialorganization/witchhunting.shtml Witch-hunting for Robber Barons: The Standard Oil Story] by Lawrence W. Reed - argues Standard Oil was not a coercive monopoly Category:Defunct American oil companies Category:The Rockefellers Category:History of the petroleum industry ja:スタンダード・オイル

Trust

Trust may refer to:
- Trust (sociology), the willing acceptance of one person's power to affect another ;Property law:
- Ownership and management of property by one on behalf of another:
- Trust (Law) USA
- Trust (Law) non-USA
- Escrow, where a thing is held in trust until conditions are fullfilled ;Finance:
- Trust company, a financial institution offering banking, investment and estate administration services
- Trust (19th century), an entity used in the late 19th century with intent to create a monopoly
- Investment trust, a company that invests in other companies or properties
- Income trust
- Royalty trust
- Real estate investment trust ;Computer science:
- Trusted system, a system where there is no choice but to trust
- Web of trust, a system to establish authenticity
- A trust metric rates users of social software ;Music:
- Trust (band), was a French hard rock band, rose to fame around 1980
- Trust (album), 1981, by Elvis Costello
- Trust (2002 album), by Low (band)
- Trust Company (band), better known as TRUSTcompany or TRUST
- CO, is an American grunge band that started in the early 2000s

February 2

February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 332 days remaining (333 in leap years).

Events

- 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
- 1032 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes King of Burgundy.
- 1119 - Callixtus II becomes Pope.
- 1509 - Battle of Diu takes place near Diu, India, between Portugal and Turkey.
- 1536 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 1653 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated.
- 1709 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.
- 1812 - Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, along the California coast.
- 1848 - Mexican-American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed ending the war.
- 1848 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
- 1870 - It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant was just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human.
- 1876 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed.
- 1878 - Greece declares war on Turkey.
- 1880 - The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.
- 1882 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut.
- 1887 - In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania the first Groundhog Day is observed.
- 1897 - The Pennsylvania state capitol is destroyed by fire.
- 1899 - The Australian Premiers' Conference held in Melbourne decides to locate Australia's capital (Canberra) between Sydney and Melbourne.
- 1920 - Estonia declares its independence from Russia.
- 1920 - France occupies Memel.
- 1925 - Dog sleds reach Nome, Alaska with diphtheria serum, inspiring the Iditarod race.
- 1933 - Adolf Hitler dissolves the German Parliament.
- 1935 - The polygraph machine is tested for the first time. Leonard Keeler conducts the experiment in Portage, Wisconsin.
- 1940 - Frank Sinatra debuts with the Tommy Dorsey orchestra.
- 1943 - World War II: The last Nazi forces surrender to the Soviets after the Battle of Stalingrad.
- 1945 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill leave to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference.
- 1952 - A tropical storm forms north of Cuba and moves northeast making landfall in Florida. It is the earliest reported formation of a tropical storm on record in the Atlantic basin.
- 1962 - For the first time in 400 years Neptune and Pluto align.
- 1967 - The American Basketball Association is formed.
- 1971 - After a coup in Uganda, Idi Amin replaces President Milton Obote as leader.
- 1972 - The British embassy in Dublin is destroyed in protest over Bloody Sunday
- 1976 - Groundhog Day gale of 1976 hits the north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada.
- 1979 - Sid Vicious dies of a heroin overdose.
- 1980 - Abscam: Reports surface that FBI personnel were targeting members of the U.S. Congress in a sting operation.
- 1980 - Founding congress of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey.
- 1982 - Hama Massacre: The government of Syria attacks the town of Hama and kills thousands of people.
- 1986 - Nurse Anita Cobby is found dead in a paddock in Prospect, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. She had been robbed, raped, and murdered. Five men (Micheal Murphy, Gary Murphy, Les Murphy, Micheal Murdoch, and John Travers) are later sentenced to life imprisonment without parole in June of 1987 for Anita Cobby's murder.
- 1989 - Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending nine years of military occupation.
- 1990 - Apartheid: In South Africa President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to set Nelson Mandela free.
- 1998 - A Cebu Pacific Air DC-9-32 crashes into a mountain near Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, killing 104.

Births

- 1208 - James I of Aragon (d. 1276)
- 1455 - King John of Denmark (d. 1513)
- 1494 - Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1557)
- 1502 - Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher (d. 1574)
- 1506 - René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (d. 1583)
- 1522 - Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565)
- 1600 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (d. 1653)
- 1613 - Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1649)
- 1621 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (d. 1679)
- 1649 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730)
- 1650 - Nell Gwynne, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)
- 1669 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (d. 1732)
- 1695 - William Borlase, English naturalist (d. 1772)
- 1700 - Johann Christoph Gottsched, German writer (d. 1766)
- 1711 - Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, Austrian diplomat (d. 1794)
- 1714 - Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
- 1717 - Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (d. 1790)
- 1754 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician (d. 1838)
- 1802 - Jean Baptiste Boussingault, French chemist (d. 1887)
- 1803 - Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)
- 1829 - Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
- 1846 - Francis Marion Smith, American borax magnate (d. 1931)
- 1841 - François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (d. 1912)
- 1875 - Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist (d. 1962)
- 1878 - Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer (d. 1955)
- 1882 - James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941)
- 1887 - Ernst Hanfstängl, German pianist and politician (d. 1975)
- 1888 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
- 1890 - Charles Correll, American actor (d. 1972)
- 1895 - George Halas, American football player, coach, and league founder (d. 1983)
- 1897 - Howard Johnson, American hotelier (d. 1972)
- 1901 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
- 1905 - Ayn Rand, Russian-born author (d. 1982)
- 1906 - Gale Gordon, American actor (d. 1995)
- 1913 - Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- 1915 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Hella S. Haasse, Dutch writer
- 1923 - James Dickey, American poet and author (d. 1997)
- 1923 - Bonita Granville, American actress (d. 1988)
- 1923 - Red Schoendienst, baseball player and manager
- 1923 - Liz Smith, American gossip columnist
- 1924 - Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-American producer and musician
- 1925 - Elaine Stritch, American actress
- 1926 - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French politician
- 1927 - Stan Getz, American musician (d. 1991)
- 1931 - Dries van Agt, Dutch politician
- 1931 - Judith Viorst, American author
- 1932 - Robert Mandan, American actor
- 1937 - Tom Smothers, American musician and comedian
- 1942 - Christine Keeler, British model
- 1942 - Graham Nash, American musician
- 1944 - Geoffrey Hughes, British actor
- 1947 - Farrah Fawcett, American actress
- 1947 - Melanie Safka, American singer
- 1949 - Brent Spiner, American actor
- 1949 - Ross Valory, American musician (Journey)
- 1954 - Christie Brinkley, American model
- 1963 - Eva Cassidy, American singer (d. 1996)
- 1966 - Robert DeLeo, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots)
- 1967 - Arturs Irbe, Latvian hockey player
- 1969 - Valeri Karpin, Russian footballer
- 1972 - Dana International, Israeli singer
- 1975 - Ieroklis Stoltidis, Greek football player
- 1976 - James Hickman, British swimmer
- 1977 - Shakira, Colombian singer
- 1983 - Jordin Tootoo, Canadian hockey player
- 1987 - Martin Spanjers, American actor

Deaths

- 1124 - Duke Bořivoj II of Bohemia
- 1218 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1186)
- 1250 - King Eric XI of Sweden (b. 1216)
- 1461 - Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty of England
- 1529 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer (b. 1478)
- 1580 - Bessho Nagaharu, Japanese retainer (b. 1558)
- 1594 - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525)
- 1648 - George Abbot, English writer
- 1660 - Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (b. 1615)
- 1660 - Gaston, Duke of Orléans, French politician (b. 1608)
- 1661 - Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (b. 1596)
- 1688 - Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (b. 1610)
- 1704 - Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French mathematician (b. 1661)
- 1712 - Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician
- 1714 - John Sharp, English Archbishop of Yorkshire (b. 1643)
- 1768 - Robert Smith, English mathematician (b. 1689)
- 1769 - Pope Clement XIII (b. 1693)
- 1802 - Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713)
- 1895 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
- 1907 - Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
- 1922 - William Desmond Taylor, Irish film director (b. 1872)
- 1925 - Jaap Eden, Dutch skater and cyclist (b. 1873)
- 1942 - Daniil Kharms, Russian playwright (b. 1906)
- 1948 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894)
- 1950 - Constantin Carathéodory, Greek mathematician (b. 1873)
- 1956 - Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
- 1969 - Boris Karloff, English actor (b. 1887)
- 1970 - Bertrand Russell, British mathematician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)
- 1979 - Sid Vicious, English musician (Sex Pistols) (b. 1957)
- 1980 - William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 1987 - Castilho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1927)
- 1987 - Alistair MacLean, Scottish novelist (b. 1922)
- 1992 - Bert Parks, American television host (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Donald Pleasence, English actor (b. 1919)
- 1996 - Gene Kelly, American dancer, actor, and director (b. 1912)
- 1997 - Sanford Meisner, American actor (b. 1904)
- 2003 - Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- 2004 - Bernard McEveety, American film director (b. 1924)
- 2005 - Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905)

Holidays and observances

- Ancient Latvia - Veja Diena observed
- Catholicism - Candlemas, The Presentation of the Lord, The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, World Day for Consecrated Life (also February 3 in the United States)
- France - Crêpe Day
- Paganism - Imbolc
- Scotland - A quarter day in the Christian calendar (due to Candlemas)
- United States and Canada - Groundhog Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050202.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 1 - February 3 - January 2 - March 2 -- listing of all days February 02 ko:2월 2일 ms:2 Februari ja:2月2日 simple:February 2 th:2 กุมภาพันธ์

Knights of Columbus

]] The Knights of Columbus is a Roman Catholic fraternal organization, named in honor of Christopher Columbus. Its membership is open to practical Catholic men age 18 and over. The principles of the Order are Charity, Unity, Fraternity, and Patriotism. Though not under direct control of the Catholic Church, the Knights support the Church enthusiastically, being called the "strong right arm of the Church" by Pope John Paul II.

History

The Knights of Columbus was founded by a Catholic priest, Father Michael J. McGivney in New Haven, Connecticut on February 2, 1882, and incorporated under the laws of Connecticut on March 29, 1882. Though the first councils were all in New England, the Order soon spread throughout the United States in the following years. Today the Order has active councils in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Philippines. Fr. McGivney founded the Knights at a time when Catholics were regularly excluded from the unions and men's organizations that provided social support services. The organization was also intended to provide an alternative for Catholics to membership in a Masonic Lodge, membership in which was discouraged by the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy and banned by Pope Leo XIII in 1884 because they considered it contrary to Christian teachings. The naming of the order after Columbus was partially intended as a mild ridicule of Anglo-Saxon Protestant leaders of the day, who upheld the explorer (an Italian working for Catholic Spain) as an American hero, yet simultaneously sought to marginalize recent Catholic immigrants. The Knights of Columbus today is a multi-million dollar non-profit charitable organization. Knights may be seen distributing Tootsie Rolls to raise funds to fight mental illness, volunteering for the Special Olympics and other charitable organizations, erecting pro-life billboards and "Keep Christ in Christmas" signs, conducting blood drives and raising funds for disaster victims, or parading at patriotic events with their bright capes, feathered chapeaux, and ceremonial swords. The Knights of Columbus also provide annual funding for the satellite uplink of the Pope's worldwide Christmas address. In many countries that cannot afford satellite downlink, the Order often pays for this as well. Christmas

Organization

The governing body of the Knights of Columbus is the "Supreme Council", a body composed of elected representatives from each jurisdiction of the Order. This body acts in similar manner to the shareholders at an annual meeting, and elects each year eight directors to the board for a three year term. The twenty-four member Board of Directors then chooses from its own membership the senior operating officials of the Order, including the Supreme Knight. The current Supreme Knight is Carl A. Anderson. Hierarchy descending from the Supreme Knight include State Deputies leading State Councils in each geographical state in the United States, each province in Canada and other jurisdictions carved out of member countries and territories; Territorial Deputies leading areas not yet incorporated into State Councils; District Deputies overseeing several Councils; and a Grand Knight heading each local Council in a specific geographic area. Councils are numbered in the order in which they chartered into the organization and are named by the local membership. San Salvador Council #1, in New Haven, Connecticut, still exists today. The Knights have ceremonial uniforms, and a variety of closed-door rituals and traditions. A similar organisation exists in Ireland and in areas of Catholic concentration in Scotland, particularly Glasgow, known as the Knights of Columbanus after the Irish saint Columbanus, also known as Columban. The Ancient Order of Hibernians is another allied Catholic fraternal organization active in North America. Although the members are called "Knights", this title is purely fraternal, and is not the equivalent to a sovereign accolade. Therefore "Knights" of Columbus do not rank with the Chevaliers and Commanders of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, the Order of Malta, the Order of St. Gregory the Great, and other historic military/religious orders.

Insurance program

Many early members were recent immigrants, often living in unsanitary conditions, and performing hazardous jobs for poor pay. Since its founding, a primary mission of the Knights of Columbus has been to protect families against the financial ruin caused by the death of the breadwinner. Today the Order achieves this by offering an optional insurance program to its members. Products include permanent life insurance, term life insurance, annuities, and long term care insurance. The insurance program holds the highest insurance ratings that are given by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's and the Insurance Marketplace Standards Association (or IMSA).

Political activities

Councils are prohibited from engaging in candidate endorsement and partisan political activity. Public policy activity is limited to issue-specific campaigns, typically dealing with Catholic family and life issues. In the United States, the Knights of Columbus adopts many socially conservative positions on many public issues, campaigning against abortion, same-sex marriage, and attempts by the courts to restrict religious expression in public schools, government, and voluntary organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America. In 1954, lobbying by the organization helped convince the U.S. Congress to add the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance recited daily by many American schoolchildren. In February 2005, the Canadian organization of Knights of Columbus funded a postcard campaign in an attempt to stop the Canadian parliament from legalizing same-sex marriage. The Knights of Columbus have also officially released, on their own [http://www.kofc.org/news/releases/detail.cfm?id=3919 website], support for a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages.

External links

- [http://www.kofc.org/ Official web site of the Knights of Columbus]
- [http://www.kofc.org/about/history/founder/index.cfm Father Michael J. McGivney (Founder)]
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08670c.htm New Advent Article] Category:Catholic Lay Societies Category:Fraternal and service organizations Category:Museums in Connecticut

New Haven, Connecticut

New Haven is the second-largest city in Connecticut, and is located in New Haven County, Connecticut, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern coast of Long Island Sound. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 123,626. New Haven is generally considered to be halfway between the greater New York metropolitan area and the greater New England area, and can be said to be culturally split between the influence of the larger cities and its own New England roots. New Haven's nickname is the Elm City, as it historically contained many elm trees, which in recent years have mostly succumbed to Dutch Elm disease; it nevertheless remains a very 'green' city. It is home to Yale University, the institution for which the city is most known. It is considered the first planned city (1638) in the United States. It was the birthplace of current U.S. President George W. Bush.

History

Pre-colonial and colonial history

Before European arrival, New Haven was the home of the Quinnipiack tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the

1882

Events

Month/day unknown

Births

January-April

May-December

Deaths

Common year starting on Sunday

January 2

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Standard Oil

Foundation

Monopoly

The antitrust breakup

Successors

See also

Scholarly Secondary Sources

Online References

External links

Trust

February 2

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Knights of Columbus

History

Organization

Insurance program

Political activities

External links

New Haven, Connecticut

History

Pre-colonial and colonial history